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Tutorial 2 - Physical Operations

This document provides a tutorial on various physical operations involved in mechanical processing and fluid flow. It includes examples of separating mixtures using air classification, calculating thickness of filter cakes, explaining phase transitions using phase diagrams, and solving problems related to fluid flow in pipes and pumps.

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nasuha
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537 views2 pages

Tutorial 2 - Physical Operations

This document provides a tutorial on various physical operations involved in mechanical processing and fluid flow. It includes examples of separating mixtures using air classification, calculating thickness of filter cakes, explaining phase transitions using phase diagrams, and solving problems related to fluid flow in pipes and pumps.

Uploaded by

nasuha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 2- Physical Operations

Mechanical processing

1. A mixture of dry starch and protein particles of sizes 0.5-1.0mm is separated in a vertical air
separator, in which air is blown from the bottom and removed from the top. The densities
of starch and protein are 1500 and 1200kg/m 3, respectively. Calculate the minimum air
velocity to remove all starch particles from the top of the unit.
2. A rotary vacuum filter of diameter 1.5m and length 1.0m is used to clarify completely 1
ton/h of liquid suspension, containing 0.2kg solids/kg liquid. The filter is operated at a
pressure difference of 500mbar and at 20 turns/h. the filter drum has 20% of its filtering
surface immersed in the liquid suspension. Calculate the maximum thickness of the cake on
the filter surface if its porosity is 50%.
3. Differentiate cake and depth filtration and cite the typical examples. Explain the operation
of dual media filtration and cite one typical application.
4. Propose two different filtration systems for clarification a cloudy fruit juice and explain the
underlying mechanisms.

Physical State and Phase Diagram

1. Explain what is phase transition and what is best to represent it?


2. List the classification of phase transitions and state examples for each.
3. Elaborate gelatinisation and crystallisation processes. Is there any relationship between the
two?
4. Explains the phase behaviour of cocoa butter.

Fluid Flow and Pump

1. A pipe discharges wine into a 1.5m diameter tank. Another pipe (15cm diameter), located
near the base of the tank, is used to discharge wine out of the tank. Calculate the volumetric
flow rate into the tank if the wine level remains constant at 2.5m.
2. Sulfuric acid with a density of 1980kg/m3 and a viscosity of 26.7cP is flowing in a 35mm
diameter pipe. If the acid flow is 1m3/min, what is the pressure loss due to friction for a 30m
length of smooth pipe?
3. A solution of ethanol is pumped to a vessel 25m above a reference level through a 25mm
inside diameter steel pipe at a rate of 10m3/h. The length of pipe is 30m and contains two
elbows with friction equivalent to 20 diameters each. Compute the power requirements of
the pump. Solution properties include density of 975kg/m3 and viscosity of 4 x 10-4 Pa s.
4. Calculate the total equivalent length of 1-in wrought iron pipe that would produce a
pressure drop of 70kPa due to fluid friction, for a fluid flowing at a rate of 0.05kg/s, a
viscosity of 2cP, and density of 1000kg/m3.
5. The flow of a liquid in a 2-in nominal diameter steel pipe produces a pressure drop due to
friction of 78.86Pa. The length of pipe is 40m and the mean velocity is 3m/s. If the density of
the liquid is 1000kg/m3, then
a. Determine the Reynolds number.
b. Determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent.
c. Compute viscosity of the liquid.
d. Estimate the temperature, if the liquid is water.
e. Compute the mass flow rate.
6. A pump is being used to transport a liquid food product (ρ 1000kg/m3, μ 1.5cP) from a
holding tank to a filling machine at a mass fl ow rate of 2kg/s. The liquid level in the holding
tank is 10m above the pump, and the filling machine is 5m above the pump. There is 100m of
2-in nominal diameter sanitary pipeline between the holding tank and the filling machine, with
one open globe valve and four regular 90flanged elbows in the system. The product is being
pumped through a heat exchanger with 100kPa of pressure drop due to friction before filling.
Determine the theoretical power requirement for the pump.
7. A centrifugal pump is operating at 1800rpm against 30m head with a flow rate of 1500L/min. If
the pump speed is doubled, calculate the new flow rate and developed head
8. A dry food powder is being stored in a bin with a 10cm diameter outlet for gravity fl ow during
discharge. The angle of internal friction is 5o and the bulk density is 525kg/m3. Estimate the
cohesiveness parameter of a powder that would result in bridging when the product is
discharged from the storage bin.
9. A dry food powder with a bulk density of 650kg/m3 and an angle of repose of 55o is
discharged
by gravity through a circular opening at the bottom of a large storage vessel. Estimate the
diameter of the opening needed to maintain a mass flow rate of 5kg/min. The discharge
coefficient is 0.6.
10. A single-cylinder rotational viscometer is used to measure a liquid with viscosity of 100cP
using a spindle with 6cm length and 1cm radius. At maximum shear rate (rpm 60), the
measurements approach a full-scale reading of 100. Determine the spindle dimensions that
will allow the viscometer to measure viscosities up to 10,000cP at maximum shear rate.

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