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What Do These Two Have in Common?: Why Do We Study Control Systems?

This document discusses control systems and provides examples. It defines control as forcing a system to behave in a desired way to achieve objectives. A control system uses feedback to regulate a variable and maintain stability, performance, and robustness. Examples include controlling room temperature, vehicle speed, and manufacturing processes. Both open-loop and closed-loop control systems are described.

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Gokul Raj
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118 views7 pages

What Do These Two Have in Common?: Why Do We Study Control Systems?

This document discusses control systems and provides examples. It defines control as forcing a system to behave in a desired way to achieve objectives. A control system uses feedback to regulate a variable and maintain stability, performance, and robustness. Examples include controlling room temperature, vehicle speed, and manufacturing processes. Both open-loop and closed-loop control systems are described.

Uploaded by

Gokul Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BNJ 30703

Why do we study control systems?


Hanani bt Abd Wahab

What do these two have in common?


Controlled vs Uncontrolled

Tornado Boeing 777

• Highly nonlinear, complicated dynamics!


• Both are capable of transporting goods and people over long distances
BUT

• One is controlled, and the other is not.


• Control is “the hidden technology that you meet every day”
• It heavily relies on the notion of “feedback”

1
Controlled vs Uncontrolled
What is Control?
Control is a term that describes the process of
forcing a system to behave in a desired way in
order to achieve certain objective(s)/goal(s).

Control is the process of making a system variable


adhere to a particular value, called the reference
value.

What is Control System? How to Control?


Control system is a group of components which
maintains desired results (goals) by manipulating Compute Actuate
the value of another variable in the system. Control “Law” Gas Pedal/
Brake

Sense
Vehicle Speed

Goals (Desired results)


Stability: system maintains desired operating point
Control = Sensing + Computation + Actuation
Performance: system responds rapidly to changes
Robustness: system tolerates perturbations in dynamics
In Feedback “Loop”

2
Feedback Control System
In general Room Temperature Control

Main Components:
• Plant: Process + Actuator
• Controller
• Sensor
• Disturbance

More Examples Control Systems in Nature


Pancreas:
Control is “the hidden technology that you regulate blood sugar.
meet every day” Adrenalin
automatically generated to increase heart-rate and
oxygen intake in times of flight.
Control System in Nature Eyes
Historical Examples able to follow a moving object.
Modern Examples Hand:
able to pick up an object and place it at a
predetermined location

3
Flyball Governor Balls fly out
Historical Examples Regulate speed of steam engine
Reduce effects of variations in load
as speed
increases,

Ancient Greece [1 – 300 BC]: water float (disturbance rejection)


regulation, water clock, automatic oil lamp. Major advance of industrial revolution
Valve closes,
slowing engine
17th Century: Cornelis Drebbel – temperature
Steam Flyball
control. engine governor

18th Century: James Watt – Flyball governor


Late 19th Century to mid 20th Century:
Development of “Classical Control Theory”
1960’s – present “Modern Control Theory”

http://www.heeg.de/~roland/SteamEngine.html
Boulton-Watt steam engine

Control in Transportation
Modern Examples

Control System in Transportation System


Control in Process Industry
Control in Manufacturing Industry
Control in Home
Automotive: Engine regulation, active suspension,
anti-lock braking system (ABS).
Steering of missiles, planes, aircrafts and ships at
sear.

4
Control in Manufacturing
Control in Process Industry
Systems
In the process industries, control is used to
regulate level, pressure and temperature of
refinery vessel.

In steel rolling mill, the position of the rolls is


controlled according to the measure of thickness
of the steel coming off the finishing line.

Control in Home
Control in Home
CD Players, the position of the laser spot in CD Player
relation to the microscopic pits in a CD is
controlled.
Video Recorder, the tracking of the record and
play back head is controlled by controlling the
velocity of the tape.
Air conditioning system uses thermostat and
control the temperature in the room.

5
Open-loop vs. Closed-loop Open-loop vs. Closed-loop
An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating
A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and
device to control the process directly without feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired output
using feedback. (reference or command).

Missile launcher system

Control is “the hidden technology that


you meet every day” Why do we study control systems?

6
Main References :
Summary Ogata K., Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 2002 Fourth Edition.
Goals (Desired results)
Stability: Others References :
system maintains desired operating point J. Dorf, Modern Control Engineering, Addison Wesley
Performance: Publishing , 2004.
Norman S. Nise Control System Engineering, The
system responds rapidly to changes Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. , 2004
Robustness: Fourth.Edition,
Introduction to Matlab 7 for Engineers, McGraw.Hill
system tolerates perturbations in dynamics
International Edition, 2005

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