COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Complex Numbers :
L5-Polar and Euler Form of
Complex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Today’s Agenda :
Polar Form

Euler Form

De-Moivre’s Rule

Twisters
Step 1: Visit
https://vdnt.in/YTLIVE &
tap on “Learn for FREE”
Step 2: Select your grade
& target exam to discover
all our premium courses.
Step 3: Click on Enroll.

YOU ARE IN!

COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Polar form of Complex Number

Let z = x + iy is a complex number then we
can represent it on the
argand plane in this way
Im (z)

P
(x,y)
(0,y)
r y
θ Q
Re(z)
(0,0) O x (x,0)

Where OP = ⎪z⎪ = r = √ x2 + y2
θ = arg z
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Polar form of Complex Number

In this figure OPQ is a right angled triangle
x y Here, r cosθ isP real part
cosθ = , sinθ = (x,y)
and r sinθ is Imaginary
r r rpart y
θ
⇒ x = r cosθ , y = r sinθ Q
(0,0) O x
Now z = x + iy = r cos θ + i r sin θ
= r ( cos θ + i sin θ )
Where r = ⎪z⎪ , θ = arg z
 COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
(A) Write polar form for z = 2 (B) Write polar form for z = 3i
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example Example
Write polar form for z = 2 Write polar form for z = 3i
Solution Solution
z = 2 z = 3i
π
⎪z⎪ = 2 , arg z = 0 ⎪z⎪ = 3 , arg z =
2
polar form for z = 2 So polar form for z = 3i
z = 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0) π π
z = 3 cos + i sin
2 2
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

Write polar form for z = 3 – √ 3 i

COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

Write polar form for z = 3 – √ 3 i tan θ = √3/3 = 1/ √3

θ = π /6
Solution

⎪z⎪ = √ 9 + 3 = √ 12 = 2 √ 3
This complex number is in IV
11π π quadrant so arg z = 2π – θ
arg z = Or –
6 6 & principal arg z = –θ
π π
z = 2√3 cos – + i sin –
6 6
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Convert z = sinθ + i cosθ in polar form
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Convert z = sinθ + i cosθ in polar form

Solution
Here, r = |z| = 1
Let arg z = α Polar form : z = r (cosα + i sinα)
tanα = = cotθ
π
= tan –θ
2
π
∴α= –θ
2
π π
⇒ z= cos
2
– θ + i sin
2
–θ
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Question
Write polar form for z = 1 + cos 6π + i sin 6π
5 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Question

Write polar form for z = 1 + cos 6π + i sin 6π

5 5

Can you determine

in which Quadrant Second Quadrant
this complex number lies ?

Hint : use formulas Final Answer

1 + cos2θ = 2 cos2θ
& sin2θ = 2sin θ cosθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Euler Form
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Euler form of a Complex Number

z = x + iy Cartesian form r eiθ is a complex number
with modulus = r and
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Polar form argument = θ
z = r eiθ Euler form
where eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
also e-iθ = cos θ - i sin θ

Note that ⎪eiθ⎪ = 1 as √ cos2θ + sin2θ = √ 1

= 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

Euler form of i = ?

Euler form of 2 = ?

Euler form of 1+√ 3 i = ?

COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example π
r = 1, θ = 2
Euler form of i = e iπ/2

Euler form of 2 = 2e i(0) r = 2, θ = 0

Euler form of 1+√ 3 i = 2 e iπ/3 π

r = 2, θ =
3
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
π π
cos + i sin
3 3
Simplify π π
cos – i sin
6 6
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
π π
cos + i sin
3 3
Simplify π π
cos – i sin
6 6
Solution

eiπ/3
= –iπ/6 = eiπ/3 eiπ/6
e
= eiπ/2 = i
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

1+cosθ + isinθ
Simplify
1+cosθ – isinθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

1+cosθ + isinθ
Simplify
1+cosθ – isinθ
Solution

1+e iθ 1+eiθ
= = 1 = eiθ
1+e-iθ 1+ iθ
e
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

If A, B, C are angles of a Δ then find the value of

(cos A + i sin A)(cos B + i sin B)(cos C + i sin C)
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
If A, B, C are angles of a Δ then find the value of
(cos A + i sin A)(cos B + i sin B)(cos C + i sin C)
Solution
= eiA eiB eiC If A, B, C are angles of
= ei (A+B+C) a Δ then A+B+C = π

= eiπ
= –1 eiπ = cosπ + i sin π
= – 1+ 0 i
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Prove that i i is a real number
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Prove that i i is a real number

Euler form of i = e i π/2

i
⇒ i = e i π/2
i

= e –π/2

Real
Hence Proved
Note | i i | = e –π/2
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Prove that i i is a real number
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
Prove that i i is a real number

Euler form of i = e i π/2

i
⇒ i = e i π/2
i

= e –π/2

Real
Hence Proved
Note | i i | = e –π/2
differential equations class 12 iit jee
JEE Mains Crash Course
-F E A T U R E S-
➔ 90 Live Classes
45 Live ClassesBy
ByBest
BestTeachers
Teachers
○ 3 sessions everyday - Mon to Sat for 6 weeks

➔ 35
20+Comprehensive
ComprehensiveTests;
TestsAssignments & Detailed
; Assignments Analysis
& Detailed Analysis

➔
➔ Doubt Solving
Unlimited BySolving
Doubt Academic Mentors
inside & outside class
Batch Starts on:
➔
➔ Replay/Recording
Replay/Recording of
of Classes
Classes If
If You’ve
You’ve Missed
Missed
11th May 2020
➔
➔ Important
Important Tips
Tips &
& Tricks
Tricks To
To Crack
Crack JEE
JEE

➔
➔ Rank Booster
In class QuizzesQuizzes
Rank Booster

➔ Previous Paper Analysis

 JEE
Crash Course

Lightning Deal: ₹ 24999 ₹ 5999

Use Coupon Code: NAGCC

Buy Now @ https://vdnt.in/JEECCE
How to Avail The Lightning Deal

Visit the link Step-1:

mentioned below Click on “ENROLL NOW”

Step -2:
https://vdnt.in/JEECCE
Click on “I have a
coupon code”

Step-3:
Apply Coupon NAGCC
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Demoivre’s Theorem
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Demoivre’s Theorem
Polar form only
( cosθ + i sinθ )n = cos nθ + i sin nθ n∈
Z
As eiθ = cosθ + i sinθ
Proof :
(cosθ + i sinθ)n = (eiθ)n = ei(nθ) = cos nθ + i sin nθ
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
Example
π π 8
cos + i sin
4 4
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
Example
π π 8 8π 8π
cos + i sin = cos + i sin
4 4 4 4

= cos2π + i sin2π = 1 + 0i = 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
3
Simplify 1 + √ 3 i
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example 3
Simplify 1 + √ 3 i
Solution
If z = 1 + √ 3 i
π
⎪z⎪ = 2 θ=
3 3
3
π π
1 + √3i = 2 cos + i sin
3 3 cos π = –1, sin π = 0
3
= 2 (cos π + i sin π)
= 23 (–1)
= –8
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example

Simplify (1 + i)100
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example Simplify (1 + i)100

Solution cos 25π = cosπ
z=1+i
⎪z⎪ = √ 2
π
arg z =
4 100 cos π = –1, sin π = 0
π π
(1 + i)100 = √ 2 cos + i sin
4 4
= 250 (cos 25π + i sin 25π)
= 250 (cos π + i sin π)
= –250
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

If n is a positive integer, prove that

nπ
(√3 + i)n + (√3 – i)n = 2n + 1 cos
6
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Example
If n is a positive integer, prove that
nπ
(√3 + i)n + (√3 – i)n = 2n + 1 cos
6
Solution
π π
√3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6

(√3 + i)n = 2n cos nπ + i sin nπ

6 6
Similarly,
(√3 – i)n = 2n cos nπ – i sin nπ
6 6
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Solution
Adding both, we get
nπ nπ nπ nπ
(√3 + i)n + (√3 – i)n = 2n cos + i sin + cos – i sin
6 6 6 6
nπ
= 2n . 2cos 6

nπ
= 2n+1 cos 6
Hence Proved
 COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Q. Find the value of the expression

A -1

B 1

C 2

D -2
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Solution :
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Q. Write in polar form of : H.W.

COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS - LESSON 5

Thank You