Q1.(a) Define the term electron affinity for chlorine.

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(b) Complete this Born−Haber cycle for magnesium chloride by giving the missing
species on the dotted lines. Include state symbols where appropriate.

The energy levels are not drawn to scale.

(6)

(c) Table 1 contains some enthalpy data.

Table 1

Enthalpy change / kJ mol−1

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 Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium +150

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121

First ionisation energy of magnesium +736

Second ionisation energy of magnesium +1450

Enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride −642

Lattice enthalpy of formation of magnesium chloride −2493

Use your Born−Haber cycle from part (b) and data from Table 1 to calculate a value
for the electron affinity of chlorine.

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(d) Table 2 contains some more enthalpy data.

Table 2

Enthalpy change / kJ mol−1

Enthalpy of hydration of Mg2+ ions −1920

Enthalpy of hydration of Na+ ions −406

Enthalpy of hydration of Cl− ions −364

(i) Explain why there is a difference between the hydration enthalpies of the
magnesium and sodium ions.

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(ii) Use data from Table 1 and Table 2 to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change when one mole of magnesium chloride dissolves in water.

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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q2.A 5.00 g sample of potassium chloride was added to 50.0 g of water initially at 20.0 °C. The
mixture was stirred and as the potassium chloride dissolved, the temperature of the
solution decreased.

(a) Describe the steps you would take to determine an accurate minimum temperature
that is not influenced by heat from the surroundings.

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 (b) The temperature of the water decreased to 14.6 °C.

Calculate a value, in kJ mol−1, for the enthalpy of solution of potassium chloride.

You should assume that only the 50.0 g of water changes in temperature and that
the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K−1 g−1.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Enthalpy of solution = ............................... kJ mol−1

(c) The enthalpy of solution of calcium chloride is −82.9 kJ mol−1.

Use these values to calculate a value for the lattice enthalpy of dissociation of
calcium chloride.

Lattice enthalpy of dissociation = ............................... kJ mol−1

(d) Explain why your answer to part (c) is different from the lattice enthalpy of
dissociation for magnesium chloride.

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q3.(a) Write an equation for the process that has an enthalpy change equal to the electron affinity
of chlorine.

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(1)

(b) In terms of electrostatic forces, suggest why the electron affinity of fluorine has a
negative value.

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(2)

(c) (i) Complete the Born–Haber cycle for silver fluoride by adding the missing
species on the dotted lines.

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 (3)

(ii) Use the cycle in part (i) and the data in the table to calculate a value, in kJ
mol–1, for the bond enthalpy of the fluorine–fluorine bond.

Enthalpy change Value / kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of atomisation for silver +298

First ionisation energy for silver +732

Electron affinity for fluorine –348

Experimental enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver fluoride +955

Enthalpy of formation for silver fluoride –203

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 (d) A theoretical value for enthalpy of lattice dissociation can be calculated using a
perfect ionic model.

The theoretical enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver fluoride is +870 kJ mol–1.

(i) Explain why the theoretical enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver fluoride is
different from the experimental value that can be calculated using a
Born–Haber cycle.

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(2)

(ii) The theoretical enthalpy of lattice dissociation for silver chloride is

Explain why this value is less than the value for silver fluoride.

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q4.The following table shows some enthalpy change and entropy change data.

ΔH / kJ mol–1 ΔS / J K–1 mol–1

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 AgCl(s) Ag+(g) + Cl–(g) +905

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) +77 +33

AgF(s) Ag+(aq) + F–(aq) –15 to be calculated

Ag+(g) Ag+(aq) –464

(a) Define the term enthalpy of hydration of an ion.

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(b) Use data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy of hydration of the
chloride ion.

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(c) Suggest why hydration of the chloride ion is an exothermic process.

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(2)

(d) Silver chloride is insoluble in water at room temperature.

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 Use data from the table to calculate the temperature at which the dissolving of silver
chloride in water becomes feasible.
Comment on the significance of this temperature value.

Calculation of temperature .............................................................................

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Significance of temperature value ..................................................................

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(4)

(e) When silver fluoride dissolves in water at 25 °C, the free-energy change is
–9 kJ mol–1.

Use this information and data from the table to calculate a value, with units, for the
entropy change when silver fluoride dissolves in water at 25 °C.

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(3)
(Total 13 marks)

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