Fading PDF
Fading PDF
Large-scale Fading
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What have we covered in last 2 lectures
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Wireless Communication
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Wireless Propagation Characteristics
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Wireless Propagation Characteristics(contd.)
Pr v
Pt
d=vt
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Wireless Propagation Models
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Wireless Propagation Models (contd.)
• Large-scale propagation
• Small-scale propagation
Pr/Pt Fast
Pt
Pr v
Very slow
d=vt
d=vt
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Large-scale propagation model
– Ray-tracing model
– 2-ray propagation model
– Site/terrain specific and can not be generalized easily
– Empirical models
– Modeled over data gathered from experiments
– Extremely specific
– But more accurate in the specific environment
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Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation
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General Model
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Typical Wireless Signal
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Free space Path Loss Model
Pt
Pr (d ) ∝ 2
d
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Free space Path Loss Model (contd.)
2
Pt Gt Gr λ
Pr (d ) = 2 2
(4π ) d L
4π Ae
where, G = 2
λ
c
and , λ =
f
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Free space Path Loss (contd.)
Tx power Pt
=
Rx power Pr
– What will be the order of path loss for a FM radio system that
transmits with 100 kW with 50 km range?
– Also calculate: what will be the order of path loss for a Wi-Fi
radio system that transmits with 0.1 W with 100 m range?
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Path Loss in dB
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Relationship between dB and dBm
x dBm x
−3
x
10 10
in W
10 10
in mW x
10( − 3) in dBW
x 10
10 10
/ 10 3 in W x − 30 in dBW
x
−3
10 10
in W
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Back to Path Loss model
d > d0
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Back to Path Loss model (contd.)
• In dBm,
2
⎡ ⎛ d 0 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ Pr (d 0 ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ d ⎠ ⎥
Pr (d ) (dBm) = 10 log ⎢
⎢ 1mW ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ P ( d ) ⎤ ⎡ d ⎤
Pr ( d ) ( dBm ) = 10 log ⎢ r 0 ⎥ + 20 log ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 1mW ⎦ ⎣ d ⎦
⎡ d ⎤
Pr ( d ) ( dBm ) = Pr ( d 0 )(dBm ) + 20 log ⎢ 0 ⎥
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⎣ d ⎦
Numerical example
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Path Loss Model Generalized
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Path Loss Exponents for different environments
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Path Loss Model Generalized (contd.)
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Path Loss Example
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Large Scale Path Loss
Log-normal shadowing
• averaged received power in log distance model is inconsistent
with measured data
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Log-normal Shadowing
• Partition Losses
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Partition Losses
• Partition Losses
– Same floor
– Between floors
– Characterized by a new factor called Floor Attenuation Factors (FAF)
– Based on building materials
– FAF mostly empirical (computed over numerous tests)
⎡ d ⎤
PL(d ) = PL(d 0 ) + 10 nSF log ⎢ ⎥ + FAF[dB ]
⎣ d 0 ⎦
– For example,
– FAF through one floor approx. 13 dB
– Two floors 18.7 dB
– Three floors 25 dB and so on…
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