Introduction to Electromagnetic

Field Simulation
Jens Otto
Christian Römelsberger

PRACE Autumn School 2013 - Industry Oriented HPC Simulations, September

21-27, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Technical Applications of Electromagnetics

Electromagnetism is never done for

its own sake, it is used to
manipulate/observe something in
some other physical domain.

Electromagnetic energy can easily

be transported and converted into
other energy forms.

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Technical Applications of Electromagnetics
Transfer Transformation
Energy

EMI/EMC
Information

Image Source: Wikipedia

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Technical Applications of Electromagnetics
Transfer Transformation

•Transformer •Actuators
Energy

•Inductive Charging •Inductive Heating

•Power connectors •Microwave Heating

EMI/EMC
Information

•(Power) Electronics
•Radar
•Antenna Systems
•Sensors
•Signal Lines
•NMR
•Connectors

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What is electromagnetism: Maxwells Equations
 The equations of motion for
electromagnetics are Maxwells
equations:

 These need to be supplemented by

constitutive equations, i.e. material
laws like:

 This is a quite complicated system of

equations! Source: Wikipedia

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What is electromagnetism
 Understand implications/solutions of Maxwells equations  understand the
applications of electromagnetism

 Kirchhoffs laws for electrical networks

 Electromagnetic waves at ‘high frequencies’

 Induction

 Electric and magnetic forces

Image Source: Wikipedia

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism: Circuit Simulation
 In electronic and electrical engineering one is used to schematic circuits and
circuit simulation (system simulation).

Networks

Ansys Designer
Lumped Components

 Fast simulation.
 Need input quantities like analytical expressions (LRC…), matrices, behavioral
models (e.g. IBIS) etc.

  0-dimensional Systems, solve ODEs (ordinary differential equations)

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism:
The ANSYS Portfolio
Numerical Electromagnetic Analysis

Circuit Simulation

Simplorer

Designer

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Simplorer
 Power Electronics circuit simulator  Reduced Order Models from
 Libraries of PE components  Ansys Electromagnetics Products
 Different Physical Domains  Ansys Mecanical
 Electrical  Ansys CFD MMF

 Magnetic  Ansys Icepak JA

 Mechanical J
A 11B 11C 11

 Thermal A 12
B 12
M
3~
A2
B2 M( t)

GND
C 12 C2 STF

 Hydraulic + R OT1

ASMS
R OT2

 Different ways of modeling F( t)

m

GND
STF

 State Space Models

transition
 Block Diagrams state EIN

 State Graphs CLK

Curve Data SET: TSV1:=1
SET: TSV2:=0 (R_LAST.I >= I_OGR)
JK-Flip flop with Active-low Preset and Clear
INV ffjkcpal1.clk:TR
SET: TSV3:=0
ffjkcpal1.j:TR SET: TSV4:=1

 Digital/VHDL CLK

PST
ffjkcpal1.k:TR

ffjkcpal1.clr:TR

ffjkcpal1.pst:TR AUS


J Q ffjkcpal1.q:TR

C CLK
K

Flip flop
ffjkcpal1.qb:TR

(R_LAST.I <= I_UGR)

SET: TSV1:=0
SET: TSV2:=1
SET: TSV3:=1
QB
SET: TSV4:=0

 Matlab
CLR
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
CLK X-Axis
MX1: 0.1000

CLK
INV

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Designer
 Integrates ANSYS HF tools into a  Uses
seamless HF system simulation  State Space or convolution
 Solves time domain spice solver
 Time / frequency circuits and  Harmonic Balance
systems frequency domain solver
 2D / 3D Method of Moment solver
 Applications
 Time and / or frequency domain circuit
analysis
 Signal Integrity
 Antenna Arrays
 RF IC simulation

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism: Field Simulation
 Electromagnetic fields are distributed quantities  in many situations the
actual geometric dimensions influence the behavior of the system:
 The behavior of an electric engine depends on its geometry and the materials it is
made of.
 Antennas depend on the geometry.

 → 2D/3D field simulation, solve PDEs (partial differential equations)

Ansys HFSS

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism:
The ANSYS Portfolio
Numerical Electromagnetic Analysis

Field Simulation Circuit Simulation

IE - BEM Hybrid PDE - FEM

Simplorer
SIwave
Designer

Q3D HFSS Maxwell

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HFSS – High Frequency Structure Simulator
 3D Field Solver
 3D Finite Element Method (FEM)
 Boundary Integral (IE)
 Mesh Process: Adaptive
 Advanced Boundary Types
 Radiation and Perfectly Matched
Layers
 Symmetry, Finite Conductivity, Infinite
Planes, RLC, and Layered Impedance
 Advanced Material Types
 Frequency dependent
 Anisotropic
 Post Processing and Report Type
 SYZ parameters
 Field display
 Near Field/Far Field
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Maxwell
 3D Field Solver
 3D/2D Finite Element Method (FEM)
 Large Motion
 Mesh Process: Adaptive
 Advanced Boundary/Excitations
 Symmetry, Master-Slave
 Impedance Boundary Condition
 External Circuits/Cosimulation
 Advanced Material Types
 Non-linear, Anisotropic
 3D Vector Hysteresis Model
 Post Processing and Report Type
 Currents, Voltages, Forces Torques
 Field display
 Losses

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Q3D Extractor
 Quasi-static electromagnetic-field
solver
 DC  (Electrical Wavelength)/8
 RLGC Parameter extraction
 Creation of equivalent circuit models
 HSpice®, PSpice®, Spectre®
 Cadence DML, Intel LCF & IBIS .pkg
model
 Simplorer® SML models
 Co-simulation with Ansoft Designer
 Includes 2D Extractor™quasi-static
2D field solver

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Siwave
 Pre or Post-layout analysis tool  Uses
 Solves  2D FEM for Power/Ground plane
 Entire multi-layer Printed Circuit Board structures
(PCB)  Specialized 2D solver for Traces
 Entire leaded Integrated Circuit (IC)  3D quasi-static solutions for transition
Package (vias, solderballs, etc.)

 Applications
 PCB signal integrity calculation
 PCB power delivery characterization
 Evaluation of de-coupling capacitor
location
 Circuit model generation
 DC current and voltage distribution on
PCB

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism:
System Simulation
 Combination of circuit and field simulation:
 Simulation of a PCB with transistors and other electronic components
 Simulation of electrical behavior of a whole car
  System Simulation = Circuit Simulation + Field Simulation
 Reduced order models
 Cosimulation
 Efficient way to model large Systems
with the desired accuracy

Ansys Maxwell

Ansys HFSS
Ansys Designer
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What is electromagnetism: Maxwells Equations
 The equations of motion for
electromagnetics are Maxwells
equations:

 These need to be supplemented by

constitutive equations, i.e. material
laws like:

 This is a quite complicated system of

equations! Source: Wikipedia

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What is HF?
 High Frequency electromagnetics is concerned with the propagation of
electromagnetic waves.

 Electromagnetic waves propagate with a finite velocity, the speed of light c.

 To a frequency f one can associate a wave length λ=c/f
frequency DC 1 Hz 1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz ???
wave length -- 3e8 m 300 km 300 m 0.3 m ???

 If the characteristic size d of a part under consideration is comparable to the

wave length (about d > λ/10) wave effects become important.

problem scale
0 λ/10
quasi static intermediate full wave
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HF Equation
 For linear, but maybe frequency dependent, material properties the time can
be separated out of Maxwell’s equations. This corresponds to replacing time
derivatives

 Maxwell’s equations can then for ω≠0 be reduced to the single equation

 The double curl operator on the left hand side is negative semi definite. For
this reason the equation has unique solutions for ω≠0.
 This equation is solved in HFSS.

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What can be gained by doing LF?
 At low frequencies one can neglect certain time derivatives, which simplifies
the equations. This allows to consider non-linear material laws and motion.

Image Source: Wikipedia

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LF Equations in (A,Φ) formulation
 There are two potential formulations, the (A,Φ) and the (T,Ω) formulation.
 The (A,Φ) formulation starts from

 This together with Faraday‘s law implies that E and B can be derived from a
vector potential A and a scalar potential Φ

 This is the most general solution of the two homogenous equations in

Maxwell‘s equations.

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LF equations in (A,Φ) formulation
 Ampere’s law then turns into

 This is again very similar to the HF equation, but with zero frequency. Note
that the permeability can depend non linearly on the magnetic field and
furthermore that this equation is still in the time domain!

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LF equations in (A,Φ) formulation
 However, for given potentials (A,Φ) and an arbitrary scalar field Λ the there is
a gauge transformation

leading to equivalent potentials. I.e. the potentials (A,Φ) and (A',Φ') lead to
the same fields E and B.
 Conversely, the field equation can only be solved if the current is conserved

 All of this implies that

is a singular differential operator.

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LF equations in (T,Ω) formulation
 The starting point for the (T,Ω) formulation is the current conservation, which
implies that there is a vector potential T such that

 The magnetic field H can the be written in terms of the potential Ω

 The field equations are then different in conducting and non-conducting

regions:

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LF equations in (T,Ω) formulation
 Again there are gauge transformations of (T,Ω) which leave the physics
unchanged

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism: FEM Method
 Need to discretize field equations
 Translate differential equation to algebraic equations
 Split one “big” task into a finite number of “simple” subtasks

 Finite element method (FEM)

 Discretize space by tetrahedrons.
 Easy to model complicated objects
 Discretize differential operators like

that appear in the field equations

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism: FEM Method
 The vector potential T encodes the current I through the triangular face of a
tetrahedron with the help of Stoke’s theorem

 For this reason it is natural to take

along the edges as degrees of freedom. Those are the edge degrees of
freedom which are stored at the 6 midside nodes of a tetrahedra.

 Scalar fields are stored at the 4 vertices of the the tetrahedra.

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Ways to simulate electromagnetism: FEM Method
 The differential operators can be derived by varying the action

 This allows to discretize the differential operators in each tetrahedron using

the discretized degrees of freedom.

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Boundary Conditions LF
 For a scalar field Neumann boundary conditions are free boundary
conditions. From the action formulation it follows

This implies that the magnetic field is parallel to the boundary if there are no
boundary conditions specified.
 There are many other boundary conditions that can be specified
 (Zero) Tangential H field
 Insulating
 Symmetry/Master-Slave

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Excitations LF
 In LF electromagnetics systems are typically driven by voltage and current
sources.

 Currents flow in the volume and are either subject to skin- and proximity
effects or flow through stranded conductors

 Furthermore objects can be in motion leading to additional inductive effects.

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Boundary Conditions HF
 The natural boundary conditions are perfect E
 There are many more boundary conditions
 Radiation
 Perfect E, perfect H
 Finite Conductivity
 Impedance/Lumped RLC
 Symmetry/Master-Slave

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Excitations
 In HF electromagnetics systems are excited by incident waves, voltage and
current sources.

 Incident waves can either enter through a radiation boundary or through a

wave guide.
 Waves entering through wave guides are described by wave ports.

 Because of high frequencies the skin depth is typically very small compared
to the geometric dimensions of the system under consideration. For this
reason currents are typically modeled as surface currents.

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