Power Electronics

Module Code/Name : ELE303 Power Electronics

Semester : VI
Credit Value : 12
Module Leader : Namgay Tenzin
Module Tutor : Namgay Tenzin
Lecture : 13
DC – DC Converters
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Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation
When
Chopper Is ON (0  t  tON) [Mode-1]
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 i0
+
R

V V0
L

E
-

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 diO
V = iO R + L +E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform

= RI O ( S ) + L  S .I O ( S ) − iO ( 0 )  +
V − E
S S
At t = 0, initial current iO ( 0 ) = I min
−

V −E I min
IO ( S ) = +
 R R
LS  S +  S +
 L L

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 Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
V −E  −
 R
  t  −
 R
 t
iO ( t ) = 1 − e  L
 + I min e  L
R  
This expression is valid for 0  t  tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO ( tON ) = I max
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 Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current
Operation When
Chopper Is OFF (tON  t  tOFF)
[Mode-2]

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When Chopper is OFF
i0

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 When Chopper is OFF ( 0  t  tOFF )
diO
0 = RiO + L +E
dt
Talking Laplace transform

0 = RI O ( S ) + L  SI O ( S ) − iO ( 0 )  +
E
−

S
Redefining time origin we have at t = 0,
initial current iO ( 0 −
)=I max

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 I max E
 IO ( S ) = −
S+
R  R
LS  S + 
L  L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
− t E R
− t 
iO ( t ) = I max e L
− 1 − e L

R 
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The expression is valid for 0  t  tOFF ,
i.e., during the period chopper is OFF

At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at

the end of the off period, the load current is
iO ( tOFF ) = I min
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To Find I max & I min
From equation
V −E  −
 R
  t  −
 R
 t
iO ( t ) = 1 − e  L
 + I min e  L
R  
At t = tON = dT , iO ( t ) = I max
V −E  −
dRT
 −
dRT
 I max = 1 − e
L
 + I min e
L
R  
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From equation
R
− t E R
− t 
iO ( t ) = I max e L
− 1 − e L

R 
At t = tOFF = T − tON , iO ( t ) = I min
t = tOFF = (1 − d ) T
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 −
(1− d ) RT
 −
(1− d ) RT

E
 I min = I max e L − 1 − e L 
R  
Substituting for I min in equation
V −E  −
dRT
 −
dRT
I max = 1 − e L
+
 min
I e L
R  
we get,
 −
dRT

V 1 − e L − E
I max =
R  −
RT  R
 1 − e L 
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Substituting for I max in equation
−
(1− d ) RT  −
(1− d ) RT 
E
I min = I max e L
− 1 − e L 
R  
we get,
 dRT
V  e − 1 E L
I min = −
R L RT  R
 e − 1 
( I max − I min ) is known as the steady state ripple.
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Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current
I = I max − I min
Average output voltage
Vdc = d .V
Average output current
I max + I min
I dc( approx ) =
2

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Assuming load current varies linearly
from I min to I max instantaneous
load current is given by

iO = I min +
( I ) .t
for 0  t  tON ( dT )
dT
 I max − I min 
iO = I min +  t
 dT 
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RMS value of load current
dT
1
=  0 dt
2
I O( RMS ) i
dT 0

( I max − I min ) t 
2
1
dT

I O( RMS ) =
dT 0  I min + dT  dt
  I max − I min  2 2 I min ( I max − I min ) t 
dT 2
1
=   I min +   t +  dt
2
I O( RMS )
dT 0   dT  dT 

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RMS value of output current
1
 2 ( I max − I min ) 
2 2
I O( RMS ) =  I min + + I min ( I max − I min ) 
 3 
RMS chopper current
dT
1
=  i dt
2
I CH 0
T 0

2
  I max − I min  
dT
1
I CH =
T 0  I min +  dT  t  dt
 
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 1
 2 ( I max − I min ) 
2 2
I CH = d  I min + + I min ( I max − I min ) 
 3 
I CH = d I O( RMS )
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri =
IS
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Where
I S = Average source current

I S = dI dc

V
 Ri =
dI dc

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Principle Of Step-up Chopper

I L D
+
+ −

L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper

−
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◼ Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load
voltage higher than the input voltage V.
◼ The values of L and C are chosen
depending upon the requirement of output
voltage and current.
◼ When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
◼ The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the
inductor stores energy during the ON time
of the chopper, tON.
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◼ When the chopper is off, the inductor
current I is forced to flow through the diode
D and load for a period, tOFF.
◼ The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
◼ Therefore voltage across load is given by

dI
VO = V + L i.e., VO  V
dt
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◼ A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the
load, will provide a continuous output
voltage .
◼ Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
◼ Step up choppers are used for
regenerative braking of dc motors.

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 Expression For Output Voltage
Assume the average inductor current to be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L = V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I .tON
Where tON = ON period of chopper.
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When Chopper is OFF
(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L = VO − V
Energy supplied by inductor L = (VO − V ) ItOFF
where tOFF = OFF period of Chopper.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L
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  VItON = (VO − V ) ItOFF
V tON + tOFF 
VO =
tOFF
 T 
VO = V  
 T − tON 
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
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 T = tON + tOFF
 
 1 
VO = V  
tON
 1− 
 T 
 1 
 VO = V  
 1− d 
tON
Where d = = duty cyle
T
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For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the
range of 0  d  1 the output voltage VO
will vary in the range V  VO  

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 Performance Parameters
◼ The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
◼ Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
◼ Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
◼ To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
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Problem
◼ A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If
the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.

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 Problem
◼ Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The
output required is 600 V. If the conducting
time of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
Chopping frequency,
If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new
output voltage.

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Problem

◼ A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20

and input voltage VS = 220V. When
chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 1.5 volts
and chopping frequency is 10 kHz. If the
duty cycle is 80%, determine the average
output voltage and the chopper on time.

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Problem
◼ In a dc chopper, the average load current
is 30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250
Hz, supply voltage is 110 volts. Calculate
the ON and OFF periods of the chopper if
the load resistance is 2 ohms.

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◼ A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load
of R = 10 and input voltage of V = 200
V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is
2 V and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If
the duty cycle is 60%, determine
Average output voltage
RMS value of output voltage
Effective input resistance of chopper
Chopper efficiency.
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 Problem
◼ A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
Average load current
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 Problem
◼ A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in figure,
with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH, f=1
kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
 Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
 Average value of load current.
 RMS load current.
 Effective input resistance as seen by source.
 RMS chopper current.

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Chopper control techniques

◼ The output dc voltage can be varied by the

following methods.
 Pulse width modulation control:
t on
(variable , constant frequency operation)
 Frequency modulation
toff control:
t on
(constant or , variable frequency)
-Current Limit Control (CLC) also known as
Time Ratio Control (TRC)

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