TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................
CHAPTER I .......................................................................................
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Background
1.2 Problem Formulation
1.3 Writing purpose
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................
DISCUSSION ......................................................................................
A. DEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ..................................
2.1. Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject..........................................
2.2. Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb...............................
2.3. Adjective Clause pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition.....................
2.4. Using Whose....................................................................................
2.5. Using where in Adjective Clauses.....................................................................
2.6. Using when in Adjective Clauses......................................................................
2.7. Using Adjective Clauses to modify Pronouns.....................................................
2.8. Punctuating Adjective Clauses.........................................................................
2.9. Using Expressions of Quantity in Ad jective Clauses...........................................
2.10. Using which to Modify a Whole Sentences........................................................
2.11. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases...............................................
CHAPTER II
CLOSING ...........................................................................................
3.1. Conclusion ....................................................................................
3.2. Suggestion ..............................................................................................
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Background
English is the language used by almost every person in the world. At the
present time, learning English is very important. English language is not
only used to talk to the west, but has become a requirement to enter the
world of work. Children in schools in Asian countries, must learn English.
There is so much discussion in English. But that will be discussed in this
paper is about the adjective clause. Adjective clause ia a very important
discussion because it is very often used both in conversation especially in
the writing of English. In this paper, We will attempt to explain a little about
the adjective clause.
1.2 Problem Formulation
what is the definition of adjective clause?
How to use adjective clause?
How is position of adjective clause?
How is the ususal patterns of adjective clause?
1.3 Writing Purpose
To fulfill Grammar task
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. DEFINITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause is a dependent clause (dependent word + subject and verb)
that describes a noun. You can imagine that an adjective clause is taking two
sentences about the same noun and making them into one sentence. Adjective
clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its owm,
and does the work of an adjective. Adjective clause can be reduced to
adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples
below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an
example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red
dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on
clause-to-phrase reductin in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the
relative pronoun must be a Subject pronoun in all cases.
2-1 Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject
I thanked the woman In (a) : i thanked the woman = a main
She helped me clause
↓ Who helped me = an adjective
(a) I thanked the woman who helped me clause
(b) I thanked the woman that helped me An adjective clause modifies a noun
In (a) the adjective clause modifies woman
The book is mine In (a): Who is the subject of the adjective
It is one that table clause.
↓ In (b): that is the subject of the adjective
clause.
(c) The book which is on the table is mine
(d) The book that is on the table is mine NOTE: (a) and (b) have the same meaning;
(c) and (d) have the same meaning.
Who = used for people
Which = used for things
That = used for both people and things
(e) CORRECT: The book that is on the table is mine. An adjective clause closely follows the
(f) INCORRECT: The book is mine that is on the table. noun it modifies.
A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses:
Independent and dependent. In example (a):
· The main clause (I thanked the woman) is also called an independent clause. An
indpendent clause is a complete sentence and can stand alone.
· The adjective clause (who helped me) is a dependent clause. A dependent is NOT a
complete sentence and cannot stand alone. A dependent clause must be connected to an
independent clause.
2-2 Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a verb
The man was Mr.Jones Notice in the example: the
I saw him adjective clause pronouns
↓ are placed at the
(a) The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones beginning of the clause.
(b) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones In (a): who is usually used
(c) The man ф I saw was Mr. Jones instead of whom,
especially in speaking.
The movie was’t very good. Whom is generally used
We saw it last night. only in very formal
↓ English.
In (c) and (f): An object
(d) The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good pronoun is often omitted
(e) The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good (O) from an adjective
(f) The movie O we saw last night wasn’t very good clause. (A sunject
pronoun, however, may
not be omitted)
Who(m) = used for people
Which = used for things
That = used for both
people and things
(g) Incorrect: The man who(m) I saw him was Mr. Jones In (g): The pronoun him
The man that i saw him was Mr. Jones must be removed. Is is
The man I saw him was Mr. Jones unnecessary because
who(m), that, or O
functions as the object of
the verb saw.
2-3 Adjective Clause pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition
She is the woman. In very formal English, the preposition
I told you about her ↓↓фф comes at the beginning of the adjective
(a) She is the woman clause, as in (a) and (e). Usually, however,
(b) She is the woman in everyday usage, the Preposition comes
(c) She is the woman after the subject and verb of the adjective
(d) She is the woman clause, as in the other examples.
NOTE: If the preposition comes at the
beginning of the adjective clause, only
whom or which may be used. A
preposition is never immediately followed
by that or who.
INCORRECT: She is the woman about
who I told you.
INCORRECT: The music to that we
li1stened last night was good.
2-4 Using Whose
I know the man. Whose is used to show possession. It
His bicyle was carries the same meaning as other
stolen. possessive pronouns used as adjectives:
↓↓ his, her, its, and their.
(a) I know the man whose bicyle was stolen.
Like his, her, its, and their, whose is
The student writes well. connected to a noun:
I read her composition. His bicyle → whose bicyle
↓ Her composition → whose composition
(b) The student whose composition I read
Both whose and the noun it is connected to
writes well. are placed at the beginning of the adjective
clause Whose cannot be omitted.
(c) I worked at a company whose employees Whose usually modifies people, but it may
wanted to form a union. also be used to modify things, as in (c).
(d) That’s the boy whose parents you met. Whose and who’s have the same
(e) That’s the boy who’s in my math class. pronunciation.
(f) That’s the boy who’s been living at our Who’s can mean who is, as in (e), or who
house since his mother was arrested. has, as in (f).
2-5 Using where in Adjective Clauses
The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective
He lives there (In building). clauses to modify a place (city,
country, room, house, etc)
(a) The building where he lives is very old. If where used, a preposition is
(b) The building in which he lives is very old. NOT included in the adjective
The building which he lives in is clause, as in(a).
very old.
The building that he lives in is very old. If where is not used, the
The building Ф he lives in is very preposition must be included, as in
old. (b).
2-6 Using when in Adjective Clauses
I’ll never forget the day. When is used in an adjective clause
I met you then (on that day) to modify a noun of time (year, day,
time, century, etc).
(a) I’ll never forget the day when I met you. The use of a preposition in a
(b) I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. adjective clauses that modifies a noun
(c) I’ll never forget the day that I met you. of time is somewhat different from
(d) I’ll never forget the day Ф I met that in other adjective clauses: a
you. preposition is used preceding which,
as in (b); otherwise, the preposition
is omitted.
2-7 Using Adjective Clauses to modify Pronouns
(a) There is someone I want you to meet. Adjective clauses can modify
(b) Everything he said was pure nonsense. indenfinite pronouns
(c) Anybody who wants to come is welcome. (e.g).,someone evrybody).
Object pronouns (e.g., who(m),
that, which) are usually omitted in
the adjective clause, as in (a) and
(b).
(d) Paula was the only one I knew at the party. Adjective clauses can modify the
(e) Scholarships arew available for those who need one (s) and those.*
financial assistance
(f) I who am a student at this school Adjective clauses are almost
Come from a country in Asia. never used to modify personal
pronouns. Native English
speakers would not write the
sentence in (f).
(g) It is I who am responsible.
Example (g) is possible, but very
(h) He who laughs last laughs best. formal and uncommon.
Example (h) is a well-known
saying in which he is used as an
indefinigte ptronoun (meaning
“anyone” or “any person”).
2-8 Punctuating Adjective Clauses
General guidelines for the punctuation of adjective
clauses:
(1) Do NOT USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause
is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.*
(2) USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause simply
gives additional information and is not necessary
to indentify the noun it modifies.**
In (a): No commas are used. The
(a) The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an adjectuve clause is necessary to
excellent lecturer. identify which professor is meant.
(b) Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is In (b): Commas are used. The
an excellent lecturer. adjective clause is not necessary to
identify Professor Wilson. We
already know who he is: he has a
nime. The adjective clause simply
gives additional information.
(c) Hawaii, which consists of eight principal island, GUIDELINE: Use commas, as in
is a favorite vacation spot. (b), (c), and (d), if an adjective
(d) Mrs. Smith, who is retired teacher, does volunteer clause modifies a proper noun. (A
work at the hospital. proper noun begins with a capital
letter).
NOTE: A comma reflects a pause in
speech.
(e) The man who(m) In (e): if no commas are ued, any
that I met teaches chemistry. possible pronoun may be used in the
Ф adjectivew clause. Object pronound
may be omitted.
(f) Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches
chemistry. In (f): When commas are necessary,
the pronoun may not be used (only
who, whom, which, whose, where,
and when may bw used), and
object pronouns cannot be omitted.
COMPARE THE MEANING: In (g): The used of commas means
(g) We took some childreen on a picnic. The that all of the children wanted to
children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an play soccer and all of the children
open field as soon as we arrived at the park. ran to an open field. The adjective
clause is used only to give
additional information about the
(h) We took some children on a picnic. The children children.
who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as In (h): The lack commas means that
sson as we arrived at the park. The others olayed a only some of the children wanted tp
different game. play soccer. The adjective clause is
used to identify which children ran
to the open field.
*Adjective clauses that do not require commas are
called essential or restrictive or identifying.
**Adjective clauses that require commas are
called nonessential or nonrestrictive or
nonidentifying.
NOTE:Nonessential adjective clauses are more
common in writing than in speaking.
2-9 Using Expressions of Quantity in Ad jective
Clauses
In my class there are 20 students. An adjective clause may contain an
Most of them are from Asia. expression of quantity with of:
some of, many of, most of, none of,
(a) In my class there are 20 students, most of whom two of, half of, both of, etc.
are from Asia.
(b) He gave several reasons, only a few of which The expression of quantity precedes
were valid. the pronoun. Only whom,
(c) The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose which,and whose are used in this
problems was poor study habits. pattern.
This pattern is more common in
writing than speaking.
Commas are used.
2-10 Using which to Modify a Whole
Sentences
(a) Ttom was late. That surprised me The pronouns that and this can refer to the
(b) Tom was late , which surprised me idea of a whole sentence which comes
before.
(c) The elevator is out of order. This is too bad. In (a): The word that refers to the whole
(d) The elevator is out of order, which is too sentence Tom was late.
bad.
Similarly, an adjective clause with which
may modify the idea of a whole sentence.
In (b): The word which refers to the wholr
sentence Tom was late.
Using which to modify a whole sentence is
informal and occurs most frequently in
spoken English. This structure is generally
not appropriate in formal writing. Whenever
it is written, however, it is proceded by a
comma to reflect a pause in speeach.
2-11 Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases
CLAUSE: A clause is a group of related words that contains An adjective phrase is a
a subject and a verb. reduction of an adjective
PHRASE: A phrase is a group of related words that does not clause. It modifies a noun.
contain a subject and a verb. It does not contain a
subject and verb.
(a) CLAUSE: The girl whomis sitting next to me is Mai.
(b) PHRASE: The girl sitting next to me is Mai. Examples (a) and (b) have
the same meaning.
(c) CLAUSE: The girl (whom) I saw was Mai.
(d) PHRASE: (none) Only adjective clauses
that have a subject
pronoun--- who, which,
or that ---- are reduced to
modifying adjective
phrases. The adjective
clause in (c) cannot be
reduced to an adjective
phrase.
(e) CLAUSE: The man who is talking to John is from Korea. There are two ways in
PHRASE: The man Ф Ф talking to John is from Korea. which an adjective clause
is changed to an adjective
(f) CLAUSE: The ideas which are presented in that book are phrase.
good.
PHRASE: The ideas Ф Ф presented in that book are good. 1.If the adjective clause
contains the be form of a
(g) CLAUSE: Ann is the woman that is responsible for the verb, omit the subject
error. pronoun and the be form,
PHRASE: Ann is the woman Ф Ф responsible for the as in (e), (f), and (g).*
error.
(h) CLAUSE: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 2.If there is no be form of
letters. a verb in the adjective
PHRASE: English has an alphabet Ф consisting of clause, it is sometimes
26 letters. possible to omit the
subject pronoun and
(i) CLAUSE: Anyone who wants to come with us is change the verb ton its-
welcome. ing form, as in (h) and (i).
PHRASE: Anyone Ф wanting to come with us is
welcome.
(j) Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city. If the adjective clause
(k) Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city. requires commas, as in (j),
the adjective phrase also
requires commas, as in
(k). An adjective phrase in
which a noun follows
another noun, as in (k), is
called an appositive.
*If an adjective clauses that contains be + a single adjective is changed, the adjective is
moved to its normal position in front of the noun it modifies.
CLAUSE: Fruit that is fresh tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
CORRECT PHRASE: Fresh fruit tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
INCORRECT PHRASE: Fruit fresh tastes better thn old, soft, mushy fruit.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its owm,
and does the work of an adjective. Adjective clause can be reduced to adjective phrases
under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun
modified by an adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the
shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you
are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reductin in these examples. For such reductions to
occur, the relative pronoun must be a Subject pronoun in all cases.
Conjunction between one another clause in the adjective clause are :
1. Who
Its function is to replace the subject (person)
2. Whom
Its function is to describe the object (person)
3. Which
Its function is used for objects, either in subject or object position.
B. SUGGESTION
As English college students, we have to always concern and develop our
knowledge about English, especially in Adjective Clause.
