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Gupta-Feynman based Quantum Field Theory of Einstein's Gravity

Preprint · October 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30523.16169/2

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 Gupta-Feynman based Quantum
Field Theory of Einstein’s Gravity
A. Plastino1,3,4 , M.C.Rocca1,2,3 ,
1 Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidad Nacional de La Plata,
2 Departamento de Matemática, Universidad Nacional de La Plata,
3 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas
(IFLP-CCT-CONICET)-C. C. 727, 1900 La Plata - Argentina
4 SThAR - EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

February 4, 2020

Abstract
This paper is an application to Einstein’s gravity (EG) of the mathe-
matics developed in A. Plastino, M. C. Rocca: J. Phys. Commun. 2,
115029 (2018). We will quantize EG by appeal to the most general
quantization approach, the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle,
which is more appropriate and rigorous that the functional integral
method, when we are in the presence of derivative couplings We base
our efforts on works by Suraj N. Gupta and Richard P. Feynman so
as to undertake the construction of a Quantum Field Theory (QFT)
of Einstein Gravity (EG). We explicitly use the Einstein Lagrangian
elaborated by Gupta [1] but choose a new constraint for the theory
that differs from Gupta’s one. In this way, we avoid the problem of
lack of unitarity for the S matrix that afflicts the procedures of Gupta
and Feynman.
Simultaneously, we significantly simplify the handling of constraints.
This eliminates the need to appeal to ghosts for guarantying the uni-
tarity of the theory.
Our ensuing approach is obviously non-renormalizable. However, this
inconvenience can be overcome by appealing tho the mathematical
theory developed by Bollini et al. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

1
Such developments were founded in the works of Alexander Grothendieck
[7] and in the theory of Ultradistributions of Jose Sebastiao e Silva [8]
(also known as Ultrahyperfunctions).
Based on these works, we have constructed a mathematical edifice, in
a lapse of about 25 years, that is able to quantize non-renormalizable
Field Theories (FT).
Here we specialize this mathematical theory to treat the quantum field
theory of Einsteins’s gravity (EG).
Because we are using a Gupta-Feynman inspired EG Lagrangian, we
are able to evade the intricacies of Yang-Mills theories.
PACS: 11.10.-z, 03.70.+k, 03.65.Ca, 03.65.Db.
KEYWORDS: Quantum Field Theory; Einstein gravity; Non-renormalizable
theories, Unitarity.

2
Contents
1 Introduction 4

2 Preliminary Materials 6

3 The Lagrangian of Einstein’s QFT 7

4 The Quantization of the Theory 8

4.1 Undesired effects if one does not use our constraint . . . . . . 10

5 The self energy of the graviton 11

5.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 Including Axions into the picture 13

7 The complete Self Energy of the Graviton 14

7.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8 Self Energy of the Axion 18

8.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

9 Discussion 19

3
1 Introduction
Quantifying Einstein gravity (EG) is still an open problem, a kind of holy
grail for quantum field theory (QFT). The failure of some attempts in this di-
rection have failed because i) they appeal to Rigged Hilber Space (RHS) with
undefined metric, ii) problems of non-unitarity, and also iii) non-renormalizablity
issues. Here we quantize EG by appeal to the most general quantization
approach, the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle, which is more ap-
propriate and rigorous that the functional integral method, when we are in
the presence of derivative couplings.
Here we build up an unitary EG’s QFT in the wake of related effort by Suraj
N. Gupta [1]. We deviate from his work by using a different EG-constraint,
facing then a problem similar to that posed by Quantum Electrodynamics
(QED). In order to quantize the concomitant non-renormalizable variational
problem we appeal to mathematics developed by Bollini et al. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
based upon the theory of Ultradistributions de J. Sebastiao e Silva (JSS)
[8], also known as Ultrahyperfunctions. The above cited mathematics were
specifically devised to quantify non-renormalizable field theories during 25
years, culminating in [6]. We consequently face a theory similar to QED,
endowed with unitarity at all finite orders in the power expansion in G (grav-
itation constant) of the EG Lagrangian. This was attempted without success
first by Gupta and then by Feynman, in his celebrated Acta Physica Polonica
paper [9].

Mathematically, quantizing a non-renormalizable field theory is tantamount

to suitably defining the product of two distributions (a product in a ring
with zero-divisors in configuration space), an old problem in functional the-
ory tackled successfully in [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Remark that, in QFT, the problem of evaluating the product of distributions
with coincident point singularities is related to the asymptotic behavior of
loop integrals of propagators.

In references [2, 3, 4, 5] it was demonstrated that it is possible to define a

general convolution between the ultradistributions of JSS [8] (Ultrahyper-
functions). This convolution yields another Ultrahyperfunction. Therefore,
we have a product in a ring with zero divisors. Such a ring is the space of
distributions of exponential type, or ultradistributions of exponential type,
obtained applying the anti-Fourier transform to the space of tempered ultra-

4
distributions or ultradistributions of exponential type.

We must clarify at this point that the ultrahyperfunctions are the general-
ization and extension to the complex plane of the Schwartz tempered dis-
tributions and the distributions of exponential type. That is, the tempered
distributions and those of exponential type are a subset of the ultrahypre-
functions.

In our work we do not use counter-terms to get rid of infinities, because our
convolutions are always finite. We do not want counter-terms, since a non-
renormalizable theory involves an infinite number of them .

At the same time, we conserve all extant solutions to the problem of run-
ning coupling constants and the renormalization group. The convolution,
once obtained, converts configuration space into a ring with zero-divisors.
In it, one has now defined a product between the ring-elements. Thus, any
unitary-causal-Lorentz invariant theory quantized in such a manner becomes
predictive. The distinction between renormalizable on non-renormalizable
QFT’s becomes unnecessary now.

With our convolution, that uses Laurent’s expansions in the parameter em-
ployed to define it, all finite constants of the convolutions become completely
determined, eliminating arbitrary choices of finite constants. This is tanta-
mount to eliminating all finite renormalizations of the theory. The inde-
pendent term in the Laurent expansion give the convolution value. This
translates to configuration space the product-operation in a ring with divi-
sors of zero.

This paper is organized as follows:

• Section 2 presents preliminary materials.

• Section 3 is devoted to the QFT Lagrangian for EG

• In Section 4 we quantize the ensuing theory.

5
 • In Section 5 the graviton’s self-energy is evaluated up to second order.

• In Section 6 we introduce axions into our picture and deal with the
axions-gravitons interaction.

• In Section 7 we calculate the graviton’s self-energy in the presence of

axions.

• In Section 8 we evaluate, up to second order, the axion’s self-energy.

• Finally, in Section 9, some conclusions are drawn.

2 Preliminary Materials
We appeal here to the most general quantification approach, Schwinger-
Feynman variational principle [10], which is able to deal even with high order
supersymmetric theories , as exemplified by [11, 12]. Such theories can not
be quantized with the usual Dirac-brackets technique.

We introduce the action for a set of fields defined by

σ(x)
Z
S[σ(x), σ0 , φA (x)] = L[φA (ξ), ∂µ φA (ξ), ξ]dξ, (2.1)
σ0

where σ(x) if a space-like surface passing through the point x. σ0 is that sur-
face at the remote past, at which all field variations vanish. The Schwinger-
Feynman variational principle dictates that

”Any Hermitian infinitesimal variation δS of the action induces a canonical

transformation of the vector space in which the quantum system is defined,
and the generator of this transformation is this same operator δS”.

6
Accordingly, the following equality holds:

δφA = i[δS, φA ]. (2.2)

Thus, for a Poincare transformation we have
1
δS = aµ P µ + aµv Mµv , (2.3)
2
where the field variation is given by
1
δφa = aµ P̂µ φA + aµv M̂µv φA . (2.4)
2
From (2.2) one gathers that

∂µ φA = i[P µ , φA ]. (2.5)

Specifically,
∂0 φA = i[P 0 , φA ]. (2.6)
This last result will be employed in quantizing EG.

3 The Lagrangian of Einstein’s QFT

Our EG Lagrangian reads [1]
1 p 1
LG = R |g| − ηµv ∂α hµα ∂β hvβ , (3.1)
κ2 2
p
where η µν = diag(1, 1, 1, −1), hµν = |g|g µν The second term in eq. (3.1)
fixes the gauge. We apply now the linear approximation

hµv = η µv + κφµv , (3.2)

where κ2 is the gravitation’s constant and φµv the graviton field. We write

LG = LL + LI , (3.3)

where
1
LL = − [∂λ φµv ∂ λ φµv − 2∂α φµβ ∂ β φµα + 2∂ α φµα ∂β φµβ ], (3.4)
4

7
and, up to 2nd order, one has [1]:
1 1
LI = − κφµv [ ∂µ φλρ ∂v φλρ + ∂λ φµβ ∂ β φλv − ∂λ φµρ ∂ λ φρv ], (3.5)
2 2
having made use of the constraint

φµµ = 0. (3.6)

This constraint is required in order to satisfy gauge invariance [13] For the
graviton we have then
φµv = 0, (3.7)
whose solution is
Z " ~
#
1 aµv (~k) ikµ xµ a+
µv (k) −ikµ xµ
φµv = 3 √ e + √ e d3 k, (3.8)
(2π) 2 2k0 2k0

with k0 = |~k|.

4 The Quantization of the Theory

We need some definitions. The energy-momentum tensor is
∂L
Tρλ = ρ µv
∂ λ φµv − δρλ L, (4.1)
∂∂ φ
and the time-component of the four-momentum is
Z
P 0 = T00 d3 x. (4.2)

Using (3.4) we have

1
T00 = [∂0 φµv ∂ 0 φµv + ∂j φµv ∂ j φµv − 2∂α φµ0 ∂ 0 φµα − 2∂α φµj ∂ j φµα +
4
2∂α φµα ∂0 φ0µ + 2∂α φµα ∂j φjµ ]. (4.3)
Consequently,
Z
1 h i
P0 = |~k| aµv (~k)a+µv (~k) + a+µv (~k)aµv (~k) d3 k. (4.4)
4

8
Appeal to (2.6) leads to

[P 0 , aµv (~k)] = −k0 aµv (~k)

[P 0 , a+µv (~k)] = k0 a+µv (~k). (4.5)

From the last relation in (4.5) one gathers that
Z
~ 1
|~k|a (k ) =
+ρλ 0
|~k|[aµv (~k), a+ρλ (k~0 )]a+µv (~k) d3 k. (4.6)
2
The solution of this integral equation is

[aµv (~k), a+ρλ (k~0 )] = δµρ δvλ + δvρ δµλ δ(~k − k~0 ).
 
(4.7)

As customary, the physical state |ψ > of the theory is defined via the equation

φµµ |ψ >= 0. (4.8)

We use now the the usual definition

∆ρλ ρλ
µν (x − y) =< 0|T [φµν (x)φ (y)]|0 > . (4.9)

The graviton’s propagator then turns out to be

Z ikµ (xµ −yµ )
ρλ i ρ λ ρ λ e
∆µν (x − y) = 4
(δµ δv + δv δµ ) d4 k. (4.10)
(2π) k 2 − i0
As a consequence, we can write
Z
1 h i 0
P0 = |k| aµv (k)a (k ) + a (k )aµv (k) δ(~k − k~0 )d3 kd3 k ,
~ ~ +µv ~0 +µv ~0 ~ (4.11)
4
or
Z
1 h i 0
P0 = |k| 2a (k )aµv (k) + δ(k − k ) δ(~k − k~0 )d3 kd3 k .
~ +µv ~0 ~ ~ ~0
(4.12)
4
Thus, we obtain Z
1
P0 = |~k|a+µv (~k)aµv (~k)d3 k, (4.13)
2
where we have used the fact that the product of two deltas with the same
argument vanishes [2], i.e., δ(~k − k~0 )δ(~k − k~0 ) = 0. This illustrates the fact

9
that using Ultrahyperfunctions is here equivalent to adopting the normal
order in the definition of the time-component of the four-momentum
Z
1 h i
P0 = |~k| : aµv (~k)a+µv (~k) + a+µv (~k)aµv (~k) : d3 k. (4.14)
4
Now, we must insist on the fact that the physical state should satisfy not
only Eq. (4.8) but also the relation (see [1])

∂µ φµv |ψ >= 0. (4.15)

The ensuing theory is similar to the QED-one obtained via the quantization
approach of Gupta-Bleuler. This implies that the theory is unitary for any
finite perturbative order. In this theory only one type of graviton emerges,
φ12 , while in Gupta’s approach two kinds of graviton emerge. Obviously, this
happens for a non-interacting theory, as remarked by Gupta.

4.1 Undesired effects if one does not use our constraint

If we do NOT use the constraint (4.8), we have
Z  
1 ~ +µv ~ ~ 1 +µ ~ v ~
P0 = |k| a (k)aµv (k) − aµ (k)av (k) d3 k, (4.16)
2 2

and, appealing to the Schwinger-Feynman variational principle we find

|~k|a+ ~0
ρλ (k ) =
Z  
1 1
|~k| a (~k)[aµv (~k), aρλ (k~ )] − aµ (~k)[av (~k), aρλ (k~ )] d3 k,
+µv + 0 +µ v + 0
(4.17)
2 2
whose solution is

[aµv (~k), a+ ~0 ~ ~0
ρλ (k )] = [ηµρ ηvλ + ηvρ ηµλ − ηµv ηρλ ] δ(k − k ). (4.18)

The above is the customary graviton’s quantification, that leads to a theory

whose S matrix in not unitary [1, 9].

10
5 The self energy of the graviton
To evaluate the graviton’s self-energy (SF) we start with the interaction
Hamiltonian HI . Note that the Lagrangian contains derivative interaction
terms.
∂LI 0 µν
HI = ∂ φ − LI . (5.1)
∂∂ 0 φµν
A typical term reads
ΣGα1 α2 α3 α4 (k) = kα1 kα2 (ρ − i0)−1 ∗ kα3 kα4 (ρ − i0)−1 . (5.2)
where ρ = k12 + k22 + k32 − k02
In ν dimensions, the Fourier transform of (5.2) is
F{[kα1 kα2 (ρ − i0)−1 ∗ kα3 kα4 (ρ − i0)−1 ]ν } =
22ν−2 ν h  ν i2
− π Γ ηα1 α2 ηα3 α4 (x + i0)−ν +
(2π)ν 2
22ν−1 ν  ν   ν 
ν
π Γ Γ + 1 (ηα1 α2 xα3 xα4 + ηα3 α4 xα1 xα2 )(x + i0)−ν−1 −
(2π) 2 2
2ν

2 ν
h ν i2
−ν−2
π Γ +1 xα1 xα2 xα3 xα4 (x + i0) (5.3)
(2π)ν 2
where x = x21 + x22 + x23 − x20
Anti-transforming the above equation we have
[kα1 kα2 (ρ − i0)−1 ∗ kα3 kα4 (ρ − i0)−1 ]ν =
ν 
2
π 2 Γ ν2 + 1  ν ν
i (ηα1 α2 ηα3 α4 + ηα2 α3 ηα1 α4 + ηα2 α4 ηα1 α3 )Γ − (ρ − i0) 2 +
4 Γ(ν + 2) 2
( ν
π 2 Γ ν2 Γ ν2 + 1



i (ηα1 α2 kα3 kα4 + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 )−
2 Γ(ν + 1)
ν 
2
π 2 Γ ν2 + 1
i (ηα1 α2 kα3 kα4 + ηα1 α3 kα2 kα4 + ηα1 α4 kα2 kα3 + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 +
2 Γ(ν + 2)
 ν ν
ηα2 α3 kα1 kα4 + ηα2 α4 kα1 kα3 )} Γ 1 − (ρ − i0) 2 −1 +
2
 ν
2
ν Γ +1 ν
 ν
iπ 2 2
kα1 kα2 kα3 kα4 Γ 2 − (ρ − i0) 2 −2 (5.4)
Γ(ν + 2) 2

11
5.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4
We appeal now to a ν-Laurent expansion and retain there the ν − 4 indepen-
dent term [6]. Thus, we Laurent-expand (5.4) around ν = 4 and find

[kα1 kα2 (ρ − i0)−1 ∗ kα3 kα4 (ρ − i0)−1 ]ν =

π2

1
i (ηα α ηα α + ηα2 α3 ηα1 α4 + ηα2 α4 ηα1 α3 )ρ2 −
ν − 4 5! 1 2 3 4

2
(ηα α kα kα + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 ) −
4! 1 2 3 4
1
(ηα α kα kα + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 + ηα1 α3 kα2 kα4 + ηα1 α4 kα2 kα3 +
6! 1 2 3 4
8
ηα2 α3 kα1 kα4 + ηα2 α4 kα1 kα3 )]ρ + kα1 kα2 kα3 kα4 −
5!
2
 
iπ 46 2
(ηα α ηα α + ηα2 α3 ηα1 α4 + ηα2 α4 ηα1 α3 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − ρ+
5!2 1 2 3 4 15
π2
  
8
i (ηα1 α2 kα3 kα4 + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − −
4! 3
1
(ηα α kα kα + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 + ηα1 α3 kα2 kα4 + ηα1 α4 kα2 kα3 + ηα2 α3 kα1 kα4 +
24 1 2 3 4
 
101
ηα2 α4 kα1 kα3 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + 2C − ρ−
15
∞
)
π2
  X
47
i kα1 kα2 kα3 kα4 ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − + an (ν − 4)n . (5.5)
30 30 n=1

The exact value of the convolution we are interested in, i.e., the left hand
side of (5.5), is given by the independent term in the above expansion, as it is
well-known. If the reader is not familiar with this situation, see for instance
[6]. We reach

ΣGα1 α2 α3 α4 (k) = kα1 kα2 (ρ − i0)−1 ∗ kα3 kα4 (ρ − i0)−1 = −

iπ 2
 
46 2
(ηα α ηα α + ηα2 α3 ηα1 α4 + ηα2 α4 ηα1 α3 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − ρ−
5!2 1 2 3 4 15

12
 π2
  
8
i (ηα1 α2 kα3 kα4 + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − −
4! 3
1
(ηα α kα kα + ηα3 α4 kα1 kα2 + ηα1 α3 kα2 kα4 + ηα1 α4 kα2 kα3 + ηα2 α3 kα1 kα4 +
24 1 2 3 4
 
101
ηα2 α4 kα1 kα3 ) ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + 2C − ρ−
15
π2
 
47
i kα1 kα2 kα3 kα4 ln(ρ − i0) + ln π + C − . (5.6)
30 30
We have to deal with 1296 diagrams of this kind.

6 Including Axions into the picture

Axions are hypothetical elementary particles postulated by the Peccei–Quinn
theory in 1977 to tackle the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics.
If they exist and have low enough mass (within a certain range), they could
be of interest as possible components of cold dark matter [14].
We include now a massive scalar field (axions) interacting with the graviton.
The Lagrangian becomes
1 p 1 1
LGM = 2
R |g| − ηµv ∂α hµα ∂β hvβ − [hµv ∂µ φ∂v φ + m2 φ2 ]. (6.1)
κ 2 2
We can now recast the Lagrangian in the fashion

LGM = LL + LI + LLM + LIM , (6.2)

where
1
LLM = − [∂µ φ∂ µ φ + m2 φ2 ], (6.3)
2
so that LIM becomes the Lagrangian for the axion-graviton action
1
LIM = − κφµν ∂µ φ∂ν φ. (6.4)
2
The new term in the interaction Hamiltonian is
∂LIM 0
HIM = ∂ φ − LIM . (6.5)
∂∂ 0 φ

13
7 The complete Self Energy of the Graviton
The presence of axions generates a new contribution to the graviton’s self
energy

ΣGM µrvs (k) = kµ kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ kv ks (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 . (7.1)

So as to compute it we appeal to the usual ν dimensional integral together

with the Feynman-parameters denoted by the letter x. After a Wick rotation
we obtain
Z1 Z
kµ kr (pv − kv )(ps − ks ) ν
[kµ kr (ρ+m2 −i0)−1 ∗kv ks (ρ+m2 −i0)−1 ]ν = i d kdx,
[(k − px)2 + a]2
0
(7.2)
where

a = p 2 x − p 2 x2 + m 2 . (7.3)
After the variables-change u = k − px we find

Z1 Z
2 −1 2 −1 f (u, x, µ, r, v, s) ν
[kµ kr (ρ + m − i0) ∗ kv ks (ρ + m − i0) ]ν = i d udx,
(u2 + a)2
0
(7.4)
where

f (u, x, µ, r, v, s) = uµ ur pv ps (1 − x)2 + uµ ur uv us − uµ us pr pv x(1 − x)−

uµ uv pr ps x(1 − x) − ur us pµ pv x(1 − x) − ur uv pµ ps x(1 − x)+

pµ pr pv ps x2 (1 − x)2 + uv us pµ pr x2 . (7.5)
After evaluation of the pertinent integrals we arrive at

[kµ kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ kv ks (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ]ν =

ν
(ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr )mν−2 π 2  ν
i Γ 1− ×
8 2
    
ν 3 ρ 1 ν 5 ρ
F 1, 1 − , ; − 2 + F 1, 1 − , ; − 2 +
2 2 4m 3 2 2 4m

14
 ν
π 2 mν  ν   ν 
 
ν 3 ρ
i(ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηvr ) Γ Γ − F 1, − , ; − 2 −
4 2 2 2 2 4m
ν
mν−2 π 2
i(ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks ) ×
48
 
 ν ν 5 ρ
Γ 1− F 2, 1 − , ; − 2 +
2 2 2 4m
ν
mν−4 π 2 
 
ν ν 5 ρ
ikµ kr kv ks Γ 2− F 2, 2 − , ; − 2 . (7.6)
12 2 2 2 4m

7.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4

We need again a Laurent’s expansion and face

[kµ kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ kv ks (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ]ν =

π2
  
2 1 1 ρ
−i m (ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr ) + −
ν−4 3 5 4m2
2m4 (ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηrv )×
 
1 1 ρ 1  ρ 2
+ + −
8 6 4m2 15 4m2
m2
(ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
4m2 + k 2 − i0
k 2 − m2 m2 k 2 − m2 ρ

1
+ + − kµ kr kv ks +
12 4 30 4m2 6
m2 π 2
i (ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr )×
2
 
1 2 1 ρ 2


(ln m + ln π + C − 1) + ln m + ln π + C +
3 5 4m2
m2 π 2 ρ
i (ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr ) 2 ×
30 4m
    
7 ρ 1 9 ρ
F 1, 1, ; − 2 + F 1, 1, ; − 2 +
2 4m 7 2 4m
−i2π 2 m4 (ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηvr )×

15
  
1 1 ρ 1  ρ 2
− − + ×
8 6 4m2 15 4m2
 
2

1 3 1 ρ 
ln m + ln π + 1 − − −
2 32 3 4m2
2π 2 m4  ρ 3  
9 ρ
i (ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηvr ) F 1, 1, ; − 2 −
105 4m2 2 4m
π 2 m2 (k 2 − m2 )
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
12(4m2 + k 2 − i0

k2
   
1 2 1 1 2
ln m + ln π + C − + ln m + ln π + C −
2 4 5 4m2
π 2 m2
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
8(4m2 + k 2 − i0
k2 k2 k2
  
2 2 1
m ln m + ln π + C − + + −
4 6 15 4m2
π 2 m2
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
10
  2 2
k 2 − m2

9 ρ k
2 2
F 1, 1, ; − 2 −
21(4m + k − i0) 2 4m 4m2
π2 k2
 
2


i kµ kr kv ks ln m + ln π + −
12 4m2 + k 2 − i0
π 2 m2 k 2 − m2 k2 k2
 
7
i kµ kr kv ks 2 F 1, 1, ; − 2 +
30 4m + k 2 − i0 4m2 2 4m
∞
X
an (ν − 4)n . (7.7)
n=0

Again, the exact result for our four-dimensional convolution becomes

ΣGM µvrs (k) = kµ kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ kv ks (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 =

m2 π 2
i (ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr )×
2
 
1 2 1 ρ 2


(ln m + ln π + C − 1) + ln m + ln π + C +
3 5 4m2

16
 m2 π 2 ρ
i (ηµr kv ks + ηvs kµ kr ) 2 ×
30 4m
    
7 ρ 1 9 ρ
F 1, 1, ; − 2 + F 1, 1, ; − 2 +
2 4m 7 2 4m
−i2π 2 m4 (ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηvr )×
 
1 1 ρ 1  ρ 2
− − + ×
8 6 4m2 15 4m2
 
2

1 3 1 ρ 
ln m + ln π + 1 − − +
2 32 3 4m2
2π 2 m4  ρ 3  
9 ρ
i (ηµr ηvs + ηµv ηrs + ηµs ηvr ) F 1, 1, ; − 2 −
105 4m2 2 4m
π 2 m2 (k 2 − m2 )
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
12(4m2 + k 2 − i0

k2
   
1 2 1 1 2
ln m + ln π + C − + ln m + ln π + C −
2 4 5 4m2
π 2 m2
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
8(4m2 + k 2 − i0
k2 k2 k2
  
2 2 1
m ln m + ln π + C − + + −
4 6 15 4m2
π 2 m2
i (ηµs kr kv + ηµv kr ks + ηrs kµ kv + ηrv kµ ks )×
10
  2 2
k 2 − m2

9 ρ k
2 2
F 1, 1, ; − 2 −
21(4m + k − i0) 2 4m 4m2
π2 k2
 
2


i kµ kr kv ks ln m + ln π − −
12 4m2 + k 2 − i0
π 2 m2 k 2 − m2 k2 k2
 
7
i kµ kr kv ks 2 F 1, 1, ; − 2 (7.8)
30 4m + k 2 − i0 4m2 2 4m
We have to deal with 9 diagrams of this kind.
Accordingly, our desired self-energy total is a combination of ΣGα1 α2 α3 α4 (k)
and ΣGM α1 α2 α3 α4 (k).

17
8 Self Energy of the Axion
Here the self-energy is

Σµs (k) = (η µr η vs + η µs η vr )kv kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ (ρ − i0)−1 . (8.1)

In ν dimensions one has

Z
2 −1 −1 kv kr
[kv kr (ρ + m − i0) ∗ (ρ − i0) ]ν = dν k.
+ (k 2 m2
− i0)[(p − k)2 − i0]
(8.2)
With the Feynman parameters used above we obtain
Z1 Z
2 −1 −1 kv kr
[kv kr (ρ + m − i0) ∗ (ρ − i0) ]ν = i 2 2
dν kdx, (8.3)
[(k − px) + a]
0

where
a = (p2 + m2 )x − p2 x2 . (8.4)
We evaluate the integral (8.3) and find

[kv kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ (ρ − i0)−1 ]ν =

ν
ηvr mν−2 π 2  ν  ν ν ρ 
i Γ 1− F 1, 1 − , + 1; − 2 +
ν 2 2 2 m
ν−4 ν2
2ikv kr m π  ν   ν ν ρ 
Γ 2− F 1, 2 − , + 2; − 2 . (8.5)
ν+2 2 2 2 m

8.1 Self-Energy evaluation for ν = 4

Once again, we Laurent-expand, this time (8.5) around ν = 4, encountering

[kv kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ (ρ − i0)−1 ]ν =

ηvr m2
  
2 1
iπ − 2kv kr +
ν−4 2
ηvr m2
  
1 ρ 2 1
1+ ln m + ln π + C − −
4 3 m2 2
   
1 ρ kv kr 2 1
1+ − ln m + ln π + C − +
9 m2 3 2

18
 1  ρ  ηvr m2 ρ
  
kv kr ρ 
− F 1, 1, 5; − +
4 m2 12 m2 3 m2
∞
)
X
an (ν − 4)n (8.6)
n=1

The ν-independent term gives the exact convolution result we are looking
for:
Σvr (k) = kv kr (ρ + m2 − i0)−1 ∗ (ρ − i0)−1 =
ηvr m2
   
2 1 ρ 2 1
iπ 1+ ln m + ln π + C − −
4 3 m2 2
   
1 ρ kv kr 2 1
1+ − ln m + ln π + C − +
9 m2 3 2
1  ρ  ηvr m2 ρ
   
kv kr ρ 
− F 1, 1, 5; − 2 (8.7)
4 m2 12 m2 3 m

9 Discussion
We have developed above the quantum field theory (QFT) of Eintein’s gravity
(EG), that is both unitary and finite. Our results critically depend on the use
of a rather novel constraint the we introduced in defining the EG-Lagrangian.
Laurent expansions were an indispensable tool for us.
In order to quantize the theory we appealed to the variational principle of
Schwinger-Feynman’s. This process leads to just one graviton type φ12 .
The underlying mathematics used in this effort has been developed by Bollini
et al. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. This mathematics is powerful enough so as to be able to
quantize non-renormalizable field theories [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
We have evaluated here in finite and exact fashion, for the first time as far
as we know, several quantities:

• the graviton’s self-energy in the EG-field. This requires full use of the
theory of distributions, appealing to the possibility of creating with
them a ring with divisors of zero.

19
• the above self-energy in the added presence of a massive scalar field
(axions, for instance). Two types of diagram ensue: the original ones
of the pure EG field plus the ones originated by the addition of a scalar
field.

• The axion’s self-energy.

• Our central results revolve around Eqs. (5.6) and (7.8), corresponding
to the graviton’s self-energy, without and with the added presence of
axions. Also, we give the axion’s self-energy.

20
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Phys. Rev. 172, 1303 (1968).

[2] C. G. Bollini, T. Escobar and M. C. Rocca : Int. J. of Theor. Phys. 38,

2315 (1999).

[3] C. G. Bollini and M. C. Rocca : Int. J. of Theor. Phys. 43, 1019 (2004).

[4] C. G. Bollini and M. C. Rocca : Int. J. of Theor. Phys. 43, 59 (2004).

[5] C. G. Bollini, P. Marchiano and M. C. Rocca : Int. J. of Theor. Phys.

46, 3030 (2007).

[6] A. Plastino, M. C. Rocca: J. Phys. Commun. 2, 115029 (2018).

[7] A. Grothendieck: Produits Tensoriels Topologiques et Espaces Nucleaires

Mem. Amer. Math Soc. 16 1955.

[8] J. Sebastiao e Silva : Math. Ann. 136, 38 (1958).

[9] R. P. Feynman: Acta Phys. Pol. 24, 697 (1963).

[10] A.Visconti:Quantum Field Theory. Pergamon Press (1969).

[11] R. Delbourgo and V. B. Prasad: J. Phys. G: Nuclear Physics 1, 377

(1975).

[12] D. G. Barci, C.G. Bollini, M. C. Rocca: Il Nuovo Cimento 108, 797

(1995).

[13] H. Kleinert Particles and Quantum Fields Free web version (2016).

[14] R. D. Peccei, The Strong CP Problem and Axions, in Kuster, Markus;

Raffelt, Georg; Beltrán, Berta (eds.) Axions: Theory, Cosmology, and
Experimental Searches, Lecture Notes in Physics, 741 (2008) 3–17.

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