Scribd
Upload
1K views17 pages

Chapter - Forces and Matter PDF

Forces can change the size and shape of objects. Hooke's law states that the extension or compression of a spring is proportional to the force applied. The spring constant k determines how stiff a spring is, with a larger k indicating a stiffer spring. Elastic materials like springs and seatbelts obey Hooke's law at first but may become permanently deformed if the force exceeds their elastic limit. Elastic behavior in car safety is important to slow impact without causing large injuries.

Uploaded by

asiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views17 pages

Chapter - Forces and Matter PDF

Forces can change the size and shape of objects. Hooke's law states that the extension or compression of a spring is proportional to the force applied. The spring constant k determines how stiff a spring is, with a larger k indicating a stiffer spring. Elastic materials like springs and seatbelts obey Hooke's law at first but may become permanently deformed if the force exceeds their elastic limit. Elastic behavior in car safety is important to slow impact without causing large injuries.

Uploaded by

asiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Forces and Matter

Learning Objectives

 Understand that forces change the shape and size of


a body

 About Hooke’s law and its application

 Factors affecting pressure

 How to calculate pressure


What is matter?
Anything that has mass occupy space

What are the different states of matter?


Three most common states are solid, liquid and gas

• Less familiar states of matter include – plasma and


Bose-Einstein condensate. These states occur under
special conditions.
 Different kinds of matter can combine to form substances
that may not resemble any of the original ingredients. Ex.
Water
 In some situations matter is converted to energy by atomic
reactions known as nuclear reactions.

 This reaction is different from chemical reaction. How?

Chemical reaction does not affect the nuclei of the


atoms. But nuclear reactions involve changes in the
nuclei of the atoms.
Forces acting on Solids

 Forces can change


the size and shape of
an object.
 Some materials springs back to its original shape when the
forces are removed.

Examples are: foam rubber, spring, football, tennis ball


etc.

 Some materials are less springy. They become


permanently deformed when forces act on them

Examples are: collision of two cars, silver and gold


metals are deformed to make jwellery.
Stretching Springs

 Weights hung on the end of the


springs are known as load

 As the load increases, the spring


stretches and its length
increases
Extension of spring

As the force stretching the spring increases, it gets longer.


The increase in length of the spring is known as extension.

Length of stretched spring = original length + extension


Extension – load graph

At first graph goes up steadily, This shows that extension


increases in equal steps as load increases

Then the graph bends. This happens when the load is so


great that the spring has permanently damaged
Law of Elasticity: “Hooke’s Law”
F= kx
• F = restoring force of
spring
• x = the distance that
the spring has been
stretch or compressed
from equilibrium
• k = the spring constant
• force acts in opposite
direction of the
displacement
stretching or elongation: compression:

x=0
x=0

x x

Fs
Fs

stretch
More F  more ____________ compression
or __________________.
Hold on a minute, K? Spring
Constant?!
• The spring constant measures how stiff the spring is.
• The larger the spring constant the stiffer the spring.
• You may be able to see this by looking at the graphs below:

k is measured in units of newtons per metre (Nm -1).


How rubber behaves
• Rubber does not obey Hooke’s law
• Increasing the load does not produce any
extension proportional to the load
• The graph does not come back to zero when
the load is removed
Elastic behaviour – Car Safety
• Elastic behaviour is very • Why have seat belts that
important in car safety, as are elastic?
car seatbelts are made from • Why not just have very
elastic materials. However, rigid seatbelts that would
after a crash they must be keep you firmly in place?
replaced as they will go • The reason for this, is that it
past their elastic limit. would be very dangerous
and cause large injuries.
This is because it would
slow your body down too
quickly. The quicker a
collision, the bigger the
force that is produced.

You might also like