The following characters are recognized in the format parameter string

formatcharacter Description Example returned values

Day --- ---
d Day of the month, 2 digits with leading zeros 01 to 31
D A textual representation of a day, three letters Mon through Sun
j Day of the month without leading zeros 1 to 31
l (lowercase 'L') A full textual representation of the day of the week Sunday through Saturday
N ISO-8601 numeric representation of the day of the 1 (for Monday) through 7 (for Sunday)
week (added in PHP 5.1.0)
S English ordinal suffix for the day of the month, 2 st, nd, rd or th. Works well with j
characters
w Numeric representation of the day of the week 0 (for Sunday) through 6 (for
Saturday)
z The day of the year (starting from 0) 0 through 365
Week --- ---
W ISO-8601 week number of year, weeks starting on Example: 42 (the 42nd week in the
Monday year)
Month --- ---
F A full textual representation of a month, such as January through December
January or March
m Numeric representation of a month, with leading 01 through 12
zeros
M A short textual representation of a month, three Jan through Dec
letters
n Numeric representation of a month, without leading 1 through 12
zeros
t Number of days in the given month 28 through 31
Year --- ---
L Whether it's a leap year 1 if it is a leap year, 0 otherwise.
o ISO-8601 week-numbering year. This has the same Examples: 1999 or 2003
value as Y, except that if the ISO week number (W)
belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used
instead. (added in PHP 5.1.0)
Y A full numeric representation of a year, 4 digits Examples: 1999 or 2003
y A two digit representation of a year Examples: 99 or 03
Time --- ---
a Lowercase Ante meridiem and Post meridiem am or pm
A Uppercase Ante meridiem and Post meridiem AM or PM
B Swatch Internet time 000 through 999
g 12-hour format of an hour without leading zeros 1 through 12
G 24-hour format of an hour without leading zeros 0 through 23
h 12-hour format of an hour with leading zeros 01 through 12
H 24-hour format of an hour with leading zeros 00 through 23
 The following characters are recognized in the format parameter string
formatcharacter Description Example returned values
i Minutes with leading zeros 00 to 59
s Seconds, with leading zeros 00 through 59
u Microseconds (added in PHP 5.2.2). Note Example: 654321
that date() will always generate000000 since it takes
an integer parameter,
whereas DateTime::format()does support
microseconds if DateTime was created with
microseconds.
v Milliseconds (added in PHP 7.0.0). Same note applies Example: 654
as for u.
Timezone --- ---
e Timezone identifier (added in PHP 5.1.0) Examples: UTC, GMT, Atlantic/Azore
s
I (capital i) Whether or not the date is in daylight saving time 1 if Daylight Saving
Time, 0 otherwise.
O Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours Example: +0200
P Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) with colon Example: +02:00
between hours and minutes (added in PHP 5.1.3)
T Timezone abbreviation Examples: EST, MDT ...
Z Timezone offset in seconds. The offset for timezones -43200 through 50400
west of UTC is always negative, and for those east of
UTC is always positive.
Full Date/Time --- ---
c ISO 8601 date (added in PHP 5) 2004-02-12T15:19:21+00:00
r » RFC 2822 formatted date Example: Thu, 21 Dec 2000 16:01:07
+0200
U Seconds since the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 See also time()
00:00:00 GMT)
Php debugging var_dump

Null Coalescing Operator ¶

Further exists the "??" (or null coalescing) operator, available as of

PHP 7.

Example #5 Assigning a default value

<?php
// Example usage for: Null Coalesce Operator
$action = $_POST['action'] ?? 'default';
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if (isset($_POST['action'])) {
    $action = $_POST['action'];
} else {
    $action = 'default';
}

?>
$a Spacesh An integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero when $a is re
<=> ip less than, equal to, or greater than $b. Available as of PHP 7.
$b

Unrecognized characters in the format string will be printed as-

is. The Z format will always return 0 when using gmdate().

Note:
Since this function only accepts integer timestamps
the u format character is only useful when using
the date_format() function with user based timestamps
created with date_create().
timestamp

The optional timestamp parameter is an integer Unix timestamp

that defaults to the current local time if a timestamp is not given.
In other words, it defaults to the value of time().

Return Values ¶

Returns a formatted date string. If a non-numeric value is used

for timestamp, FALSE is returned and anE_WARNING level error is emitted.

Errors/Exceptions ¶

Every call to a date/time function will generate a E_NOTICE if the time

zone is not valid, and/or a E_STRICT or E_WARNING message if using the
system settings or the TZ environment variable. See
also date_default_timezone_set()

Changelog ¶
Versio
Description
n
5.1.0 The valid range of a timestamp is typically from Fri, 13 Dec 1901 20:45:54 GMT to Tue, 19 Jan 2038 0
(These are the dates that correspond to the minimum and maximum values for a 32-bit signed integer). H
before PHP 5.1.0 this range was limited from 01-01-1970 to 19-01-2038 on some systems (e.g. Window
5.1.0 Now issues the E_STRICT and E_NOTICE time zone errors.
5.1.1 There are useful constants of standard date/time formats that can be used to specify the formatparamete

Examples ¶

Example #1 date() examples

<?php
// set the default timezone to use. Available since PHP 5.1
date_default_timezone_set('UTC');

// Prints something like: Monday
echo date("l");

// Prints something like: Monday 8th of August 2005 03:12:46 PM
echo date('l jS \of F Y h:i:s A');

// Prints: July 1, 2000 is on a Saturday
echo "July 1, 2000 is on a " . date("l", mktime(0, 0, 0, 7, 1, 2000));

/* use the constants in the format parameter */
// prints something like: Wed, 25 Sep 2013 15:28:57 -0700
echo date(DATE_RFC2822);

// prints something like: 2000-07-01T00:00:00+00:00
echo date(DATE_ATOM, mktime(0, 0, 0, 7, 1, 2000));
?>

You can prevent a recognized character in the format string from being
expanded by escaping it with a preceding backslash. If the character
with a backslash is already a special sequence, you may need to also
escape the backslash.

Example #2 Escaping characters in date()

<?php
// prints something like: Wednesday the 15th
echo date('l \t\h\e jS');
?>

It is possible to use date() and mktime() together to find dates in the

future or the past.
Example #3 date() and mktime() example

<?php
$tomorrow  = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m")  , date("d")+1, date("Y"));
$lastmonth = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m")-1, date("d"),   date("Y"));
$nextyear  = mktime(0, 0, 0, date("m"),   date("d"),   date("Y")+1);
?>
Note:
This can be more reliable than simply adding or subtracting the
number of seconds in a day or month to a timestamp because of
daylight saving time.

Some examples of date() formatting. Note that you should escape any

other characters, as any which currently have a special meaning will
produce undesirable results, and other characters may be assigned
meaning in future PHP versions. When escaping, be sure to use single
quotes to prevent characters like \n from becoming newlines.

Example #4 date() Formatting

<?php
// Assuming today is March 10th, 2001, 5:16:18 pm, and that we are in the
// Mountain Standard Time (MST) Time Zone

$today = date("F j, Y, g:i a");                 // March 10, 2001, 5:16 pm
$today = date("m.d.y");                         // 03.10.01
$today = date("j, n, Y");                       // 10, 3, 2001
$today = date("Ymd");                           // 20010310
$today = date('h-i-s, j-m-y, it is w Day');     // 05-16-18, 10-03-01, 1631 16
18 6 Satpm01
$today = date('\i\t \i\s \t\h\e jS \d\a\y.');   // it is the 10th day.
$today = date("D M j G:i:s T Y");               // Sat Mar 10 17:16:18 MST 200
1
$today = date('H:m:s \m \i\s\ \m\o\n\t\h');     // 17:03:18 m is month
$today = date("H:i:s");                         // 17:16:18
$today = date("Y-m-d H:i:s");                   // 2001-03-10 17:16:18 (the My
SQL DATETIME format)
?>

 getlastmod() - Gets time of last page modification



date()

Creating a Timestamp

getlastmod() - Gets timestamp of last page modification of current page

 filemtime() - Allows you to get the timestamp of the last modification date of a
specified file.

mktime() - Allows you to get the timestamp for a specific date and time

strtotime() - Parse about any English textual datetime description into a

timestamp

<?php 
$a = "Alena"; 
if ($a = "Treehouse") { 
echo "Hello Alena, "; 
} 
echo "Welcome to Treehouse!"; 
?> 
TIP: Check the OPERATORS
 Bummer! The value "Treehouse" is ASSIGNED to the variable $a INSTEAD of
COMPARING $a to the string 'Treehouse'. Therefore the expression is evaluated as true.

 Arrays: add a new element to the end of an array, $array[] = 'New Element
Value';
 array_push: push one or more elements onto the end of array.
 array_unshift: prepend one or more elements to the beginning of an array

Explode functions splits a string by a string to form an array.

Explode  forma un arreglo

Implode forma un string