International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Control of Two Stage PV Power System under the

Unbalanced Three-Phase Grid Voltages
Manasa, Nirmaladevi
EEE Department, KV Subba Reddy Institute of Technology, Dupadu, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Manasa |

This paper proposes a dynamic power decoupling (DPD) strategy for the Nirmaladevi "Control of Two Stage PV
three-phase grid-tied PV power system without increasing the dc-link Power System under the Unbalanced
capacitance. Under normal condition, the interleaved boost converter will Three-Phase Grid Voltages" Published in
extract the maximum power point (MPP) from the PV array and the three- International Journal
phase inverter will inject the power to the grid. During the unbalanced grid of Trend in Scientific
fault scenario, the input power and current of the interleaved boost converter Research and
will be controlled by the proposed DPD to achieve the power decoupling Development (ijtsrd),
capability as well as to eliminate the dc-link voltage oscillation. The proposed ISSN: 2456-6470,
work has been carried out in MATLAB, and the results are presented. Volume-4 | Issue-2,
February 2020, IJTSRD30091
KEYWORDS: DPD, Two stage PV system, MPPT controller pp.698-703, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30091.pdf

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I. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the inexhaustible and eternal energy of the controller. This approach can decrease the harmonics for the
earth. Most of the used energy comes directly or indirectly inverter system. The proportional plus integral (PI)
from the sun. Being one of the most attractive renewable controller is the most widely used method for PV inverter
energy, the use of photovoltaic (PV) power has become a systems due to its easy implementation. However, the
trend around the world. A PV inverter converts the direct classical PI controller can only achieve the zero steady-state
current (DC) of a photovoltaic power generation device error control for the fundamental frequency of the grid, that
(solar panel) into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) is, for tracking constant current values. Only using the PI
that can be fed into a grid or used by grid load [24]. Without controller, the current harmonic cannot be reduced. These
a doubt, a PV inverter is the core of any PV power generation kinds of harmonics, if connected to the grid, will cause some
system (grid-connected). Since the grid inverter is, the serious problem to the grid. Previous works are so much
primary equipment of photovoltaic grid connected systems, focused on the space vector input current control method [l],
the research focus is the control strategy for grid inverters. [3]-[5] that the rectified dc voltage should be larger than
The most important standard of the grid inverter is the some value [4]-[5], and nonlinear dynamic equation is
quality of its output current. therefore generated. A system control method that is based
on the predetermined switching pattern, PWM is sometimes
On the AC side, the function of the grid-connected inverter is found in the literature [6]. An equation modeling based on
to supply electricity in sinusoidal form, synchronized to the the D-Q transformation and its application to several control
grid frequency, and limit the feed-in voltage to no higher methods of the dc side capacitor voltage are proposed [7].
than the grid voltage. On the DC side, because the power These algorithms are widely used in commercial products—
output of a module varies as a function of the voltage, power mainly due to their simplicity and robustness. On the other
generation can only be optimized by varying the system hand, soft computing based MPPT such as artificial neural
voltage to find the \maximum power point". Most inverters, network [8], fuzzy logic [9], differential evolution [10],
therefore, incorporate \maximum power point tracking". particle swarm optimization [11], [12] and cuckoo search
Most common way to control the inverter is proportional [13] tend to be more versatile and flexible. First is the
plus integral (PI) control. At first, people used PI controllers continuous oscillation that occurs around the MPP. Second,
for the inverter system. However, for the PV inverter with an the P&O is prone to lose its tracking direction when the
inductor-capacitor- inductor (LCL) filter, just by using a PI irradiance (G) increases rapidly. Both problems contribute to
controller may not meet the harmonic standard for the the loss of power and hence reduced tracking efficiency.
output current. Then researchers come up with a method to Although there exists several work that address the
combine the PI controller with a proportional resonant oscillation issue using the adaptive P&O schemes [14]–[18],

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
none has comprehensively address the loss of tracking there needs to be a controller for each phase current. As the
direction–despite it being highlighted by [1], [5]. currents are sinusoidal non-linear controllers like dead beat
and hysteresis are used in natural reference frame. To
II. 3-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM achieve power flow between the renewable resource
The block diagram of a PV system connected to grid is shown generator and the utility network, the injected current needs
in Fig.1. to be synchronized with the grid voltage. Different
algorithms are used for grid synchronization. The main
purpose of these algorithms is to obtain the phase
information of grid voltages. Transformation from natural
reference frame to stationary or synchronous reference
frame may be required to make this possible. To convert the
DC voltage into an AC signal, the switches, present in an
inverter, need to be switched on and off by providing pulses
at their gates. There are a number of techniques that can be
used to generate these pulses the most common being Space
Vector based Pulse Width Modulation and Sine Pulse Width
Modulation. As SPWM is used ought to be used in this work,
it is therefore introduced here.
(a)
In Sine wave based PWM, as the name suggests, a sine wave
is used to modulate the carrier wave to generate switching
signals. Fig. 2 shows the implementation of SPWM for a three
phase, 2-level inverter. The frequency of reference sine
waves dictates the frequency of fundamental component of
generated waves. The frequency of carrier wave (triangular
wave in figures) is the switching frequency of the inverter. In
case of a two-level full-bridge voltage source inverter, there
are six switches in total, with 2-switches in each leg for each
phase.

(b) The pulses shown in Fig.2 are applied to the switches which
Fig.1: Structure of a typical single-stage PV system are connected to positive dc bus rail in each leg, and a
complimentary signal is applied to the switch connected to
A PV array consists of a number of PV modules or panels. A negative dc rail. This ensures that only a maximum of one
PV module is an assembly of a large number of switch is on at a time in a leg so that the DC bus does not get
interconnected PV cells [2]. The inverter in a PV system is shorted. Inverters, as being switching devices cannot be
employed to transform the DC-voltage generated from a PV directly connected to the grid. This is because the inverter
module to a three-phase AC voltage. A three-phase inverter produces harmonics which degrades power quality.
has three legs with two switches in each leg. The switching is
performed by carrier-based or space-vector- based Pulse-
Width Modulation (PWM). The output quantity of an inverter
(voltage in VSI and current in CSI) is pulsed and Contains
switching harmonics along with a 50 Hz fundamental. In
order to separate the 50 Hz component, a filter is essential at
the AC terminal of the inverter, where it is interfaced to the
grid. Since the performance of the filter depends on the grid
impedance, special care must be practiced in the filter
design.

III. CONTROL STRUCTURE OF GRID CONNECTED

INVERTER
Control system of a grid connected inverter is responsible
for managing the power injection into the grid, obtained
from a distributed generator. Mostly, a control structure
based on two cascaded loops is employed for this purpose.
Voltage control loop is responsible for balancing the power
flow of the system. If there is more power available from the
dc side, the controller present in this loop changes the
reference current so that more ac power can be injected into
the grid. The current loop deals with maintenance of power
quality and reduction of harmonics present in the current, so Fig.2: SPWM
that it can be injected into the grid. The control system can
be designed in one of the three reference frames which are Transformers are expensive and bulky which leads to the
natural reference frame, stationary reference frame and system being costly. Therefore, a transformer-less topology
synchronous reference frame. In natural reference frame, to connect inverter to the grid has come into existence, and

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
that is by using a filter circuit as the interface. There are inverter will get the constant input DC voltage, which is
three types of passive filters that are generally used; they are necessary to improve the performance and efficiency of an
L, LC and LCL. These filters are shown in Fig.3. inverter. Moreover, the cost of a boost converter is less
compared to the other converters. Fig. 4 represents a basic
illustration of a boost converter having input voltage Vin and
output voltage Vo. During on switching, the diode will be
reversed biased, and hence input current would be same as
the inductor current. The output voltage during the on-
interval would be the voltage across the capacitor. The value
of the capacitor should be sufficiently large enough to
maintain the constant voltage across the load. During the off-
interval, the inductor will discharge in the reverse direction,
which will cause a diode to become forward biased. The
voltage across the inductor would be the difference between
the input voltage and output voltage. The relation between
the input voltage and output voltage can be derived using the
volt-sec balance across the inductor. According to the volt-
sec balance, the steady-state voltage across the inductor
would be zero for one cycle. The boost converter can be
Fig.3 L, LC and LCL filters designed in either continuous conduction mode (CCM) or
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In CCM, the inductor
current will be a non-zero value, whereas in DCM, the
inductor current attains zero value and may have
interleaved timing of zero inductor current for time (t). The
two main factors for the boost converter design are the
inductor and capacitor selection. The values of an inductor
and a capacitor are finalized based on several factors. The
selection of the capacitor is a very critical factor in regards to
the overall performance of the boost converter. It should be
sufficiently large to reduce the power oscillation towards the
grid, and if not, then it may cause oscillation in the active and
reactive power towards the grid. The typical boost control
design contains a single closed loop control of the boost
controller. These controllers may control the voltage or
Fig.4 Block Diagram of the two stage PV System power through the boost controller. The resultant error from
the controller will drive the PWM, which changes the duty
A boost converter is used widely in renewable energy ratio of the boost converter. The major disadvantage of the
application such as solar generation and wind generation. conventional single-loop boost controller is the
Because of intermittency of solar and wind generation, it is uncontrollability of the current flowing through the boost
very important to make the overall system efficient to converter. The current control is desired to inject the
counterbalance the effect of intermittency. The block constant current into the inverter with fewer ripples. It can
diagram of the two stage PV System concept is shown in be achieved using the dual loop control, which contains an
Fig.4. outer voltage loop and inner current control loop. In
addition, the transfer function of the boost converter has
zeros in the right half plane and a phase margin greater than
180. Therefore, the conventional voltage control method
would not be sufficient for the boost control. The outer
voltage loop here controls the constant PV terminal voltage,
which generates the reference signal for the inner current
loop. The error single from the inner current control loop
drives the PWM of the boost converter. Power DC/DC
converters have plenty of topologies, and the corresponding
conversion technique is a big research topic. By an
Fig. 5 Boost converter configuration uncompleted statistics, there are more than 500 topologies
of power DC/DC converters existing. Dr. F. L. Luo and Dr.
A boost converter contributes towards improvement in H.Ye have firstly categorized all existing prototypes of the
efficiency of an overall system. A boost converter converts a power DC/DC converters into six generations theoretically
low-voltage level to a high-voltage level. In addition, it and evolutionarily since 2001. Their work is an outstanding
regulates the power extracted from PV array along with the contribution in the development of DC/DC conversion
constant voltage application at the terminal output. The two- technology, and has been recognized and assessed by
stage PV array connected to the grid will require a constant experts worldwide.
current injection in the DC-link, which is the output capacitor
of the boost converter. A constant current injection will The P&O algorithm is also called “hill-climbing”, but both
ensure the constant voltage of the DC-link and limited names refer to the same algorithm depending on how it is
fluctuation in the output voltage variation. Hence, the implemented. Hill-climbing involves a perturbation on the

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
duty cycle of the power converter and P&O a perturbation in increment in the power, the perturbation should be kept in
the operating voltage of the DC link between the PV array the same direction and if the power decreases, then the next
and the power converter [8]. In the case of the Hill-climbing, perturbation should be in the opposite direction. Based on
perturbing the duty cycle of the power converter implies these facts, the algorithm is implemented. The process is
modifying the voltage of the DC link between the PV array repeated until the MPP is reached. Then the operating point
and the power converter, so both names refer to the same oscillates around the MPP. This problem is common also to
technique. In this method, the sign of the last perturbation the InCond method, as was mention earlier. A scheme of the
and the sign of the last increment in the power are used to algorithm is shown in Fig.5.
decide what the next perturbation should be. If there is an

Fig.5 The flowchart of the P&O Algorithm

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

This Section presents detailed simulation results of the proposed solar photovoltaic using DPD strategy and P&O MPPT.
Simulation studies are carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulations are performed using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software for tracking MPPs of the solar PV array. The solar PV panel provides a maximum output power at
a MPP with VMPP and IMPP.

R1 L

Discrete, Universal Bridge

Ts = 5e-005 s. Diode g
+
+

pow ergui A
Controlled Current Source A
+
B
g
C

B
s
-

v -
25 - R2 IGBT C C
Subsystem1 C
VM1
E

Constant T Three-Phase Source

S I
Ipv (A)
Uout
1000

Constant1

V
D
I

MPPT
Fig. 6: Matlab Simulink model for two stage solar PV system

The proposed DPD strategy is verified via the computer simulation software, MATLAB/Simulink, First. Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig. 9
show simulation comparisons of the three-phase grid voltages, Vabc, the PV current, IPV, the PV power, PPV, the output power, Pout
, the dc-link voltage, VDC , and the three phase output currents, Iabc under 5 kW operation.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
400

V ab c (V )
200
0
-200
-400
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
25
IP V (A )

20
15
10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
V d c (V ) P o u t (W ) P p v (W )

6000
5000

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

6000
5000

0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1

400

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Iab c (A )

20
0
-20
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Time (s)
Fig.7 Simulation waveforms under normal operation

400
Vabc (V)

-400
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
25
Ipv(A)

20
15
10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
6000
Ppv (W)

5000
4000
3000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Vdc (V) Pout (W)

5000
3000
0
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
400
0
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
20
Iabc

0
-20
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Time (s)
Fig.8 Simulation waveforms without the DPD
400
Vabc (V)

0
-400
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
24
Ipv(A)

23.5
23
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
5100
Ppv(W)

5050
5000
4950
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pout (W)

5000

0
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Vdc (V)

400
200
0
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
20
Iabc(A)

0
-20
0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Time (s)
Fig.9 Simulation waveforms with the DPD

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
First, normal circuit operation waveforms are shown in Fig. [8] Syafaruddin, E. Karatepe, and T. Hiyama, “Artificial
7. It can be seem that three-phase grid voltages and currents, neural network-polar coordinated fuzzy controller
Vabc and Iabc, shown in Fig. 7 (a) and Fig. 7(f) are balanced based maximum power point tracking control under
and there is no ripple on Pout and VDC, as shown in Fig. 7 (d) partially shaded conditions,” IET Renewable Power
and Fig. 8 (e). The IPV and PPV shown in Fig. 7 (b) and Fig. 7 Generation, vol. 3, pp. 239–253, 2009.
(c) are controlled by the MPPT algorithm and remain
[9] B. N. Alajmi, K. H. Ahmed, S. J. Finney, and B. W.
constant values. In order to demonstrate the unbalanced
Williams, “A maximum power point tracking technique
voltage fault scenario, one phase voltage of Vabc is reduced to
for partially shaded photovoltaic systems in micro-
0.5 p.u. in both of the two simulations, as shown in Fig. 8 (a)
grids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp.
and Fig.9 (a).
1596–1606, Apr. 2013.
V. CONCLUSIONS [10] M. Seyedmahmoudian et al., “Simulation and hardware
Detailed simulation results of solar PV panel using P&O to implementation of new maximum power point tracking
support the similar have been carried out in MATLAB, and technique for partially shaded PV system using hybrid
the results are presented. In order to decouple the input- DEPSO method,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 6,
output power imbalance, the input current and power will no. 3, pp. 850–862, Jul. 2015.
be controlled via the DPD strategy to eliminate the dc-link
[11] K. Ishaque and Z. Salam, “A deterministic particle
oscillation.
swarm optimization maximum power point tracker for
photovoltaic system under partial shading condition,”
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