Accounting Department

Internal Auditing

Siham alawi
1161599

Supervised by:
Mr. ADNAN HOMOUS

Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................3
1.1 OVER VIEW:..................................................................................................................................3
1.2: PROBLEM STATEMENT:..........................................................................................................................5
1.3SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:................................................................................................................5
1.4 QUESTIONS OF THE STUDY:...................................................................................................................5
1.5 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS:.................................................................................................................6
Terms:....................................................................................................................................................................6
Abbreviations:........................................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:...........................................................7

2.1 THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION:..........................................................................7
2.1.1 Important role with audit committee:...........................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Important roles with their entities:...............................................................................................................7
2.2 INTERNAL AUDITOR SCOPE AND RESPONSIBILITIES:................................................................................8
2.3 INDEPENDENCE AND OBJECTIVITY:........................................................................................................9
2.4 THE RELIANCE OF EXTERNAL AUDITOR ON THE WORK OF INTERNAL AUDITOR:.....................................10
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY........................................................................................11
3.1 INTRODUCTION:.............................................................................................................................11
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY:..........................................................................11
CHAPTER FOUR: THEORY........................................................................................................13
THEINTERNATIONAIL PROFESTIONAL PRACTICES FRAMEWORK (IPPF)............................14
Mandatory Guidance:...........................................................................................................................................14
International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal auditing:.........................................................16
Recommended Guidance:....................................................................................................................................19

References:....................................................................................................................................20
BOOKS:...................................................................................................................................................20
E-BOOKS:..................................................................................................................................................20
ARTICLE:..................................................................................................................................................20
JOURNAL:.................................................................................................................................................21
WEBSITE:..................................................................................................................................................21
DATABASES:.............................................................................................................................................22
(DATA RESOURCES):...........................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Over view:

The Internal Auditing profession evolved steadily with the progress of management
science after World War II. It is conceptually similar in many ways to financial
auditing by public accounting firms, quality assurance and banking compliance activities.

The internal audit function is an important function in the different type of business
because it is consider the core of developments and improvements due to essential role in
control performance, add value, and fraud detection in different situation , it also improve
the controls, risk assessment, and governance. There are many type of internal audit such
that operational audit, compliance audit, financial statement audit, information system
audit, these types help the organization in fraud detection and improve the weakness and
achieve its goals.

The internal audit function (service) can be excused by three main methods, these
methods include:

1- In sourcing (by building internal audit function (use own staff).

2- Out sourcing (by making agreements with auditing firms (use a staff of another
company to do the internal audit function)).
3- Co-sourcing (by using outsource specialists to help in source internal audit
function).

The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is an international professional association

with global headquarters in Lake Mary, Florida, USA, Established in 1941.

Generally, members work in internal auditing, risk management, governance, internal

control, information technology audit, education, and security.
 Internal auditor are employed by all types of organization to audit for management
with oversight by the board of directors, much as the government accountability office
(GAO) dose for the regulators (congress), internal audit function also vary in their
numbers depending on the employer, it vary from (one or two auditors to hundreds of
auditor), and from simple tasks to vary complicated tasks.

 The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is responsible for providing professional

guidance for internal auditor trough international professional practices framework,
which includes 2 categories: mandatory guidance, and recommended guidance. It’s also
responsible for conducted the certified internal auditor (CIA) exams.

The job of internal auditor is to investigate and appraise the system of internal control
and the efficiency with which the various units of organization are carrying out their
assigned function. so internal auditors are not responsible for performing routine control
procedures, such as reconciling bank statement, balancing subsidiary ledger, these
functions are usually perform by specific unit in accounting department .

Internal auditions provide a higher level of on internal control and perform procedures
to test the efficiency of all company operation.

The primary goal of auditing is to serve the company by providing an independent and
objective evaluation of the organization’s adherence to operational, financial and
compliance policies, guidelines and regulations. Likewise, audits (external audits) are
performed to protect the interests of third parties, such as investors and creditors, internal
audit seek for these objectives.

Independence is achieved through organizational status and objectivity and is a

decisive factor in ensuring that internal auditors can perform their tasks in line with
requirements.
 The Chief Audit Executive (CAE) should report to a level within the organization that
allows Internal Audit to achieve independence. Ideally, the CAE should report
functionally to the Audit Committee and administratively to the CEO of the organization.
So, the CAE should regularly attend Board of Directors meetings and should have the
opportunity to meet privately with the Audit Committee.

1.2: problem statement:

The aim of the study is to know the important of internal audit function in various
entities and department, the scope of work and responsibilities, the internal auditor
independents and objectivity, finally to investigate external auditor’s reliance on the work
of internal auditor.

1.3Significance of the Study:

This study is considered significant for the following reasons:

1) The important role of internal audit function in various entities.

2) The scope of work and responsibilities of internal auditor (wide and range of
internal audit function).
3) The internal auditor independents and objectivity.

4) To investigate the relationship between the internal and external auditor (the

reliance of external auditor on the work of internal auditor).

1.4 Questions of the study:

1) What is the important of internal audit function in various entities?

2) What is the scope and responsibilities of the internal auditor?

3) Are the independence and objectivity are exists when auditor perform his work?

4) Is there any reliance of external auditor on the work of internal auditor?

1.5 Terms and Abbreviations:
Terms:
- Internal auditing:

“Is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value
and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its
objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve
the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. Internal
auditors report directly to board of directors not to management.”(COSO, 1992)

- Outsourcing internal audit:

Companies use external company staff.

- In-house internal audit:

Use their own staff form their internal department of internal audit.

- External auditor’s reliance on the work of internal auditor:

The degree by which the external auditors trust and believe that the work was made by
internal auditor is on the right way and all information in the internal auditor report is
represented fairly.

- Audit committees:
Are a selected number of members of a company’s board of directors whose
responsibilities include helping auditors remain independent of management , Most of the
Audit committees are made up of (3-5), or sometimes seven members. Director who are
not a party of company management.

Abbreviations:
The following abbreviations are used in the study:

 IA: Internal audit.

 AC: Audit committee.
 CAE: Chief audit executive.
 CIA: Certified internal auditor.
 CPA: Certified public accountant.
 IIA: The Institute of Internal Auditors.
 EA: External auditor.
 IAF: Internal audit function.
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

2.1 The important role of internal audit function:

2.1.1 Important role with audit committee:

 AbdulazizAlzeban , (2015) this study aims to provide empirical

evidence of the association between audit committee characteristics
and internal audit conformance with the International Standards for
the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA), Seventy-
four usable responses were received from a survey of
chief internal auditors (CIAs) from Saudi companies listed on the
Saudi Stock Exchange, his results indicate that audit committee
characteristics (independent members on the committee, members’
expertise in auditing and accounting and meeting with the CIA)
influence internal audit conformance with the ISPPIA. Additionally,
they demonstrate that such conformance is also influenced by CIA
tenure [4].

 Study of Herman son et al., (2003) found that Audit committees are
expected to provide oversight over the financial reporting process,
including the internal control system and the work of the internal and
external auditors[7]

2.1.2 Important roles with their entities:

 Study of Anderson, (2003) that aims to review the consulting and

assurance activities found that There are many types of internal audit
activities such that assurance, consulting, and other activities. An
 internal auditor can expand his or her activities by proactively offering
counsel and advice, by helping to solve problems and by participating
in the reengineering of processes, the development of systems and the
establishment of new organizations or process [8].

 Dominic S.B. Soh, NonnaMartinov‐Bennie, (2011) The purpose of this

study is to provide insights into the current roles and responsibilities of
the internal audit (IA) function and the factors  necessary to ensure its
effectiveness, Semi‐structured interviews were utilized to elicit
the perceptions of key corporate governance actors about the
evolving role of IA, and it is effectiveness, in terms of its design,
measurement and evaluation. The results of the study suggest
significant expansion and refocus of the role of IA and perceptions of
its effectiveness. However, performance evaluation mechanisms of IA
have not evolved contemporaneously. The misalignment between
the role and evaluation gives rise to difficulty in assessing the extent to
which IA functions are meeting stakeholders' expectations [9].

2.2 Internal auditor scope and responsibilities:

 The study of Bou-Raad (2000) noted that the focus of the internal audit
function has shifted from one of assurance to that of value added and
attempts to move the profession toward a standard-driven approach
with a heightened identity [2].

 The study of Susan Hass, Mohammad J. Abdolmohammadi, Priscilla

Burnaby, (2006) The purpose of this review of recent internal auditing
literature in The U.S.A is to determine how the internal audit function
is changing in response to the shifts in global business practices, a
focus on developments that have implications for the expanded scope
of internal auditing and the changing skill sets of internal auditors, The
 literature indicates(finds) a paradigm shift in the activities performed
by internal auditors. The increasing complexity of business
transactions, a more dynamic regulatory environment in the USA, and
significant advances in information technology have resulted in
opportunities and challenges for internal auditors[5].

2.3 Independence and objectivity:

 The study of Goodwin, J., & Yeo, T. Y. (2001) that aims to examine
factors that may influence the independence and objectivity of internal
audit which found a strong relationship between the audit committee
and the internal audit function was found, with the level of interaction
being greater when the audit committee was comprised solely of
independent directors[6] .

 Jenny Stewart, Nava Subramaniam, (2010) this study  provide a review

of the recent literature on internal audit independence and
objectivity and discuss opportunities for future research., focus on the
internal auditor's dual role as a provider of assurance and consulting
activities, internal audit's involvement in risk management, outsourcing
and co‐sourcing of internal audit activities. The approach used is a
review of the literature followed by an identification of further research
opportunities, the results summarizes the existing body of knowledge
relating to internal audit independence and objectivity and identifies
gaps in the literature where further research is needed[11] .

 Mutchler, (2003) the aims of this study are to identify and determine the
characteristics that enhance independence and objectivity. This study found that
there are many characteristics that enhance independence and objectivity and are
relevant to internal audit profession such that: Integrity, Competence, Due care [12].
2.4 The reliance of external auditor on the work of internal auditor:

 Munro, L., & Stewart, J. (2010) find that External auditors make
greater use of internal auditors as assistants for substantive testing
when internal audit is provided in-house. Overall, external auditors use
internal audit more for control evaluation tasks than for substantive
testing [3].

 Bame-Aldred et al., (2012) in their study that focused on how

environmental factors and IAF-specific factors influence initial EAs
reliance decisions, the nature and extent of EAs reliance on IAF found
that the environment in which EAs must make a reliance decision is
complex – involving several factors that must be considered
simultaneously, moreover they found that the nature and extent of EAs
reliance on IAF is influenced by account risk, inherent risk, and IAF
sourcing [1]

 HasnahHaron, Andrew Chambers, RozaldyRamsi, Ishak Ismail, (2004)

the objective of this study is to determine which of the criteria as
mentioned by AI 610 will be used by the external auditors to evaluate
the work of the internal auditors. Respondents of the study consist of
those from the big four and non‐big four firms located in Kedah and
Penang, The findings of the study indicate that technical competence
and scope of function are the two most important criteria that
external auditors consider in their reliance on internal auditors, he study
also shows that there was consistency in audit judgment [10]
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

In this study, we will understand the scope and responsibility of internal audit function
and its important, and roles in (G.P, R.M, I.C), and finally its relationship with external
auditor (The reliance of external auditor on the work of internal auditor), our main
purpose of the study is a descriptive.

In order to answer the questions of this study, and to meet the objectives for which this
study was conducted, the questionnaire survey form will be the main instrument to elicit
data and information for analysis, and to form the discussion and conclusion of the study.
, and other different resources from E-books to journals, and data basis for example:
Ebsco, Springer-store will be the second recourses to collect information.

The Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used for data entry and
statistical analysis.

Through this study we mainly focus on our research on different books related to
auditing sector but basically we focus on Internal auditing: assurance and consulting
services USA: IIA Research Foundation.

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY:

In order to answer the questions of this study, and to meet the objectives for which this
study was conducted, the questionnaire was sent either manually or via email to 5 sample
members. 75% responses were received. All responses were received from west banks
especially in Ramallah as shown in the table below.
 Those sample members include: banks, Financial institute, audit farms, Governmental
sector, Non-for profit organization.

The percentage of responses from entities located in west banks especially in

Ramallah.

% of responses 75%
% of not responses 25%

I distribute 27 questionnaires to the sample members and I received 20

Questionnaires (74.7%) or 75%, 7 questionnaires (24.3%) or 25% were not received.

Those Questionnaires include four parts:

1- General information:
This part concern to gather general information about the respondents. For
example, the nature of their works, the educational degree they may have, the
profession certificates (If they have), other things related to internal audit function.
2- Scope and responsibilities of internal auditor:
This part aimed to obtain some understanding of internal audit function through
having relevant information about the internal auditor’s responsibilities and scope
of activities.
3- Independence and objectivity of internal auditor:
This part aimed to test whether the internal auditors in Palestinian company
maintain a high level of objectivity and Independence in their works.
4- External auditor’s reliance on the work of internal auditor:
This part based on the ranking of 6 items related to the work of the internal
auditors and the effects of these items on the relationship between internal and
external auditors.
CHAPTER FOUR: THEORY

The internal audit function and its related subject based mainly on the standard setting
mainly by the institute of internal audit (IIA), these standards helps us to understand
the nature of internal auditor and its qualities, and the nature of internal audit function,
and may help us to know the degree to which an external auditor reliable and reliance on
the internal auditor reports.

These standards help us to understand the nature of internal auditor and internal audit
function qualities divided between Attribute and Performance Standards.
Implementation Standards are also provided to expand upon the Attribute and
Performance standards, by providing the requirements applicable to assurance (A) or
consulting (C) activities.

The relationship of auditing to accounting is close but their natures are different, they
are business association, not parent and child. Accounting includes the collection,
classification, and the summarization, and communication of financial data. The task of
accounting is to reduce a tremendous mass of detail information to manageable and
understandable proportions. Auditing doesn’t have the task of measuring or
communications the business events and their condition it is task is to review the
measurements and communications of accounting property .auditing is analytical, not
constructive, it is critical not investigation , concerned with the basis for accounting
measurement and assertions.

In 1978, The IIA issued the standard for professional practice of internal auditing (the
1978 standards), these standards include five general. And 25 specific guidance’s for how
internal audit function should be managed and how audit engagement should performed.
The 1978 standards remaining relatively unchanged for the next 20 years. However the
IIA provide a large amount of additional guidance to facilitate the interpretation of these
standard, these includes:

 Research studies.
 Position papers.
 Professional standards practice releases providing responses to frequency asked
questions.
 Guidelines that accompanied the 1978 standards.
On found in the statement of responsibilities and a new structure for providing relevant
and timely guidance .the proposed definition and structure were approved in 1999, in
2000 the code of ethics was revision ,and in 2002 the completion of the international
standard for the professional practice of internal auditing (standards).

THEINTERNATIONAIL PROFESTIONAL PRACTICES FRAMEWORK

(IPPF)
The only globally recognized guidance for the internal audit profession.

 Mission of internal audit:

To enhance and protect organizational value by providing risk-based and objective

assurance, advice, and insight.

Mandatory Guidance:
 Is required and essential for the professional practice of internal auditing. The mandatory
elements of the IPPF are:

1. Core Principles for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing.

2. Definition of Internal Auditing.
3. Code of Ethics.
4. International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing
(Standards)

Core principle:

Demonstrates integrity.
Demonstrates competence and due professional care.
Is objective and free from undue influence (independent).
Aligns with the strategies, objectives, and risks of the organization.
Is appropriately positioned and adequately resourced.
Demonstrates quality and continuous improvement.
Communicates effectively.
Provides risk-based assurance.
Is insightful, proactive, and future-focused.
Promotes organizational improvement.

The Definition of Internal Auditing: states the fundamental purpose, nature, and scope of
internal auditing.
Internal auditing: is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity
designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an organization
accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and
improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes.

Code of ethics: The purpose of The Institute's Code of Ethics is to promote an ethical
culture in the profession of internal auditing.

1. Integrity
The integrity of internal auditors establishes trust and thus provides the basis for
reliance on their judgment.

2. Objectivity
Internal auditors exhibit the highest level of professional objectivity in gathering,
evaluating, and communicating information about the activity or process being
examined. Internal auditors make a balanced assessment of all the relevant
circumstances and are not unduly influenced by their own interests or by others in
forming judgments.

3. Confidentiality
Internal auditors respect the value and ownership of information they receive and do
not disclose information without appropriate authority unless there is a legal or
professional obligation to do so.
4. Competency
Internal auditors apply the knowledge, skills, and experience needed in the
performance of internal audit services.

International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal

auditing:
The Standards comprise two main categories: Attribute and Performance Standards.
Attribute Standards address the attributes of organizations and individuals performing
internal auditing. Performance Standards describe the nature of internal auditing and
provide quality criteria against which the performance of these services can be measured.
Attribute and Performance Standards apply to all internal audit services. Implementation
Standards expand upon the Attribute and Performance Standards by providing the
requirements applicable to assurance (.A) or consulting (.C) services.

 Attribute Standards 1000 – Purpose, Authority, and Responsibility The purpose,

authority, and responsibility of the internal audit activity must be formally defined
in an internal audit charter, consistent with the Mission of Internal Audit and the
mandatory elements of the International Professional Practices Framework (the
Core Principles for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, the Code of
Ethics, the Standards, and the Definition of Internal Auditing). The chief audit
executive must periodically review the internal audit charter and present it to
senior management and the board for approval.

1. 1000 – Purpose, Authority, and Responsibility: The purpose,

authority, and responsibility of the internal audit activity must be
formally defined in an internal audit charter, consistent with the
Mission of Internal Audit and the mandatory elements of the
International Professional Practices Framework.

1. -1000.A1 - The nature of assurance services provided to the

organization must be defined in the internal audit charter. If
assurances are to be provided to parties outside the organization, the
nature of these assurances must also be defined in the internal audit
charter.

2. -1000.C1 - The nature of consulting services must be defined in the

internal audit charter.
 2. 1100 – Independence and Objectivity:
The internal audit activity must be independent, and internal auditors must be
objective in performing their work. 

 Performance Standards 2000 – Managing the Internal Audit Activity The chief
audit executive must effectively manage the internal audit activity to ensure it adds
value to the organization.(these standards are related to the internal audit function
and it is important)

1 ) 2000 – Managing the Internal Audit Activity: The chief audit executive must
effectively manage the internal audit activity to ensure it adds value to the organization.

2)   2100 – Nature of Work: The internal audit activity must evaluate and contribute
to the improvement of the organization’s governance, risk management, and control
processes using a systematic, disciplined, and risk-based approach.

3) 2200 – Engagement Planning: internal auditors must develop and document a plan
for each engagement, including the engagement’s objectives, scope, timing, and resource
allocations. The plan must consider the organization’s strategies, objectives, and risks
relevant to the engagement.

4)  2300 – Performing the Engagement: Internal auditors must identify, analyze,

evaluate, and document sufficient information to achieve the engagement's objectives.

5) 2400 – Communicating Results:

Internal auditors must communicate the results of engagements.

6) 2500 – Monitoring Progress: The chief audit executive must establish and maintain a
system to monitor the disposition of results communicated to management.
 1. 2500. A1-The chief audit executive must establish a follow-up process to monitor
and ensure that management actions have been effectively implemented or that
senior management has accepted the risk of not taking action.

2. 2500. C1- The internal audit activity must monitor the disposition of results of
consulting engagements to the extent agreed upon with the client.

7)   2600 – Communicating the Acceptance of Risks:

When the chief audit executive concludes that management has accepted a level of risk
that may be unacceptable to the organization, the chief audit executive must discuss the
matter with senior management. If the chief audit executive determines that the matter
has not been resolved, the chief audit executive must communicate the matter to the
board.

The following standards promulgated by other organization:

 The U.S. GAO: issued standards for governmental audit known 1as government
auditing standards (yellow book).

 ISACA: issues standards, guidelines, and procurers for conducting information

system audits.
 The BEAC: issues standards to address the needs of environmental, health, and
safety auditing professional.

 The PCAOB AND AICPA: issue standers for audits of companies’ financial
statements in the U.S.A.
 IFAC: issues international audit standards adopt by numbers of country.

1
*www.theiia.com .
Recommended Guidance:
Recommended guidance is endorsed by The IIA through a formal approval process. It
describes practices for effective implementation of The IIA's Mandatory Guidance:( Core
Principles, Definition of Internal Auditing, Code of Ethics, and Standards), These
recommended elements of the IPPF are:

1) Implementation Guides: assist internal auditors in applying the Standards, it

is also called (practice advisors). these Guidance provide Guides related
to how to implement these standers, so that it is main objective is to provide
information help internal auditors answer the following question :

 How standards might be implemented?

EXAMPLE: I.G 1000.1: THIS STANARD PROVIDE ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION RELATED TO HOW PREPER CHARTER IN MORE DETAIL.

2) Supplemental Guides: provides detailed guidance for conducting internal

audit activities, it is also called (practice guides) , These include topical
areas, sector-specific issues, as well as processes and procedures, tools and
techniques, programs, step-by-step approaches, and examples of
deliverables.

EXAMPLE: S.G: GIVES MORE DETAILS RELATED TO THE

INTERNAL AUDITIORS TOOLS, METHODS, AND TECHNIQUES.
References:

BOOKS:
1) Reding , Kurt f.. Sobel , Paul J.. Anderson ,Urton L.. Head , Michael J.. Ramamoorti , Sridhar . , Salamasick.
Riddle ,Cris. (2012). internal auditing: assurance and consulting services. USA: IIA Research Foundation.

2) Chapman, Christy. anderson, urton. (2002). Impementing the professional pracctice framework. floreda: The
institute of internal auditors.

3)Meigs, Walter b.. LARSEN, E.JOHN. MEIGS, ROBERT F.. (1977). Principles of auditing . ONTARIO -U.S.A:
Richard d. Irwin .

4) Hermanson, Roger h..Strawser, Jerry R..Strawser, Robert H.. (1993). Auditing theory and practice . BOSTON:
Irwin.

5) Arens, Alvin a.. (2014). Auditing and assurance services. courier-U.S.A: Person.

E-books:

1)NICHOLS, A. (2014). Front Matter. In A Guide to Effective Internal Management System Audits: Implementing
internal audits as a risk management tool (pp. 2-4). IT Governance Publishing. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zsxp7.1.

2)Kagermann, Henning. Kinney, William .Küting, Karlheinz. Weber, Claus-Peter. (2008). Internal audit handbook.
GERMAN: Springer.(1).

3) committee of sponsoring organizations of the treadway commission, enterprise risk management – integrated
framework (jersey city ,NJ: American institute of certified public accountants,2004) p.16.
http://www.theiia.org/media/files/virtual-seminars/COSO_ERM_Integrated_Framework.pdf.

4)Sridhar Ramamoorti.(2003).Auditing”: INTERNAL AUDITING:

HISTORY, EVOLUTION, AND PROSPECTS (pp. 1-24). The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation,247
Maitland Avenue, Altamonte Springs, Florida32701-4201.https://na.theiia.org/iiarf/Public%20Documents/Chapter
%201%20Internal%20Auditing%20History%20Evolution%20and%20Prospects.pdf.

Article:
1)Bame-Aldred, C. W., Brandon, D. M., Messier Jr, W. F., Rittenberg, L. E., &Stefaniak, C. M. (2012). A summary
of research on external auditor reliance on the internal audit function. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory,
32(sp1), 251-286.

2)Bou-Raad, G. (2000). Internal auditors and a value-added approach: the new business regime. Managerial
Auditing Journal, 15(4), 182-187.

3) Munro, L., & Stewart, J. (2010). External auditors’ reliance on internal audit: the impact of sourcing
arrangements and consulting activities. Accounting & Finance, 50(2), 371-3870.

4)AbdulazizAlzeban , (2015) "Influence of audit committees on internal audit conformance with internal audit
standards", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 30 Iss: 6/7, pp.539 – 559.
5)Susan Hass, Mohammad J. Abdolmohammadi, Priscilla Burnaby, (2006) "The Americas literature review on
internal auditing", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 21 Issue: 8, pp.835-844

6) Goodwin, J., & Yeo, T. Y. (2001). Two factors affecting internal audit independence and objectivity: Evidence
from Singapore. International Journal of Auditing, 5(2), 107-125.

7) Hermanson, D.R., Rittenberg, L.E., 2003. Internal audit and organizational governance. In: Research
Opportunities in Internal Auditing. The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation: Altamonte Springs, FL

8)Anderson, U. (2003). Assurance and consulting services. Research Opportunities in Internal Auditing. Institute of
Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Altamonte Springs, FL.

9) Dominic S.B. Soh, NonnaMartinov‐Bennie, (2011) "The internal audit function: Perceptions of internal audit
roles, effectiveness and evaluation", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 26 Issue: 7, pp.605 622

10)HasnahHaron, Andrew Chambers, RozaldyRamsi, Ishak Ismail, (2004) "The reliance of external auditors on

internal auditors", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 19 Issue: 9, pp.1148-1159.

11)Jenny Stewart, Nava Subramaniam, (2010) "Internal audit independence and objectivity: emerging research
opportunities", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 25 Issue: 4, pp.328-360 .

12) Mutchler, J. F. (2003). Independence and objectivity: a framework for research opportunities in internal
auditing. Research Opportunities in Internal Auditing, 231-268.

Journal:
1. Accounting & Finance.

2. International Journal of Auditing.

3. Managerial Auditing Journal.

4. Journal of Practice & Theory.

Website:
1) www.theiia.com .

2) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lbid.

3) www.aicpa.org/cpyright.htm.

4) http://aaahq.org/.

5) http://www.fasb.org/home.

6) http://www.jstor.org/.

7) http://www.emeraldinsight.com.

8) http://library.birzeit.edu/library/index.html

9) http://www.pwc.com/us/en.html
10) https://home.kpmg.com/us/en/home.html

11) https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en.html

12) https://www.google.ps/webhp?hl=ar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjk143l363SAhWsJ5oKHWygDlwQPAgD .

Databases:

(DATA RESOURCES):
- ebrary (e-Books) .
-  Ebsco (e-Books).
-  Springer (e-Books).