Qestions of Lecture 1

1. What is meant by Marine Environment?

The term Marine Environment would refer to bodies of salt water and any plants,
animals and other objects that exist in the body of water.

Marine environments are diverse and can change rapidly depending on tidewaters and
currents.
They include many unique animals and plants, such as corals and bi-valves, and many
unique habitats, such as underwater volcanoes.

Marine environments are given special protections under law in many countries because
of their importance to food webs and the diversity of life that they contain.

Oceans that contain numerous marine environments cover 70 to 72 percent of the earth.
The vast majority of these vast marine systems have not been closely explored.

2. Show how Marine Environment can be protected?

There are many ways to protect your Marine Environment;

1) Limit Your Use of Plastics, Disposables and Single-Use Projects.

Plastic stays around for hundreds of years, can be a hazard to wildlife and leaches toxins
into the environment.
Have you heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch? That is a name coined to describe
the huge amounts of plastic bits and other marine debris floating in the North Pacific
Subtropical Gyre, one of five major ocean gyres in the world.

2) Stop the Problem of Ocean Acidification.

Global warming has been a hot topic in the ocean world, and it is because of ocean
acidification, known as 'the other global warming problem.'
As the acidity of the oceans increases, it will have devastating impacts on marine life,
including plankton, corals and shellfish, and the animals that eat them.

3) Be Energy-Efficient.

Along with the tip above, reduce your energy consumption and carbon output wherever
possible.
Being energy efficient helps the Arctic marine mammals and fish because the less energy
you use the less our climate heats up - then the ice won't melt."

4) Participate in a Cleanup.
Trash in the environment can be hazardous to marine life, and people too! Help clean up
a local beach, park or roadway and pick up that litter before it gets into the marine
environment.

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 5) Dispose of Fishing Line Responsibly.

Monofilament fishing line takes about 600 years to degrade.

If left in the ocean, it can provide an entangling web that threatens whales, pinnipeds and
fish (including the fish people like to catch and eat).
Never discard your fishing line into the water - dispose of it responsibly by recycling it if
you can, or into the garbage.

6) Looking After Your Garbage.

7) Keeping Things Clean.

8) Managing Your Sewage Waste.

9) Reducing Contamination from Oil & Fuel.

10) Reducing Pollution from Bilges.

3. Show how Tsunami can be generated?

A tsunami can be defined as a series of rising, strong ocean waves that are created due to
extensive disturbance in the ocean floors.

Tsunamis are generally believed to be caused by earthquakes but other factors, such as
volcanic eruptions and landslides, which are capable of creating a sudden seismic
impact, can catalyze creation of tsunamis.

Powerful tsunamis that wreck widespread destruction are caused by large earthquakes
that have their epicenters (point of origin) and fault lines in proximity to the ocean floor.

A Tsunami can be generated by;

 Earthquakes.
 volcanic eruptions.
 Underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices).
 landslides glacier calvings and other mass movements.
 Meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events.
 Any other disturbances above or below water.

All these factors may have the potential to generate a Tsunami.

Tsunami Formation;

Strong underwater seismic occurrences like powerful earthquakes cause the ocean waves
to spread around in all directions.
These huge waves (called Tsunami Waves) start to gain momentum and often gain speeds
of up to 500 miles per hour.
Near the shores, these tsunami waves are redirected by the slope of the seafloor.

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As a result, they emerge as massive ocean waves heading towards the coastal regions.
They can even travel inland and wipe-out every thing that stands in their way, which
makes them a phenomenal natural disaster.

4. Define the relationship between Tsunami wave and Global

Warming Phenomena.
It has been understood that global warming has reached such alarming levels that it is
affecting the seismic activity along the Earth’s crust. Such seismic activities, in turn
cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and even tsunamis.

How?

Geologists have now understood the relationship between the glacial pressure and the
increase in the number of earthquakes and hence, tsunamis.

It has been established that the receding volume of water, which exists in the form of
massive frozen glaciers, is altering the pressure created on the Earth’s surface.
Glaciers are enormous in size and weight and thus are able to exert an immense pressure
on the surface below.
With rising temperatures due to global warming, these glaciers are slowly melting away.
Hence, the pressure exerted at various points on the Earth’s surface is being tampered
with and as a result, geologic reactions occur.

The reduction in pressure means that the stress exerted along the Earth’s crust,
particularly along the volcano lines and fissures is reduced. As explained above,
anything that is capable of inducing severe levels of seismic activity can cause tsunamis
and hence, global warming does contribute to the formation of tsunamis.

It is very hard to precisely predict sub-marine earthquakes and most large-scale tsunamis
have occurred with little or no warning signals. Again, every earthquake along or near
the ocean bed may not necessarily cause a tsunami. However, we can make our own
contribution to reducing their occurrence by curbing global warming.

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 Questions of Lecture 2

1. Define the different Sources of Marine Pollution?

The sources of marine pollution include;
1) Sewage from farming, forestry, and other land use.
2) Gases such as nitrogen oxides from power plants and cars are also found in the
oceans water.
3) Eroded materials from mining and from the land, also pollute the worlds oceans.
4) Industrial discharge.
5) Wastewater discharge from cities.
6) Pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc.
7) Seepage from landfills.
8) Oil from cars; heavy machinery.
9) Oil drilling companies.
10) Oil tanker spillages.
11) Offshore oil drilling and natural seepage causes marine pollution.
12) The final few sources are fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships.
13) Beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills.
14) Painting ships with anti-fouling substances, such as tributyl-tin or TBT which
stop the growth of marine organisms on their hull causes pollution as it can leach
into the water.

2. Show how Marine Pollution can damage the continuation

of Life on Planet Earth?
The Definition of Marine Pollution is the adding of toxins and harmful chemicals into the
ocean, not only is it chemicals added to the ocean but things such as plastic are also
found.

One of the main problems is that when many of these particles are placed into the ocean,
they are quickly eaten by the smaller fish, these fish that are lower down the food chain
are then eaten by larger predators, therefore most fish are been toxicities by these
harmful and dangerous chemicals.

The Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission, an international agency (within

UNESCO) for ocean research and related matters, defines the marine pollution as the
introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine
environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as:
 Harm to Living Resources.
 Hazards to Human Health.
 Hindrance to Marine Activities including Fishing.
 Impairing the Quality for Use of Sea Water.
 Reduction of Amenities.

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 3. Show how Fresh Water Resources can be affected by
Pollution Sources.
Unfortunately, sand from weathered mountains isn’t the only thing that ends up in our
waterways.

There’re two categories of pollution enter and degrade the quality of our water;
1. Point Source pollution
2. Non-Point Source pollution

Pollution we can trace to a specific source and often regulate with our laws is called
Point Source Pollution.

Pollution we can’t always trace to its source is called Non-point Source Pollution.
A few examples are;
 Acid draining from mines.
 Sediment from improperly managed construction sites.
 Run-off from residential and agricultural areas.
Non-Point Source pollution is the Nation’s, and Georgia’s, largest water quality
problem.
It affects both surface water and ground water.

It isn’t just big companies and big operations adding to the problems that damage the
quality of our water supply.
Non-Point Source pollution can start right in our own back yard!
 Septic Tank Leakage.
 Litter and Food Waste.
 Animal Excreta.
 Improper disposal of Paints and Chemicals.
 Fertilizers and Insecticides.
 Gasoline and Oil.
We all have the power to harm or help the quality of our water.

4. Mangrove and Hinterland can be drastically affected by

Point Source Pollutions. Discuss briefly this Statement.

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 5. Define what are the main differences between Point and
Non-Point Sources.
Pollution sources are classified as point sources or non-point sources by the US
Environmental Protection Agency.

Pollution we can trace to a specific source and often regulate with our laws is called
Point Source Pollution.

Pollution we can’t always trace to its source is called Non-point Source Pollution.

Non- Point Sources include;

1) Runoff from farm lands and managed forests that carry fertilizer, excess nutrients,
pesticides and herbicides, salts in irrigation water, and crop residues.
2) Runoff from agricultural areas (excluding concentrated animal feeding
operations) that carries nutrients, animal wastes, manure, and pathogens
(bacteria and viruses).
3) Runoff from cities that carry heavy metals, carbon-based chemicals such as oil
from highways, fertilizer and pet waste from backyards and sidewalks, and
detergent (the most common pollutant).
4) Acid mine drainage.
5) Hydromodication.
6) Marinas and boating facilities.
7) Atmospheric deposition of sediments and chemicals carried by the wind.
8) Sand, silt, and clays (sediments) eroded from land, especially land denuded of
plants that hold sediments.
9) Groundwater discharge which can include all types of pollutants, including water
from faulty septic systems.
Point-Source Pollution

Point sources include;

 Sewer out-falls.
 Concentrated animal feeding operations.
 Sanitary sewer overflows.
 Storm water.
 Oil spills.
 Industrial discharges.
 Discharge from boats.
 Dumping of ballast water from ships.

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 Questions of Lecture 3
1. Global Warming will for sure affect human lives and can
lead to major reduction in Community Development Plans.
Discuss this Statement in views of the Disturbance in Ph
Number.
Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals.
Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects.
A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral.
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
A pH of 7 is neutral.
A pH less than 7 is acidic.
A pH greater than 7 is basic.

Ionization of Water form the Hydroxyl and generate Galvanic Cell

Water Molecules exist in Equilibrium with Hydrogen Ions and Hydroxide Ions.

H2O <--> H+ + OH-

The Water Equilibrium Constant is written as:

Kw = [H+] [OH-]

Effects of Global Warming on the Universe if the level of pH tend to shift from the
Neutral Value of 7

As the surrounding environment tends to be alkaline then the corrosion effects and rates
will drastically affect the metallic structures serving in this disturbed ionized medium.
The same effect could be noted if the medium will be acidic.

This action will tend to form acids acting as ionizers.

The ionization effect will create hydroxyl and will cause severe galvanic cells leading to
the corrosion of even structures made of duplix steels.

Global warming will tend to increase acidic rains formation levels and rates.
Results of acidic rains lead to greenland forest turned to devastation.

Effects of changing the pH value.

1. The Chemical Industry Isuues
The efficient production of nylon, as well as other modern fibers depends on rigid pH
control.
2. The Biochemistry and Health issues

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The pH of our blood is normally controlled to within a few tenths of a pH unit by our
body chemistry.
If our blood pH changes as much as half a pH unit, serious illness will result.
Proper skin pH is essential for a healthy complexion.
The pH of one's stomach directly affects the digestive process.
3. In Human Food
The efficient production of food products depends upon careful pH control.
The proper curd size, uniformity, and structure of cottage cheese is directly related to the
pH at cutting time.
Yeast can ferment and leaven a dough only within certain pH limits.
Jelly will not gel properly unless the pH is in the 3.5 region.
4. Environmental Pollution Control Issues
The pH of a river or lake is important in maintaining a proper ecological balance.
The pH of the water is directly affecting the physiological functions and nutrient
utilization by plant and animal life.
Extremes in pH can reduce a lake to a lifeless, smelly bog.

Protecting our waterways requires constant monitoring of industrial effluent.

Plating and metal finishing plants tend to produce acidic wastewater, as do mining
operations.
Chemical plants often have very alkaline wastewater.
pH measurements are used as a guide to the proper neutralization of those plant wastes,
as well as to monitor the final effluent quality.
5. Agronomy Issues
The pH of the soil regulates the availability of nutrients for plant growth, as well as the
activity of soil bacteria.
In alkaline soils ( pH 8 and above ) the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and other
nutrients in solution become so low that special treatment is necessary to insure proper
growth.
6. The Industry
pH control is essential to the proper operation of bleaching plants and wet-end
processes. Also, in order to conform with environmental protection regulations, the pH of
wastewater from these plants must be controlled.
7. Chemical Engineering
Accurate pH measurement is necessary to the study of many chemical processes.
The researcher needs to know the pH at which a chemical reaction proceeds at its fastest
in order to understand the reaction.
The engineer uses the information to develop practical commercial processes.

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 2. Explain how Global Warming will destruct the Marine
Environment and will lead to Earthquakes and resulted in
Floods.

Global Heating of the Universe increases water scarcity, Drought of Soil and Rates of
Corrosion.
Global heating of the universe is an epidemic, recently found to affect drastically human
needs and abuses global lives.
Since decades it has been noted that the global temperature of the environment is on the
increasing scale.

Global Heating of the Universe will drastically affect the Envorimnental Climatic
Changes and will degrade life of all Creatures.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
This belt will be activated by global warming.

Expected and predicted Results from Climatic Changes

1. Increasing Greenhouse Gas and Sequestering Carbon diooxides.
2. Floods, Storms, Hurricanes and Tsunamis.
3. Earthquakes and Volcanoes.
Further Future Predictions of the Gloomy impacts of global Warming
1) Increase in rates of Floods.
2) Eruptions due to Landslides and avalanches.
3) Lava will increase Soil liquefaction.
4) Increase in severity of Tsunami.
5) Increase in numbers and strength of Storms and hurricanes.
6) Generation of earthquakes that severely Shaking and lead to ground rupture.
7) Initiation and Spreading up of Lava Fires.
Climate Change and Effects on Ecosystems

Eco systems will be very much affected due to imbalance of the surrounding environment.
Among:

 Coral Reefs.
 Polar Regions.
 Fish species.
 Sea lives disappearance.
 Shell contaminations.

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 3. Show what is meant by Drought and Desertification
Phenomenon?
Global warming will cause imbalance to the carbon cycle.

Water resources; e.g., lakes, rivers and even underground waters. will tend to disappear,
within the next decades.

Air Pollution will lead to Co2 Contamination and will rise up Global Warming of the
Universe.
The Underground Wells will be infected or going dry.

The Greenhouse Effect and Climatic Change will all tend to ruin the life greenland will
turn to be yellow deadly sand.

Greenfields and wettlands will suffer from drought condition.

4. Discuss the main reasons behind removal of past

Civilizations.
Global Warming effects and impacts Flooding of Cities and Increase in Sea Level
Heights.

Tsunami rates will be increased resulted in more damage and deterioration of life
Volcanoes and Earthquakes formation as well as the liquification of the soild soil of earth
will stimulate the stability of the plates and the earth’s soil crust.

Disappearance of Communities and Detrioration of Civilizations will be Accrued in

similar way to what has happened to Pompeii.

5. Friendly Fuels obtained from Biofuel Sources can

drastically beaffecting Human Needs.
Unless it is produced from sources other than human foods.
 It will take too much and give little products.
 It will increase levels of famine.
 It will spread out starvation, poverty and irrecoverable diseases.
 It will be source of increasing social disintegrations and human suffers.
 Using sustainable energy sources will be very much better.
Global warming is to be blamed for the gap between those who are living very hard and
poor life while others are enjoying better food and more easier life.

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