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    Real-Time Operating Systems: Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi

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    Jonny Mestamia
    Here are the key concepts from the material in true/false questions: 1. Critical section - A region of code that can only be executed by one task at a time to prevent race conditions when accessing shared resources. TRUE 2. Shared resources - Resources that can be accessed by multiple tasks such as memory, I/O ports, files. TRUE 3. Task - A unit of work in an RTOS. TRUE 4. Context switch - The process of storing the state of the currently running task and restoring the state of another task so the latter can run. TRUE 5. Kernel - The core component of an RTOS that manages tasks, scheduling, interrupts and hardware abstractions. TRUE

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    Real-Time Operating Systems: Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi

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    Jonny Mestamia
    85 views21 pages
    Here are the key concepts from the material in true/false questions: 1. Critical section - A region of code that can only be executed by one task at a time to prevent race conditions when accessing shared resources. TRUE 2. Shared resources - Resources that can be accessed by multiple tasks such as memory, I/O ports, files. TRUE 3. Task - A unit of work in an RTOS. TRUE 4. Context switch - The process of storing the state of the currently running task and restoring the state of another task so the latter can run. TRUE 5. Kernel - The core component of an RTOS that manages tasks, scheduling, interrupts and hardware abstractions. TRUE

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    Here are the key concepts from the material in true/false questions: 1. Critical section - A region of code that can only be executed by one task at a time to prevent race conditions when accessing shared resources. TRUE 2. Shared resources - Resources that can be accessed by multiple tasks such as memory, I/O ports, files. TRUE 3. Task - A unit of work in an RTOS. TRUE 4. Context switch - The process of storing the state of the currently running task and restoring the state of another task so the latter can run. TRUE 5. Kernel - The core component of an RTOS that manages tasks, scheduling, interrupts and hardware abstractions. TRUE

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    85 views21 pages

    Real-Time Operating Systems: Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi

    Uploaded by

    Jonny Mestamia
    Here are the key concepts from the material in true/false questions: 1. Critical section - A region of code that can only be executed by one task at a time to prevent race conditions when accessing shared resources. TRUE 2. Shared resources - Resources that can be accessed by multiple tasks such as memory, I/O ports, files. TRUE 3. Task - A unit of work in an RTOS. TRUE 4. Context switch - The process of storing the state of the currently running task and restoring the state of another task so the latter can run. TRUE 5. Kernel - The core component of an RTOS that manages tasks, scheduling, interrupts and hardware abstractions. TRUE

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    of 21

    REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

    Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi

    Department of Software Engineering


    Faculty of Computing
    Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
    email : [email protected]
    Real-Time Operating Systems

    n RTOS provides an "abstraction


    layer" that hides from application
    software the hardware details of
    the processor (or set of processors)
    upon which the application
    software will run.
    n In the development of real-time
    embedded systems, the use of a
    RTOS will increase the software
    productivity and improve the
    performance of the real-time
    system.
    2
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    RTOS vs. General OS
    1. RTOS ability to schedule tasks on the basis of
    external events, which are signaled to the
    computer by interrupts.
    2. RTOS is that their command interpreters are
    usually rather simple and they do not include
    many utility programs.
    3. The goal of RTOS is usually to serve the system
    it controls rather than human users
    4. RTOS Deterministic timing behavior in RTOS
    using mathematical formulas used to provide the
    service time must strictly algebraic & not include
    random timing components to avoid delay & miss
    deadlines.
    3
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    Structure
    §The overall controller of all computer programs
    §Directly controls all scheduling, mutual exclusion, data
    transfer and synchronization activities.

    nConsistsof software
    which handles the
    hardware of the system.
    Executive
    Application Real-world
    program Kernel interfaces
    Interfaces

    nSelf-explanatory

    §Provide detailed facilities to the executive.


    §Called by the executive: executive behaves as the
    manager & kernel as the executor. 4
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    Basic Services
    synchronization and
    mutual exclusion Scheduling

    Share RAM Such as task delays


    among tasks & time-out

    <optional>

    <optional>

    Organizing & accessing hardware device


    5
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    Basic Services
    n Task Management

    n This set of services allows application software


    developers to design their software as a number of
    separate "chunks" or “task”of software

    n The main RTOS service in this category is the


    scheduling of tasks as the embedded system is in
    operation.

    n Controls the execution of application software tasks,


    and can make them run in a very timely and
    responsive fashion.

    6
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    Basic Services
    n Inter-task Communication and Synchronization

    n It possible for tasks to pass information from one to


    another, without danger of that information ever
    being damaged.

    n They also make it possible for tasks to coordinate, so


    that they can productively cooperate with one
    another.

    7
    Real-Time Operating Systems
    Basic Services
    n Dynamic Memory Allocation Services

    n allows tasks to "borrow" chunks of RAM memory


    for temporary use in application software. The
    memory are then passed from task to task, as a means
    of quickly communicating large amounts of data
    between tasks.

    n very small RTOS kernels that are intended for tightly


    memory-limited environments, do not offer this
    service.

    8
    Example RTOS’s
    n Micrium µc/OS II
    http://www.ucos-ii.com/
    n AvrX
    http://www.barello.net/avrx/
    n RTLinux
    http://fsmlabs.com/developers/man_pages/
    n QNX Neutrino
    http://www.qnx.com/

    9
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n What is µC/OS-II ?
    n MicoController Operating System Version 2
    n based on uCOS 1.0 first published in 1992
    n developed and tested on a PC (Windows 95,
    Borland International C/C++ compiler V3.1-
    v4.5)
    n uCOS-II is actually targeted for embedded
    systems
    n Thousands of people around the world are
    using µC/OS in all kinds of applications .

    10
    Books and Resources

    n MicroC/OS-II The Real-Time Kernel Second


    Edition
    n Jean J. Labrosse,
    n CMP Books, 1992
    n MicroC/OS-II e-book (1st edition)
    n Jean J. Labrosse
    n CMP Books, 1999.
    Homepage: www.micrium.com

    11
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n Features
    n Portable
    n most of µC/OS-II is written in ANSI C
    n only target microprocessor-specific code written in
    assembly language
    n µC/OS-II can be ported to a large number of
    microprocessors as long as the microprocessor
    provides a stack pointer and the CPU registers can
    be pushed onto and popped from the stack.
    n µC/OS-II can run on

    n most 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or even 64-bit


    microprocessors or micro-controllers and, DSPs

    12
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n Features (continued)

    n ROMable
    n µC/OS-II was designed for embedded application
    n embed µC/OS-II as part of your product

    n Source code
    n ALL the source code for µC/OS-II are provided

    13
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n Features (continued)
    n Scalable
    n you can use only the services you need in your
    application
    n this feature can reduce the amount of memory (both
    RAM and ROM)
    n can reduce both the code and data space required by
    µC/OS-II.
    n Preemptive multitasking
    n fully preemptive real-time kernel
    n always run the highest priority task that is ready

    n µC/OS-II can manage up to 64 tasks (8 of these


    tasks for system use) 14
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n Features (continued)
    n Deterministic
    n execution time of all µC/OS-II function and
    services are deterministic
    n can always know how much time µC/OS-II will
    take to execute a function or a service.
    n Task stacks
    n each task requires its own stack
    n each task can have a different stack size -> reduce
    the amount of RAM needed in your application.
    n stack checking feature – to determine exactly how
    much stack space each task actually requires
    15
    µC/OS-II Introduction
    n Features (continued)
    n Services
    n mailbox, queue, semaphore, time related function
    and so on
    n Interrupt Management
    n interrupt can suspend the execution of a task or
    resume the execution of a task
    n interrupt can be nested up to 255 levels deep

    16
    µC/OS-II Introduction

    n Features (continued)
    n Robust and Reliable
    n µCOS-II is based µuCOS,which has been used in
    hundreds of commercial applications since 1992
    n Applications : cameras, medical instruments,
    musical instruments, engine controls, network
    adapters, highway telephone call boxes, ATM
    machines, industrial robots, and many more.

    17
    µC/OS-II Architecture

    Application Software

    uCOS-II uCOS-II Configuration


    Software
    Microprocessor Independent Application Specific

    uCOS-II Port
    Microprocessor Dependent

    Microprocessor Timer Hardware

    18
    Revision on RTS Concepts
    n Given the material from Chapter 2 of Labrosse., we will conduct a
    short group quiz on these. T/F question.
    n Critical section n Assigning task priorities
    n Shared resources n Mutual exclusion
    n Task n Deadlock
    n Context switch n Synchronization
    n Kernel n Event Flags
    n Scheduler n Intertask communication
    n Preemptive & Non- n Message Queues
    Preemptive kernel
    n Interrupts Latency
    n Reentrancy
    n Interrupts Response
    n Round-Robin scheduling
    n Interrupts Recovery
    n Task Priority
    n ISR Processing time
    n Static priorities
    n NMIs
    n Dynamic priorities
    n Clock Tick
    n Priority inversions
    n Memory Requirements 19
    RTS Concepts
    Student Teams-Achievement Division
    n Teaching phase – base on RTS concepts
    (from lecture & the given reference)
    1. The students work in teams to make sure that
    everyone has mastered the concepts.
    2. Each student individually takes a quiz.
    3. Next, the students take the test in group.
    4. If students meet or exceed their previous
    averages with their quiz scores, they get
    point that are summed according to team
    membership.
    20
    Thank You.

    21

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