UNIT 16 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF

INTEGRALCALCULUS
Structure
1'6.1 .Introduction 47
Objectives
16.2 Length of a Plane Curve 47
Cartesian Form
Parametric Form
Polar Form
16.3 Volume of a Solid of Revolution 56
16.4 Area of Surface of Revolution 63
16.5 Summary 69
16.6 Solutions and Answers 70

-
6 . 1 INTRODUCTION

In the last unit we have seen how definite integrals can be used to calculate areas.
In fact, this application of definite integrals is not surprising. Because, as we have
seen earlier, the problem of finding areas was the motivation behind the definition
o f integrals. In this unit we shall see that the length of an arc of a curve, the
volume of a cone .and other solids of revolution, the area of a sphere and other
surfaces of revolution, can all be expressed as definite integrals. This unit alsb
brings us to the end of this course on calculus.

Objectives
After reading thie unit, you should be able to:
find the length of an arc of a given curve whose equation is expressed in either
the Cartesian or parametric or polar forms,
a find the volumes of some solids of revolu"tion,
find the areas of some surfaces of revolution.

- - -

16.2 LENGTH OF A PLANE

- CURVE -

In this section we shall see how defihite integrals can be used t o find the lengths of
plane curves whose equations are given in the Cartesian, polar or parametric form.
A curve whose length can be found is called a rectifiable curve and the process of
finding the length of a curve is called rectification. You will see hereJhat to find
the length of an arc of a curve, we shall have to integrate an expression which
involves not only the given function, but also its derivative. Therefore, to ensure
the existence of the Integral which determines the arc length, we make an
assumption that the function defining the curve is derivable, and its derivative is
also continuous on the interval of integration.

Let's first consider a curve whose equation is given in the Cartesian form.

16.2.1 Cartesian Form

Let y = f(x) be defiiled on the interval [a, b]. We assume that f is derivable and its
derivative f ' is continuous. Let us consider a partition P, of [a, b],, given by
P, = [a=xo < x, < x2 < ...... < x n = b J
The ordinates x = a and x = b determine the extent of the arc AB of the curve
y = f(x) [Fig. l(a)]. Let M, = 1, 2, ......, n-1, be the points in which the lines x = xi
meet the curve.

points A, M I , M2, M3, ......, Mn_,, B by straight line segments.

. the succcss;ve
.Join .- - - - :--&-> .L- -: - --..:--
L-. - r I:--
 Furlher Applications of I
lnlegral Calculus

(a) Fig. 1

If we can find the length of each line segment, the total length of this series will
give us an approximation to the length of the curve. But how do we find the'
length of any of these line segments? Take M2 M3, for example. Fig. I(b) shows
an enlargement of the encircled portion in Fig. ](a). Lookjng at it we find that
fi M2"3=fiX3)2+( A Y3l2,
where A x3 = M2Q is the length (x3 - x2), and
A ~3 =M3Q = f(x3) - f(x2)=y3 -. ~ 2 .
In this way we can find the lengths of the chords AM,.
M1M2, ......, Mn-,B, and take their sum

S , gives an approximation to the length of the arc AB. When the number of
division points is increased indefinitely, and the length of each segment tends to
zero, we obtain the length of the arc AB as
--
L A~ . =n-w
lim 2
i=l
--

r ~ x ~ ) ~ + ( A y ~ ) ~ ,

provided this limit exists.

Our assumptions that f is derivable on [a, bj, and that f ' is continuous, permit us
to apply the mean value theorem [Theorem 3, Unit 71.
Thus, there exists a point pi' (xi, y,:) between the points Mi-l and Mi on the curve,
where the tangent to the curve is parallei to the chord Mi-,Mi. That is,

Hence we can write (1) as

-
lim
A
LB = n-co d( A [fl(x;) A xi12

This is nothing but the definite integral

Applications of Calculus l'herefore

Remark 1: It is sometimes convenient to express x as a single valued function of y.

In this case we interchange the roles of x and y, and get the length

where the limits of integration are with respect to y. Note that the length of an arc
of a curve is invariant since it does not depend on the choice of coordinates, that
is, on the frame of reference. Our assumption that f ' is continuous on [a, b]
ensures that the integrals in (2) and (3) exist, and their value L: is the length
of the curve y = f(x) hetween the ordinates x = a and x = b.
The folIowing example illustrates the use of the formulas given by (2) and (3).
Example Is Suppose we want to find the length of the arc of the curve y =lnx
intercepted by the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.
We have drawn the curve y =lnx in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Using (2), the required length L: is given by

= J(l+ i) dy
cix, since -
dx
=
1
-
x

dx t
If we put 1 + x2 = t 2 , we get - = -, and therefore,
dt x
 Further Applicationh of
Integral Cnlcul~~.,

We can also use (3) to solve this example. For this we write the equation y =lnx as
x = ey. The limits x = 1 and x = 2, then correspond to the limits y = 0 and y = 1112,
respectively. Hence, using (3), we obtain

u
du, on putting 1 + e2y= u 2
u2 - 1
A

as we have seen earlier. This verifies our observation in Remark 1 that both (2)
and (3) give us the same value of arc length.
Now here are some exercises for you to solve.

E E f) Find the length of the line x=3y between the points (3, 1) and ( 6 , 2). Verify
your answer by using the distance formula.
 I I

E 3) Find the length of the arc of the catenary y = C cosh (xtc) measured from the
vertex (0,c) to any point (x, y) on the catenary.

I I
E E 4) Find the length of the semi-cubical parabola a y 2 = x 3from the vertex to the
point (a, a).
 Further Applications of
E 5 ) Show that thc length of the arc of the parabola y2=4ax cut off by the line
3y=8x is
Integyl Calculus

In the next sub-section we shall consider curves whose equations are expressed in
the parametric form.

16.2.2 Parametric Form

Somet~mesthe equation of a curve cannot be written either in the form y =f(x) or
In the form x = g(y). A common example is a circle x2t.y2 = a2. In such cases we
try to write the equation of the curve in the parametric form. For example, the
above circle can be represented by the pair of equations x = a cos t, y = a sin t. Here
we shall derive a formula to find the length of a curve given by a pair of
parametric equations.
Let x = +(t), y = $(t), a 5 t I p be the equation of a curve in parametric form.
As in the previous sub-section, we assume that the functions 4 and $ are both
derivable and have continuous derivatives +'and $ < on the interval [a,81. We
I have t

$'s) , a,
dy = -
Hence, -
dx 4'0)

I Now, using (.3), we obtain the length

Applications. of Calculus The following example shows that sometimes it is more convenient to express the
equation of a given curve i s t h e parametric form in order to find its length.
Example 2: Let us find the whole length of the curve

By substitution, you can easily check that x = a cos3t, y-- b sin3t is the parametric
form of the given curve. The curve lies between the lines x = + a and y = + b
since -1 c cos t 5 1, and -1 I sin t .c 1 . The curve is symmetrical about both
the axes since its equation remains unchanged if we change the signs of x and y.
The value t = 0 corresponds to the point (a, 0) and t = ?r/2 corresponds to the point
(0, b). By applying the curve tracing methods discussed in Unit 9 we can draw this
curve (see Fig. 3).

I
Fig. 3

Since the curve is symmetrical about both axes, the total length of the curve is
four times its length in the first quadrant.
dx dy
NOW, - = -3a cos% sin t ; - = 3b sin% cos t
dt dt

Hence, the length of the curve is

1
*/2
-
L = 4 3 sin t cost Ja2 cos% + b2 sin2t dt
0
*/2

= 12 [ lint cost /wb=

dt

Putting u2= a 2 cost%+ b2sin%, we obtain

dt
2u = (2b2 - 2a2) sin t cost -,
du,

and the limits t = 0,t = r / 2 correspond to u = a, u = b, respectively.

 Thus, we have Further Applications of
b Iptegral Calculus

-----12
- b3 - a 3 - 4(a2+ b 2 + ab)
b2-a2' 3 a+b
Vow you can apply equation (4) to solve these exercises.

E E 6) Find the length of the cycloid

E E 7) Show that the length of the arc of the curve

x = etsin t, y = etcos t from t = 0 to t = r/2 is fi(e"I2 - 1).

.A
16.2.3 Polar Form
In this sub-section we shall consider the case of a curve whose equation is given in
the polar form.

Let r = f(9) determine a curve as 9 varies from 9 = a to 9 = p, i.e., the function f is

defined in the interval [a,01 (see Fig. 4). As before, we assume that the function f
is derivable and its derivative f' is continuous on [a,B]. This assumption ensures
that the curve represented by r = f(9) is rectifiable.
Applialions of Calculus

Fig. 4
X
Transforming the given equations into Cartesian coordinates by taking x = r cos 8,
y = r sin 8, we obtain x = f(8) cos 8, y = f(8) sin 8.
Now we proceed as in the case of parametric equations, and get.

Hence, the length of the arc of the curve r = f(8) from 8 = a to 8 = P is given by
x = f(4) cos p P ,

changing the variable x to 8.

P
-
sin 912 + [ft(8) sin 8 + f(8) cos 812 dB
a

We shall apply this formula to find the length of the curve in the following
example.
Example 3: T o find the perimeter of the cardioid r = a(l + cos 8) we note that the
curve is symmetrical about the initial line (Fig. 5). Therefore its perimeter is double
the length 'of the arc of the curve lying above the x-axis.

Fig. 5
dr
Now, - = - a sin 8. Hence, we have
de
 Further Applications of
Integral Calculus

=
I :1:
4a 2 sin - = 8a.

In this section we have derived and applied the formulas for finding the length of
a curve when its equation is given in either of the three forms: Cartesian,
parametric or polar. Let us summarise our discussion in the following table.

Table 1: Length of ap arc of a curve

Length L 1

Using this table you will be able to solve these exercises now.

E E 8) Find the length of the curve r = a cos3 (0/3).

r

E E 9) Find the length of the circle of rddius 2 which is given by the equations
x = 2 c o s t + 3 , y = 2 sin t + 4 , 0 It 5 2a.
E E 10) Show that the arc of the upper ha!f of the curve r = a(l - cos 8) is bisected
bv 8 = 2?r/3.

-A
-
16.3 VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Until now, in this course. we were concerned with only plane curves and regions. In
this section we shall see how our knowledge of integration can be used to find the
volumes of certain solids. Look at the plane region in Fig. qa). It is bounded by
x = a, x = b, y = f(x) and the x-axis. If we rotate this plane region about the x-axis,
we get a solid. See Fig. Mb).
 Further Applicatinns of
Integral Calc~~lu!.

Fig. 6

Such solids are called solids of revolution. Fig. 7(a) and Fig. 7(b) show two more
examples of solids of revolution.

Fig. 7

The solid in Fig. 7(a) is obtained by revolving the region ABCQ around the y-axis.
The solid of revolution in Fig. 7(b) differs from the others in that its axis of
rotation does not form a part of the boundary of the plane region PQRS which is
rotated.

Wc see many examples of solids of revolution in every day life. The various kinds
of pots made by a potter using his wheel are solids of revolution. See Fig. 8(a).
Some objects manufactured with the help of !athe machines are also solids of
revolution. See Fig. 8(b).

Fig. 8 f; 7
I

I Applications of C~ICU~US Now, let us try to find the volume of a qolid of revolution. The method which we
l
are going to use is called the method of slicing. The reason for this will be clear in
a few moments.
Let Tn = [a = x, < xl < x2 < .... < x..,, x,, = b] be a partition of the interval
[a, b] into n sub-intervals.

I (b) Fig. 9
Let Axi denote the length of the ith sub-interval [xi-,, xi]. Further, let P and Q be
the points on the curve, y = f(x) corresponding to the ordinates x = xi-, and x = xi,
~ P M MN ~ . is the volume of the respectively. Then, as the curve revolves about the x-axis, the shaded strip PQNM
disc with radius P M and (Fig. 9(a)) generates -a disc o f thickness Axi. In general, the ordinates P M and QN
thickness MN. may not be of equal length. Hence, the disc is actually the frustum of a cone with
~ Q N ~ Mis Nthe volume of the
.disc with radius Q N and thick- its volume Avi, lying between r P M ~ M Nand n Q N ~ M N ,that is, between
ness MN. ) ] ~ rA [X~~( X , ) ] ~ A(Fig.
r [ ~ ( X ~ _ ~ and ~ 9(b) and (c))
If f is continuous.on [a, b], If we assume that f is a continuous function o n [a, b], we can apply the
f(a) = c and f(b) = d , and z lies intermediate value theorem (Theorem 7, Unit 2, also see margin remark), and
between c and d, then 3xo €
express this volume as
] a , b [ s.t. f(x,)=z.
a v i = r[f(ti)) OX^, where ti is a suitable point in the interval [xi-,, xi]. Now
summing up over all the discs, w e ob~ain
n n
Vn = A Vi = 7 [f(tj)12 AX^, xi-1 5 ti 5 xi, as an approximation
i= 1 1

to the volume of the solid of revolution. As we have observed earlier while

defining a definite integral, the approximation gets better as the partition Pn gets
finer and finer and Ax, tends to zero. Thus, we get the volume of the solid of
revolution as
n
V = lim Vn = lim r [f(ti)12Axi
n-co n-oa.
1=1

We shall use this formula t o find the volume of the solid described in the
following example.

Example 4: Let us find the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the arc
of the parabola y 2 = 4ax between the ordinates x = 0, and x = a is revolved about
its axis. The solid of revolution is the parabolic cap in Fig. 10.
The volume V of the cap is given by
 Fig. 10

Our next example illustrates a slight modification of Formula (6) to find the
volume of a solid obtained by revolving a plane region about the y-axis.
x2 Y Z
Example 5: Suppose the ellipse -7
a
,+ b = 1, (a > b) is revolved about the minor
axis, AB (see Fig. 11). Let us find the volume of the solid generated.

In this case the axis of rotation is the y-axis. The area revolved about the y-axis is
shown by the shaded region in Fig. 11. You will agree that we need to consider
only the area to the right of the y-axis.

Fig. 11 .
To find the volume of this solid we interchange x and y in (6) and get
b b

= 2n2 [(I1 $)
0
c~ysince I - 7
b
2
Y .s an even function of y?
Applications of C~lculus We can also modify Formula (6) to apply to curves whose equations are given in
the parametric or polar forms. Let us tackle these one by one.

Parametric Form
If a curve is given by x = 4(t), y = $(t), a 5 t 5 8, then the volume of the solid of
revolution about the x-axis can be found by substituting x and y in Formula (6) by
@(t)and $(t),respectively. Thus,
3

or V = a
i [+(t)l2 +'(t) dt.

We'll now derive the formula for curves given by polar equations.

Polar Form
Suppose a curve is given by r = f(O), 0, 5 0 I 0'. The volume of the solid
generated by rotating the area bounded by x = a, x = b , the x-axis and r = f(0) about
the x-axis is

Y = a S
9,
(r sin 0)l
d
7
do
(r cos 0) dB

Thus, V = n
9
0,
[f(fl) sin 012 [ff(6) cos 8 - f(8) sin P ] dB

Let's use this formula to find the volume of the solid generated by a cardioid
about its iniiial line.

Example 6: The cardioid shown in Fig. 12 is given by r = a ( ] +cos 8).

Fig. I 2

The points A and 0 correspond t o 0 = 0 and 0 = a, respectively. Here, again, we

need t o consider only the part of the cardioid above the initial line. Thus,

Y = 1
0

r (r sin 0)'
d
- (r cos
do
8 ) d0

= 1 (1 +cos 0)' sin3 8 (1 + 2 COP P ) do, since r = a ( l + cos 8)

I
rr ? a/2

t = 256ra3 [ sini@ cosV$ d g - 6 4 r a 3 [ sin3+ cos74 d+, where 4 ~ 6 1 2

- 64.1ra3 - -
- '*a'- on applying a reduction formula from Unit 12.
IS 5

In all the examples that we have seen till now, the axis o f rotation formed a
boundary of the region which was rotated. Now we take an example in which the
axis touches the region at only one point.

Example 7: Let us find the volume o f the solid generated by revolving the region
bounded by the parabolas y = x 2 and y 2 = 8 x about the x-axis. We have shown the-
area rotated and thc solid in Fig. 13 (a) and (b), respectively.

Here, the required volume will be the difference betyeen the volume of the solid
generated by the parabola y 2 = 8 x and that of the solid generated by the parabola
y =x 2.

Note the limits of integration.

Here, we list some exercises which you can solve by applying the formulas derived
in this section.

E E 12) Find the volume o f the right circular cone of height h and radius of the
circular base r.

(Hint:This cone will be generated by rotating the triangle bounded by

the Y - a x i ~and the line v = (r/h) X'I
I
I

Applications of Calculus

E 13) S h o ~that the volume of the solid generated by revolving the curve
x?,3+ - ,2 3 about the x-axis is 32*a3/105.
y2/7 -

E 14j The arc of the cycloid x = a (t-sin t), y = a (I-cos t) in [0, 2x1 is rotated about
the y-axis. Find the volume generated.
(Caution:The rotation is about the y-axis.)
E E 15) Find the volume of the selid obtained by revolving the lirnacon Further. Applications of
r = a + b cos 8 about thk initlal line. Inlegral Calculus

Il 16) The semicircular region bounded by y-2 = h z 2and the line Y = 2 is

rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated.

16.4 AREA OF SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

Instead of rotating a plane region, if we rotate a curve about an x-axis, we shall

get a surface-of revolution. In this section we shall find a formula for the area of
such a surface. Let us start with the case when the equation of the curve is given
in the Carlcslan form.

Cartesian Form
Suppose that the curve y = f(x) [Fig. 141 is rotated about the x-axis. To find the
area of the geneiated surface, we consider a partition P, of the interval [a, b],
namely,
P, = [a=$ ixl < x2 < ...... < xn-I < x, bj -
Applications of Calculus

Fig. 14

Let the lines x = xi intersect the curve in points Mi, i = 1, 2, ..... n. If we revolve
the chord Mi_lMiabout the x-axis, we shall get the surface of the frustum of a
cone of thickness Ax, = x, - x,+,. Let As, be the area of the surface of this frustum. .
Then the total surface aria of all the frusta is
n
Sn = As,
1= 1

This Sn is an approximation to the area of the surface of revolution. The area of

the surface of revolution generated by the curve y = f(x), is the limit of if it
exists), as n -- oo and each Qx,. 0. -
To find the area A of the curved surface of a typical frustum, we use the formula
A=7r(rl+rz) 1, ,
where 1 is the slant height of the frustum and r l and r2 are the radii of its bases
Fig. 15 (Fig. 15).
In the frustum under consideration the radii of the bases are the ordinates f(x,-,)
and f(xi), while the slant height Mi-lMi is given by
wheie A yi= f(xi) - f ( ~ ~ _We ~ )assume
. that f is derivable on [a, b] and f ' is
continuous. Then by the meal1 value theorem (Theorem 3, Unit 7), we obtain
A yi = f '(ti) A xi, for some ti E xi] .
Therefore,
AS, = T [ f ( ~ ~+- ~f(xi)l
) Jm+
yi12 (A

= 2x Yi-l + Yi mf '(ti)12 A xi.

2

and Sn = 2 7 r z yi-' + yi A xi.

i= 1
2

Proceeding to the limit as n - oo, and each A xi -- 0, we have

S = 2~
i f ( ~ ) / W d x

= 27r f y d w d s z dx
a

We shall now illustrate the use of this formula.

 Example 8: Let us find the area of the surface of revolution obtained by revolving Further Applications of
the parabola y2= 4ax from x = a to x = 3a, about the x-axis. Integral Calculus

Fig. 16

The area of the surface of revolution

dy 2a
where Y2 = 4ax, - = -. Hence
L dx Y

j L J
Instead of.revolving the given curve about the'x-axis, if .we revolve it about the
y-axis, we get another surface of revolution. The area of the surface of revolution
generated by the curve x = g(y), c Iy Id , as it revolves about the y-axis is given

Now let us look at curves represented by parametric equations.

Parametric Form
Suppose a curve is given by the parametric e~uationsx = +(t), y = $ (t), t E [a,01.
Then, we know that
Applications of Calculus Substituting this in formula (lo), we get the area of the surface of revolution
generated by the curve as jt revolves about the x-axis, to be

S = 2~ \ J.0) *J + [ ~ . ~ ( tdt.
)]~

Now we shall state the formula for the surface generated by a curve represented by
a polar equation.

Polar Form
If r = h(8) is the polar equation ,of the curve, then the area of the surface of
revolution generated by the arc of the curve for 8 , I 8 I 82, as it revolves about
the initial line, is

S = 2~
3
6,
r sin 8 p+(dr/do)2 de
Study the following examples carefully before trying the exercises given at the end
of this section.

Example 9: Suppose the astroid x = a sin3t, y = a cos3t, is revolved about the x-axis.
Let us find the area of the surface of revolution. You will agree that we need to
consider only the portion of the curve above the x-axis.

For this portion y > 0, and thus t varies from -a/2 to r/2.
dx dy
- = 3a sin2t cos t, - = - 3a cos2t sin t
dt dt

Therefore. ($)i
+ (%)2 = 9a2 sin2t cos2t

We therefore get,
a/2

S = 2a
S
-a/2
a cos3tJ9a2 sin2t cos2t dt
,
S

5
*/2

= 2r a cos3t I 3a sin t cos t I dt

-*/2
*/ 2
.dt
= 6aa2
S
-*/2
s/2
cos4t ( sin t

'
I

= 12aa2
S
0
cos4t sin t dt = - 127ra2 --
L ':I
Example 10: Suppose we want to find the area of the surface generated by
revolving the cardinid r = a ( l +cos 6 ) about its initial line.
Notice that the cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line, and extends above
this line from 8 = 0 to 8 = a . The surface generated by revolving the whole curve
about the initial line is the same as that generated by the upper half of the curve.
Hence
 = 2r 1 a (1 +cos 8) sin e
Forther Applications of
Integral Calculus

0
dr
Since r = a (1 + cos 8). and - = - a sin 8, we have
d8
r2 + ($)2 = a2(l + cos e)2 + a 2 sin2 8 = 4a2 cos 2 -
8
2
Therefore.

S = 2r
S
0
8
a (1 +cos 8) sin 8 2a cos - d8
2

= 4ra2
S 8 8
4 sin - cos4 - d8
2

= 32na2 1 sin+ cos4+ d+, where += 8/2

E E 17) Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the circle r = a about the
x-axis, and thus verify that the surface area of a sphere of radius a is 4n-a2.

E E 18) The arc of the curve y = sin x, from x = 0 to x = .r is revolved about the
x-axis. Find the area of the surface of the solid of revolution generated.
- Applkatioos of Calculus E E 19) The ellipse x 2 / a 2 +y 2 / b 2 = 1 revolves about the x-axis. Find the area of the
curface of the sqlid of revolution thuc obtained.

E 20) Prove that the surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
x-axis of the loop of the curve x = t2,

E E 21) Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid '
x = a(0 - sin 0). v = a(l - cos 0). about the line v =O.
 Further Applications of
Integral Calculus
Now let us quickly recall what we have covered in this unit.

16.5 SUMMARY

In this unit we have seen how to find

i). the lengths of curves
2) volumes of solids of revolution and
3) the areas of surfaces of revolution.

In each case we have derived formulas when the equation of the curve is given in
either the Cartesian or parametric or polar form. We give the results here in the
form of the following tables.

Length of an arc of a curve

Equation Length

Volume of the solid of revolution

I
I
~quation
I Volume
1
Y = f(x)
about x-axis

x = g(y) ,
about y-axis

x = 4(t), Y = rC/(t)
about x-axis '

I - h(0) sin 01 d0
I
r = h(0) r sin 01' [hl(0) cus 0
about the initial line
Applicalions of Cakulus Area of t h e surface of revolution

I Equation I Area

x = g(y)
about y-axis

x = tJ(t), Y = $(I)
about x-axis

16.6 SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

1
d
El) L =
jl+(dx/dy)' dy
C
2
n

= 0
S 1

By distance formula,
dy = Fo.

1
sec x
. sec x tan x = tan x

i'
40

- set x dx = In I sec x + tan x (

s e c ~ / 3+ tan */3
sec 0 + tan 0
'
 Funher Aaolications of
lntegml Calculus

.= c sinh (x/c)
I: = c sinh (xlc)

8x
E5) 3y = 8x = y = -. Substituting this in y2 = 4ax we get
3
64x2
- - - 4ax
9
i.e. 64x2 - 36ax = 0
9a
* x = Oorx = -
16
3a
* y = Oory = -
2

Hence (0, 0) and are the points of intersection.

dx
E6) --
ria
= a(l - cos O), -
dy -
ne
a sin o
 .. ($)' (2;)' + = a 2 [I + cos2e - '2 cos B + sin28]

... L = 2a
5
0
sin (6/2) dB

= 4a [ sin 4 d 9
J
0
*/2

= 8, [ sin 4 d+ = 8a

E7) -dx
dt
=
dy
e' (cos t +'sin t), -
dt
= e' (COSt - sin t)

E8) r = a cos3 - =,
e --
dr = - a cos2 - e
6 sin -
3 dB 3 3

dx dy
E9) - = - 2 sin t -- = 2 cos t
dt dt

Note that L 2ar since, here, r = 2.

=
dr
~ 1 0 r) = a(l - cos O), -- = a sin 6
dB

. J.2 + ($y =
e
2a sin -
2

The length of the curve in the upper half = 1 2a sin (B!2) dB

 Furlher Applicalions of
IntegraI~Cnlculus

the volume generated by

 dx d(r cos 8)
b15) r = a + bcos8 - - -
(19 d8
= ( a + b cos C) (- sin 0) - k sin !, sc,s 3
= - a sin 8 - 2b sin 8 cos 0.
-

= -r 1 ( a + b cos B ) sin28
~ (a sin 8 + 2b sin 0 cos 8) dB
0

= -* 1 (a3sin38+ 4a2b sin3t9 cos 8 + 5ab2 rin38 cos28+ 2b3 sin* cos3 8) do
0

( ~ h kother two integrals are equal t o zero since cos - 8) = - cos 8.

-.[-
(T

=
4a
3
+ 10ab2 . 2.
5
1
(1 .
sin 8 cos28 d~
I
(using a reduction formula)

= 4ra' ( sin 8 dB since sin (r . 8) = sin 8

= 47ra2 cos 8
I:"
E18) y sinx dy Further Applications of
= - = cosx Integral Calculus
dx

= 4r
i J1 + t2 dt, if t = cos x

- 4rb a
sin-'
x 47-57,
a2 2 (a2 - b2) a2 .
2ra2b &2:72
= 2rb2 + sin-'
7X-iF a.

E20) The loop is between t = - 0 and t = 0.Because,of symmetry, it is'

enough to consider the curve between t = 0 and t = 6.
A
.: S =. 2 r J (t - ): ~;i-;(~-t'?
dt
0
Applications of Cskulus

a ( I - cos 8) da2(1 - cos 8)2 + a2 sin2 19 dI9

8
= 4 m 2 ( ( 1 - cos 0) sin - do
2