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Assignment - I: Answer

System modeling helps understand a system's functionality and communicate with customers. There are different types of models that represent a system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Key aspects of system modeling include entities (objects of interest), attributes (properties of entities), and activities (processes causing changes). Simulation is a technique for modeling systems over time. It can be used when analytical solutions are not possible but has limitations if the system is too complex or data is unavailable. Analytical models have closed-form solutions while simulation models use a digital prototype to predict real-world performance. Simulation timing can be fixed time-steps or event-driven and modeling approaches can be analog, with continuous state changes, or digital, with discrete state changes.

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113 views5 pages

Assignment - I: Answer

System modeling helps understand a system's functionality and communicate with customers. There are different types of models that represent a system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Key aspects of system modeling include entities (objects of interest), attributes (properties of entities), and activities (processes causing changes). Simulation is a technique for modeling systems over time. It can be used when analytical solutions are not possible but has limitations if the system is too complex or data is unavailable. Analytical models have closed-form solutions while simulation models use a digital prototype to predict real-world performance. Simulation timing can be fixed time-steps or event-driven and modeling approaches can be analog, with continuous state changes, or digital, with discrete state changes.

Uploaded by

Sweta Umrao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT – I

1. Define system modeling and classify system models with example?

Answer: System modelling helps the analyst to understand the functionality of the system and
models are used to communicate with customers.
Different models present the system from different perspectives:
– External perspective showing the system’s context or environment.
– Behavioral perspective showing the behavior of the system.
– Structural perspective showing the system or data architecture.

Types of Models: -
1.Mathematical Model: is the one in which symbols and logic constitute the model. The
symbolism used can be a language or a mathematical notation.
 A simulation model is built in terms of logic and mathematical equations and is an abstract
model.

2.Physical Model: Physical model is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object. The object
being modeled may be small (for example, an atom) or large (for example, the Solar System).
 A model of an airplane (scaled down), a model of the atom (scaled up), a map, a globe, a
model car are examples of physical (iconic) models.

3.Static Model: is the one which describes relationships that do not change with respect to
time.  An architectural model of a house is a static physical model.
 An equation relating the lengths and weights on each side of a playground variation is a static
mathematical model.
 Static computer model which means fixed.
4. Dynamic Model: is the one which describes time-varying relationships.
 A wind tunnel is a dynamic physical model.
 The equations of motion of the planets around the sun constitute a dynamic mathematical
model of the solar system.
 Dynamic computer usually means capable of action and/or change.

5.Analytical Model: is the one which is solved by using the deductive reasoning of
mathematical theory.
 A Linear Programming model, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model, a nonlinear
optimization model are examples of analytical models.

6. Numerical Model: is the one which is solved by applying computational procedures.


 Finding the roots of a nonlinear algebraic equation, f(x) = 0, using the numerical model. 

Model’s Classification

2. Define System Environment with example?

Answer: System Environment


The external components which interact with the system and produce necessary changes are
said to constitute the system environment. In modeling systems, it is necessary to decide on the
boundary between the system and its environment. This decision may depend on the purpose
of the study.
Ex: In a factory system, the factors controlling arrival of orders may be considered to be outside
the factory but yet a part of the system environment. When, we consider the demand and supply
of goods, there is certainly a relationship between the factory output and arrival of orders. This
relationship is considered as an activity of the system.

Endogenous System
The term endogenous is used to describe activities and events occurring within a system.
Ex: Drawing cash in a bank.

Exogenous System
The term exogenous is used to describe activities and events in the environment that affect the
system. Ex: Arrival of customers.

Closed System
A system for which there is no exogenous activity and event is said to be a closed. Ex:
Water in an insulated flask.

Open system
A system for which there is exogenous activity and event is said to be a open. Ex: Bank system.

Continuous Systems
Systems in which the changes are predominantly smooth are called continuous system.
Ex: Head of a water behind a dam.

Discrete Systems
Systems in which the changes are predominantly discontinuous are called discrete systems. Ex:
Bank – the number of customers changes only when a customer arrives or when the service
provided a customer is completed.

3. Explain in brief Entities, Attributes, and Activity with one example?

Answer: Entity
An entity is an object of interest in a system.
Ex: In the factory system, departments, orders, parts and products are The entities.
Attribute
An attribute denotes the property of an entity.
Ex: Quantities for each order, type of part, or number of machines in a Department are
attributes of factory system.
Activity
Any process causing changes in a system is called as an activity.
Ex: Manufacturing process of the department.

4. Differentiate between type of activities?

Answer: Two types of activities are broadly categorized: -


1. Deterministic Activity: - An activity whose outcome is not known before performing the
experiment is said to be deterministic activity
For e.g. PV=nRT,
Where PV/T = nR, R is constant always when we perform an experiment with certain
condition of temperature and pressure, we are sure about that is PV/nT =R(constant).

2. Stocastic Activity: - An activity having an outcome that can be predicted because all of
its causes either non or are same as those as a previous event is called a stocastic
activity.
For e.g. When we toss a coin the set of coins is H/T.
Here, the outcome is random one out of this set will come and this set is also known as
probabilistic activity.

5. What are the limitations of simulation technique?


Answer: Limitations of simulation techniques are:
• Simulation should not be used if the problem can be solved analytically.
• Simulation should not be used, if it is easier to perform direct experiments.
• Simulation should not be used, if the costs exceeds savings.
• Simulation should not be performed, if the resources or time are not available.
• If no data is available, not even estimate simulation is not advised.
• If there is not enough time or the person are not available, simulation is not
appropriate.
• If managers have unreasonable expectation say, too much soon – or the power of
simulation is over estimated, simulation may not be appropriate.
• If system behavior is too complex or cannot be defined, simulation is not appropriate.

6. Differentiate between analytical and simulation method?

Answer: Analytical models are mathematical models that have a closed form solution, i.e.
the solution to the equations used to describe changes in a system can be expressed as a
mathematical analytic function. Are analytical models superior to numerical models? This may
or may not be the case for introductory geoscience students. Some argue that analytical
models are more aesthetically pleasing since an inspection of the mathematical function can
give information about the system's behavior without the need for graphing or generating a
table of values.  Analytical solutions to equations describing more complex systems can often
become fairly complicated.

Simulation models uses the process of creating and analyzing a digital prototype of a


physical model to predict its performance in the real world. Simulation modeling is used to
help designers and engineers understand whether, under what conditions, and in which ways
a part could fail and what loads it can withstand. Simulation modeling can also help to predict
fluid flow and heat transfer patterns. It analyses the approximate working conditions by
applying the simulation software. Simulation modeling allows designers and engineers to
avoid the repeated building of multiple physical prototypes to analyze designs for new or
existing parts. Before creating the physical prototype, users can investigate many digital
prototypes. 
7. Explain the fixed time step event to event model and analog vs digital simulations.

Answer: Fixed time-step model

In this the timer simulated by the computer is updated at a fixed time interval. The system is
checked to see if any event has taken place during that interval. All the events which take
place during the time interval are considered to have occurred simultaneously at the end of
the interval.

Event-to-event model

It is also known as the next-event model. In this the computer advances the time to the
occurrence of the next event. So it shifts from one event to the next event and the system
state does not change in between. A track of the current time is kept when something
interesting happens to the system.
Analog vs Digital modeling:
In digital simulation, the changes in the system state are discontinuous and each change in
the state of the system is called an event while in analog simulation is a type of simulation in
which state variables change continuously with respect to time. Following is the graphical
representation of its behavior.
In digital simulation, every system depends on a time parameter. In a graphical representation
it is referred to as clock time or time counter and initially it is set to zero while in analog
simulation, it completes smoothly without any delay, i.e. no queue of events, no sorting of time
simulation, etc.

Analog Simulation Digital Simulation

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