1.2.

CONVERSION FACTORS
Table 1-6 Common Units and Conversion Factors*

Mass (M)

1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams

= 0.45359 kilogram
= 7000 grains
1 slug = 32.174 pounds mass
1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass
1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms
= 2204.62 pounds mass
1 pound-mole = 453.59 gram-moles

Length (L)

1 foot = 30.480 centimeters

= 0.3048 meter
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
= 0.0254 meters
( )
1 mile U.S. = 1.60935 kilometers
1 yard = 0.9144 meter

Area (L2 )

1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters

= 0.09290304 square meter
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square yard = 0.836127 square meter

Volume (L3 )

1 cubic foot = 28, 316.85 cubic centimeters

= 0.02831685 cubic centimeter
= 28.31685 liters
= 7.481 gallon (U.S. )
1 gallon = 3.7853 liters
= 231 cubic inches

Time (θ)

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 1 hour (h) = 60 minutes (min)
= 3600 seconds (s)

Temperature (T)

1 centigrade or Celsius degree = 1.8 Fahrenheit degrees

Temperature, Kelvin = T °C + 273.15
Temperature, Rankine = T °F + 459.7
Temperature, Fahrenheit = 9 / 5 T °C + 32
Temperature, Celsius or centigrade = 5 / 9 (T °F − 32)
Temperature, Rankine = 1.8T K

Force (F)

1 pound force = 444 , 822.2 dynes

= 4 , 448222 newtons (N)
= 32.174 poundals

Pressure (F/L2 )

 Normal atmospheric pressure

1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C (density 13.595 g/cm )

3

= 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F

= 14.696 pounds force/square inch
= 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F
= 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter
= 1.01325 × 105 newtons/square meter

Density (M/L3 )

1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 gram/cubic centimeter

= 16.01846 kilograms/cubic centimeter

Energy (H or FL)

1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories

= 1054.4 joules
= 777.97 foot-pounds force
= 10.409 liter-atmospheres
= 0.2930 watthour

Diffusivity (L2 /θ)

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 1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm 2 /s
= 2.58 × 10−5 m2 /s

Viscosity (M/Lθ)

1 pound mass/foot-hour = 0.00413 g/cm s

= 0.000413 kg/m s
1 centipoise (cP ) = 0.01 poise (P)
= 0.01 g/cm s
= 0.001 kg/m s
= 0.000672 lbm/ft s
= 0.0000209 lbf-s/ft2

Thermal conductivity [H/θ L2 (T/L)]

1 Btu/h ft2 (° F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (° C/cm)

= 1.728 J/s m2 (° C/cm)

Heat transfer coefficient

1 Btu/h ft 2 °F = 5.678 J/s m 2 °C

Heat capacity (H/MT )

1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C
= 4184 J/kg °C

Gas constant

1.987 Btu/lbm mol °R = 1.987 cal/mol K

= 82.057 atm cm3 /mol K
= 0.7302 atm ft3 /lbmol °F
= 10.73 (lbf/in2 ) (ft3 ) /lb mol °R

= 1545 (lbf/ft 2 ) (ft3 ) /lb mol °R

= 8.314 (N/m2 ) (m3 ) /mol K

Gravitational acceleration

g = 9.8066 m/s2
= 32.174 ft/s 2

NOTE: U.S. Customary units, or British units, on left and SI units on right.

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 *Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley & Sons, 1980.

Table 1-7 Alphabetical Listing of Common Unit Conversions

To Convert from To Multiply by

acres square feet 43,560

acres square meters 4074

acres square miles 0.001563

acre-feet cubic meters 1233

ampere-hours (absolute) Coulombs (absolute) 3600

angstrom units inches 3.937 ×

10 −9

angstrom units meters 1 × 10 −10

angstrom units microns or micrometers 1 × 10 −4

atmospheres millimeters of mercury at 32°F 760

atmospheres dynes per square centimeter 1.0133 ×

10 6

atmospheres newtons per square meter 101,325

atmospheres feet of water at 39.1°F 33.90

atmospheres grams per square centimeter 1033.3

atmospheres inches of mercury at 32°F 29.921

atmospheres pounds per square foot 2116.3

atmospheres pounds per square inch 14.696

bags (cement) pounds (cement) 94

barrels (cement) pounds (cement) 376

barrels (oil) cubic meters 0.15899

barrels (oil) gallons 42

barrels (U.S. liquid) cubic meters 0.11924

barrels (U.S. liquid) gallons 31.5

barrels per day gallons per minute 0.02917

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

bars atmospheres 0.9869

bars newtons per square meter 1 × 10 5

bars pounds per square inch 14.504

board feet cubic feet 1/

12

boiler horsepower Btu per hour 33,480

boiler horsepower kilowatts 9.803

Btu calories (gram) 252

Btu celsius heat units (chu or pcu) 0.55556

Btu foot-pounds 777.9

Btu horsepower-hours 3.929 ×

10 −4

Btu joules 1055.1

Btu liter-atmospheres 10.41

Btu pounds carbon to CO 2 6.88 ×

10 −5

Btu pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F 0.001036

Btu cubic foot–atmospheres 0.3676

Btu kilowatt-hours 2.930 ×

10 −4

Btu per cubic foot joules per cubic meter 37,260

Btu per hour watts 0.29307

Btu per minute horsepower 0.02357

Btu per pound joules per kilogram 2326

Btu per pound per degree calories per gram per degree 1

 Fahrenheit  celsius

Btu per pound per degree joules per kilogram per degree 4186.8

 Fahrenheit  kelvin

Btu per second watts 1054.4

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

Btu per square foot per hour joules per square meter per second 3.1546

Btu per square foot per minute kilowatts per square foot 0.1758

Btu per square foot per second for a temperature calories, gram (15°C), per square centimeter per second for a temperature 1.2405
gradient of 1°F per inch gradient of 1°C per centimeter

Btu (60°F) per degree Fahrenheit calories per degree Celsius 453.6

Bushels (U.S. dry) cubic feet 1.2444

Bushels (U.S. dry) cubic meters 0.03524

calories, gram Btu 3.968 ×

10 −3

calories, gram foot-pounds 3.087

calories, gram joules 4.1868

calories, gram liter-atmospheres 4.130 ×

10 −2

calories, gram horsepower-hours 1.5591 ×

10 −6

calories, gram, per gram per degree C joules per kilogram per kelvin 4186.8

calories, kilogram kilowatt-hours 0.0011626

calories, kilogram per second kilowatts 4.185

candle power (spherical) lumens 12.556

carats (metric) grams 0.2

centigrade heat units Btu 1.8

centimeters Angstrom units 1 × 10 8

centimeters feet 0.03281

centimeters inches 0.3937

centimeters meters 0.01

centimeters microns or micrometers 10,000

centimeters of mercury at 0°C atmospheres 0.013158

centimeters of mercury at 0°C feet of water at 39.1°F 0.4460

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

centimeters of mercury at 0°C newtons per square meter 1333.2

centimeters of mercury at 0°C pounds per square foot 27.845

centimeters of mercury at 0°C pounds per square inch 0.19337

centimeters per second feet per minute 1.9685

centimeters of water at 4°C newtons per square meter 98.064

centistokes square meters per second 1 × 10 −6

circular mils square centimeters 5.067 ×

10 −6

circular mils square inches 7.854 ×

10 −7

circular mils square mils 0.7854

cords cubic feet 128

cubic centimeters cubic feet 3.532 ×

10 −5

cubic centimeters gallons 2.6417 ×

10 −4

cubic centimeters ounces (U.S. fluid) 0.03381

cubic centimeters quarts (U.S. fluid) 0.0010567

cubic feet Bushels (U.S.) 0.8036

cubic feet cubic centimeters 28,317

cubic feet cubic meters 0.028317

cubic feet cubic yards 0.03704

cubic feet gallons 7.481

cubic feet liters 28.316

cubic foot–atmospheres foot-pounds 2116.3

cubic foot–atmospheres liter-atmospheres 28.316

cubic feet of water (60°F) pounds 62.37

cubic feet per minute cubic centimeters per second 472.0

cubic feet per minute gallons per second 0.1247

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

cubic feet per second gallons per minute 448.8

cubic feet per second million gallons per day 0.64632

cubic inches cubic meters 1.6387 ×

10 −5

cubic yards cubic meters 0.76456

curies disintegrations per minute 2.2 × 10 12

curies coulombs per minute 1.1 × 10 12

degrees radians 0.017453

drams (apothecaries' or troy) grams 3.888

drams (avoirdupois) grams 1.7719

dynes newtons 1 × 10 −5

ergs joules 1 × 10 −7

Faradays Coulombs (abs.) 96,500

fathoms feet 6

feet meters 0.3048

feet per minute centimeters per second 0.5080

feet per minute miles per hour 0.011364

feet per (second) 2 meters per (second) 2 0.3048

feet of water at 39.2°F newtons per square meter 2989

foot-poundals Btu 3.995 ×

10 −5

foot-poundals joules 0.04214

foot-poundals liter-atmospheres 4.159 ×

10 −4

foot-pounds Btu 0.0012856

foot-pounds calories, gram 0.3239

foot-pounds foot-poundals 32.174

foot-pounds horsepower-hours 5.051 ×

10 −7

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

foot-pounds kilowatt-hours 3.766 ×

10 −7

foot-pounds liter-atmospheres 0.013381

foot-pounds force joules 1.3558

foot-pounds per second horsepower 0.0018182

foot-pounds per second kilowatts 0.0013558

furlongs miles 0.125

gallons (U.S. liquid) barrels (U.S. liquid) 0.03175

gallons cubic meters 0.003785

gallons cubic feet 0.13368

gallons gallons (imperial) 0.8327

gallons liters 3.785

gallons ounces (U.S. fluid) 128

gallons per minute cubic feet per hour 8.021

gallons per minute cubic feet per second 0.002228

grains grams 0.06480

grains pounds 1/
7000

grains per cubic foot grams per cubic meter 2.2884

grains per gallon parts per million 17.118

grams drams (avoirdupois) 0.5644

grams drams (troy) 0.2572

grams grains 15.432

grams kilograms 0.001

grams pounds (avoirdupois) 0.0022046

grams pounds (troy) 0.002679

grams per cubic centimeter pounds per cubic foot 62.43

grams per cubic centimeter pounds per gallon 8.345

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

grams per liter grains per gallon 58.42

grams per liter pounds per cubic foot 0.0624

grams per square centimeter pounds per square foot 2.0482

grams per square centimeter pounds per square inch 0.014223

hectares acres 2.471

hectares square meters 10,000

horsepower (British) btu per minute 42.42

horsepower (British) btu per hour 2545

horsepower (British) foot-pounds per minute 33,000

horsepower (British) foot-pounds per second 550

horsepower (British) watts 745.7

horsepower (British) horsepower (metric) 1.0139

horsepower (British) pounds carbon to CO 2 per hour 0.175

horsepower (British) pounds water evaporated per hour at 212°F 2.64

horsepower (metric) foot-pounds per second 542.47

horsepower (metric) kilogram-meters per second 75.0

hours (mean solar) seconds 3600

inches meters 0.0254

inches of mercury at 60°F newtons per square meter 3376.9

inches of water at 60°F newtons per square meter 248.84

joules (absolute) Btu (mean) 9.480 ×

10 −4

joules (absolute) calories, gram (mean) 0.2389

joules (absolute) cubic foot–atmospheres 0.3485

joules (absolute) foot-pounds 0.7376

joules (absolute) kilowatt-hours 2.7778 ×

10 −7

joules (absolute) liter-atmospheres 0.009869

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

kilocalories joules 4186.8

kilograms pounds (avoirdupois) 2.2046

kilograms force newtons 9.807

kilograms per square centimeter pounds per square inch 14.223

kilometers miles 0.6214

kilowatt-hours Btu 3414

kilowatt-hours foot-pounds 2.6552 ×

10 6

kilowatts horsepower 1.3410

knots (international) meters per second 0.5144

knots (nautical miles per hour) miles per hour 1.1516

lamberts candles per square inch 2.054

liter-atmospheres cubic foot–atmospheres 0.03532

liter-atmospheres foot-pounds 74.74

liters cubic feet 0.03532

liters cubic meters 0.001

liters gallons 0.26418

lumens watts 0.001496

micromicrons microns or micrometers 1 × 10 −6

microns angstrom units 1 × 10 4

microns meters 1 × 10 −6

miles (nautical) feet 6080

miles (nautical) miles (U.S. statute) 1.1516

miles feet 5280

miles meters 1609.3

miles per hour feet per second 1.4667

miles per hour meters per second 0.4470

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

milliliters cubic centimeters 1

millimeters meters 0.001

millimeters of mercury at 0°C newtons per square meter 133.32

millimicrons microns 0.001

mils inches 0.001

mils meters 2.54 ×

10 −5

minims (U.S.) cubic centimeters 0.06161

minutes (angle) radians 2.909 ×

10 −4

minutes (mean solar) seconds 60

newtons kilograms 0.10197

ounces (avoirdupois) kilograms 0.02835

ounces (avoirdupois) ounces (troy) 0.9115

ounces (U.S. fluid) cubic meters 2.957 ×

10 −5

ounces (troy) ounces (apothecaries') 1.000

pints (U.S. liquid) cubic meters 4.732 ×

10 −4

poundals newtons 0.13826

pounds (avoirdupois) grains 7000

pounds (avoirdupois) kilograms 0.45359

pounds (avoirdupois) pounds (troy) 1.2153

pounds per cubic foot grams per cubic centimeter 0.016018

pounds per cubic foot kilograms per cubic meter 16.018

pounds per square foot atmospheres 4.725 ×

10 −4

pounds per square foot kilograms per square meter 4.882

pounds per square inch atmospheres 0.06805

pounds per square inch kilograms per square centimeter 0.07031

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 To Convert from To Multiply by

pounds per square inch newtons per square meter 6894.8

pounds force newtons 4.4482

pounds force per square foot newtons per square meter 47.88

pounds water evaporated from and at 212°F horsepower-hours 0.379

pound-celsius units (pcu) Btu 1.8

quarts (U.S. liquid) cubic meters 9.464 ×

10 −4

radians degrees 57.30

revolutions per minute radians per second 0.10472

seconds (angle) radians 4.848 ×

10 −6

slugs g pounds 1

slugs kilograms 14.594

slugs pounds 32.17

square centimeters square feet 0.0010764

square feet square meters 0.0929

square feet per hour square meters per second 2.581 ×

10 −5

square inches square centimeters 6.452

square inches square meters 6.452 ×

10 −4

square yards square meters 0.8361

stokes square meters per second 1 × 10 −4

tons (long) kilograms 1016

tons (long) pounds 2240

tons (metric) kilograms 1000

tons (metric) pounds 2204.6

tons (metric) tons (short) 1.1023

tons (short) kilograms 907.18

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tons (short) pounds 2000

tons (refrigeration) Btu per hour 12,000

tons (British shipping) cubic feet 42.00

tons (U.S. shipping) cubic feet 40.00

torr (mm mercury, 0°C) newtons per square meter 133.32

watts Btu per hour 3.413

watts joules per second 1

watts kilogram-meters per second 0.10197

watthours joules 3600

yards meters 0.9144

Table 1-8 Conversion Factors: Commonly Used and Traditional Units to SI Units

The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

A ampere Gy gray Oe oersted

a annum (year) H henry Ω ohm

Bq becquerel h hour Pa pascal

C coulomb ha hectare rad radian

cd candela Hz hertz r revolution

Ci curie J joule S siemens

d day K kelvin s second

°C degree Celsius L, ℓ, l liter ″ second

° degree lm lumen sr steradian

dyn dyne lx lux St stokes

F farad m meter T tesla

fc footcandle min minute t tonne

G gauss ′ minute V volt

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

g gram N newton W watt

gr grain naut mi U.S. Wb weber

nautical
mile

Quantity Customary or commonly SI unit Alternate Conversion factor; multiply customary unit by
used unit SI unit factor to obtain SI unit

Space, time

Length naut mi km 1.852* E + 00

mi km 1.609 344* E + 00

chain m 2.011 68* E + 01

link m 2.011 68* E − 01

fathom m 1.828 8* E + 00

yd m 9.144* E − 01

ft m 3.048* E − 01

in cm 3.048* E + 01

in mm 2.54* E + 01

mil cm 2.54 E + 00

μm 2.54* E + 01

Length/length ft/mi m/km 1.893 939 E − 01

Length/volume ft/U.S. gal m/m3 8.051 964 E + 01

ft/ft3 m/m3 1.076 391 E + 01

ft/bbl m/m3 1.917 134 E + 00

Area mi2 km2 2.589 988 E + 00

section ha 2.589 988 E + 02

acre ha 4.046 856 E − 01

ha m2 1.000 000* E + 04

yd 2 m2 8.361 274 E − 01

ft 2 m2 9.290 304* E − 02

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

in2 mm2 6.451 6* E + 02

cm2 6.451 6* E + 00

Area/volume ft 2 /in3 m 2 /cm 3 5.699 291 E − 03

ft 2 /ft3 m 2 /m3 3.280 840 E + 00

Volume m3 km3 4.168 182 E + 00

acre · ft m3 1.233 482 E + 03

ha · m 1.233 482 E − 01

yd 3 m3 7.645 549 E + 01

bbl (42 U.S. gal) m3 1.589 873 E − 01

ft 3 m3 2.831 685 E − 02

dm3 L 2.831 685 E + 01

U.K. gal m3 4.546 092 E − 03

dm3 L 4.546 092 E + 00

U.S. gal m3 3.785 412 E − 03

dm3 L 3.785 412 E + 00

U.K. qt dm3 L 1.136 523 E + 00

U.S. qt dm3 L 9.463 529 E − 01

U.S. pt dm3 L 4.731 765 E − 01

U.K. fl oz cm3 2.841 307 E + 01

U.S. fl oz cm3 2.957 353 E + 01

in3 cm3 1.638 706 E + 01

Volume/length (linear bbl/in m3m 6.259 342 E + 00

displacement)

bbl/ft m 3 /m 5.216 119 E − 01

ft 3 /ft m 3 /m 9.290 304* E − 02

U.S. gal/ft m 3 /m 1.241 933 E − 02

L/m 1.241 933 E + 01

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Plane angle rad rad 1

deg (°) rad 1.745 329 E − 02

min (′) rad 2.908 882 E − 04

sec (″) rad 4.848 137 E − 06

Solid angle sr sr 1

Time year a 1

week d 7.0* E + 00

h s 3.6* E + 03

min 6.0* E + 01

min s 6.0* E + 01

h 1.666 667 E − 02

Mass, amount of substance

Mass U.K. ton Mg t 1.016 047 E + 00

U.S. ton Mg t 9.071 847 E − 01

U.K. cwt kg 5.080 234 E + 01

U.S. cwt kg 4.535 924 E + 01

lbm kg 4.535 924 E − 01

oz (troy) g 3.110 348 E + 01

oz (av) g 2.834 952 E + 01

gr mg 6.479 891 E + 01

Amount of substance lbmmol kmol 4.535 924 E − 01

std m 3 (0°C, 1 atm) kmol 4.461 58 E − 02

std ft 3 (60°F, 1 atm) kmol 1.195 30 E − 03

Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity

Caloric value, enthalpy (mass Btu/lbm MJ/kg 2.326 000 E − 03

basis)

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

kJ/kg J/g 2.326 000 E + 00

kWh/kg 6.461 112 E − 04

cal/g kJ/kg J/g 4.184* E + 00

cal/lbm J/kg 9.224 141 E + 00

Caloric value, enthalpy (mole kcal/(g · mol) kJ/kmol 4.184* E + 03

basis)

Btu/(lb · mol) kJ/kmol 2.326 000 E + 00

Caloric value (volume basis— Btu/U.S. gal MJ/m 3 kJ/dm3 2.787 163 E − 01
solids and liquids)

kJ/m3 2.787 163 E + 02

kWh/m3 7.742 119 E − 02

Btu/U.K. gal MJ/m 3 kJ/dm3 2.320 800 E − 01

kJ/m3 2.320 800 E + 02

Btu/ft 3 kWh/m3 6.446 667 E − 02

MJ/m 3 kJ/dm3 3.725 895 E − 02

kJ/m3 3.725 895 E + 01

kWh/m3 1.034 971 E − 02

cal/mL MJ/m 3 4.184* E + 00

(ft · lbf)/U.S. gal kJ/m3 3.581 692 E − 01

Caloric value (volume basis— cal/mL kJ/m3 J/dm3 4.184* E + 03

gases)

kcal/m3 kJ/m3 J/dm3 4.184* E + 00

Btu/ft 3 kJ/m3 J/dm3 3.725 895 E + 01

kWh/m3 1.034 971 E − 02

Specific entropy Btu/(lbm · °R) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 4.186 8* E + 00

cal/(g · K) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 4.184* E + 00

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

kcal/(kg · °C) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 4.184* E + 00

Specific heat capacity (mass kWh/(kg · °C) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 3.6* E + 03

basis)

Btu/(lbm · °F) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 4.186 8* E + 00

kcal/(kg · °C) kJ/(kg · K) J/(g · K) 4.184* E + 00

Specific heat capacity (mole Btu/(lb · mol · °F) kJ/(kmol · 4.186 8* E + 00

basis) K)

cal/(g · mol · °C) kJ/(kmol · 4.184* E + 00

K)

Temperature, pressure, vacuum

Temperature (absolute) °R K 5/9

K K 1

Temperature (traditional) °F °C 5/9(°F + 32)

Temperature (difference) °F K, °C 5/9

Pressure atm (760 mmHg at 0°C MPa 1.013 250* E − 01

or 14,696 psi)

kPa 1.013 250* E + 02

bar 1.013 250* E + 00

bar MPa 1.0* E + 01

kPa 1.0* E + 02

mmHg (0°C) = torr MPa 6.894 757 E − 03

kPa 6.894 757 E + 00

bar 6.894 757 E − 02

μmHg (0°C) kPa 3.376 85 E + 00

μ bar kPa 2.488 4 E − 01

mmHg = torr (0°C) kPa 1.333 224 E − 01

cmH2 O (4°C) kPa 9.806 38 E − 02

lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E − 02

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

mHg (0°C) Pa 1.333 224 E − 01

bar Pa 1.0* E + 05

dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E − 01

Vacuum, draft inHg (60°F) kPa 3.376 85 E + 00

inH2 O (39.2°F) kPa 2.490 82 E − 01

inH2 O (60°F) kPa 2.488 4 E − 01

mmHg (0°C) = torr kPa 1.333 224 E − 01

cmH2 O (4°C) kPa 9.806 38 E −02

Liquid head ft m 3.048* E − 01

in mm 2.54* E + 01

cm 2.54* E + 00

Pressure drop/length psi/ft kPa/m 2.262 059 E + 01

Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage

Density lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01

g/m3 1.601 846 E + 04

lbm/U.S. gal kg/m3 1.198 264 E + 02

g/cm3 1.198 264 E − 01

lbm/U.K. gal kg/m3 9.977 633 E + 01

lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01

g/cm3 1.601 846 E − 02

g/cm3 kg/m3 1.0* E + 03

lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01

Specific volume ft 3 /lbm m 3 /kg 6.242 796 E − 02

m 3 /g 6.242 796 E − 05

ft 3 /lbm dm3 /kg 6.242 796 E + 01

U.K. gal/lbm dm3 /kg cm3 /g 1.002 242 E + 01

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

U.S. gal/lbm dm3 /kg cm3 /g 8.345 404 E + 00

Specific volume (mole basis) L/(gmol) m 3 /kmol 1

ft 3 /(lbmol) m 3 /kmol 6.242 796 E − 02

Specific volume bbl/U.S. ton m 3 /t 1.752 535 E − 01

bbl/U.K. ton m 3 /t 1.564 763 E − 01

Yield bbl/U.S. ton dm3 /t L/t 1.752 535 E + 02

bbl/U.K. ton dm3 /t L/t 1.564 763 E + 02

U.S. gal/U.S. ton dm3 /t L/t 4.172 702 E + 00

U.S. gal/U.K. ton dm3 /t L/t 3.725 627 E + 00

Concentration (mass/mass) wt % kg/kg 1.0* E − 02

g/kg 1.0* E + 01

wt ppm mg/kg 1

Concentration (mass/volume) lbm/bbl kg/m3 g/dm3 2.853 010 E + 00

g/U.S. gal kg/m3 2.641 720 E − 01

g/U.K. gal kg/m3 g/L 2.199 692 E − 01

lbm/1000 U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.198 264 E + 02

lbm/1000 U.K. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 9.977 633 E + 01

gr/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.711 806 E + 01

gr/ft3 mg/m 3 2.288 351 E + 03

lbm/1000 bbl g/m3 mg/dm3 2.853 010 E + 00

mg/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 2.641 720 E − 01

gr/100 ft 3 mg/m 3 2.288 351 E + 01

Concentration (volume/volume) ft 3 /ft3 m 3 /m3 1

bbl/(acreft) m 3 /m3 1.288 931 E − 04

vol % m 3 /m3 1.0* E − 02

U.K. gal/ft3 dm3 /m3 L/m3 1.605 437 E + 02

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

U.S. gal/ft 3 dm3 /m3 L/m3 1.336 806 E + 02

mL/U.S. gal dm3 /m3 L/m3 2.641 720 E − 01

mL/U.K. gal dm3 /m3 L/m3 2.199 692 E − 01

vol ppm cm3 /m3 1

dm3 /m3 L/m3 1.0* E − 03

U.K. gal/1000 bbl cm3 /m3 2.859 403 E + 01

U.S. gal/1000 bbl cm3 /m3 2.380 952 E + 01

U.K. pt/1000 bbl cm3 /m3 3.574 253 E + 00

Concentration (mole/volume) (lbmol)/U.S. gal kmol/m3 1.198 264 E + 02

(lbmol)/U.K. gal kmol/m3 9.977 644 E + 01

(lbmol)/ft3 kmol/m3 1.601 846 E + 01

std ft 3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl kmol/m3 7.518 21 E − 03

Concentration (volume/mole) U.S. gal/1000 std ft 3 dm3 /kmol L/kmol 3.166 91 E + 00

(60°F/60°F)

bbl/million std ft 3 dm3 /kmol L/kmol 1.330 10 E − 01

(60°F/60°F)

Facility throughput, capacity

Throughput (mass basis) U.K. ton/yr t/a 1.016 047 E + 00

U.S. ton/yr t/a 9.071 847 E − 01

U.K. ton/day t/d 1.016 047 E + 00

t/h 4.233 529 E − 02

U.S. ton/day t/d 9.071 847 E − 01

t/h 3.779 936 E − 02

U.K. ton/h t/h 1.016 047 E + 00

U.S. ton/h t/h 9.071 847 E − 01

lbm/h kg/h 4.535 924 E − 01

Throughput (volume basis) bbl/day t/a 5.803 036 E + 01

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

m 3 /d 1.589 873 E − 01

ft 3 /day m 3 /h 1.179 869 E − 03

bbl/h m 3 /h 1.589 873 E − 01

ft 3 /h m 3 /h 2.831 685 E − 02

U.K. gal/h m 3 /h 4.546 092 E − 03

L/s 1.262 803 E − 03

U.S. gal/h m 3 /h 3.785 412 E − 03

L/s 1.051 503 E − 03

U.K. gal/min m 3 /h 2.727 655 E − 01

L/s 7.576 819 E − 02

U.S. gal/min m 3 /h 2.271 247 E − 01

L/s 6.309 020 E − 02

Throughput (mole basis) (lbmmol)/h kmol/h 4.535 924 E − 01

kmol/s 1.259 979 E − 04

Flow rate

Flow rate (mass basis) U.K. ton/min kg/s 1.693 412 E + 01

U.S. ton/min kg/s 1.511 974 E + 01

U.K. ton/h kg/s 2.822 353 E − 01

U.S. ton/h kg/s 2.519 958 E − 01

U.K. ton/day kg/s 1.175 980 E − 02

U.S. ton/day kg/s 1.049 982 E − 02

million lbm/yr kg/s 5.249 912 E + 00

U.K. ton/yr kg/s 3.221 864 E − 05

U.S. ton/yr kg/s 2.876 664 E − 05

lbm/s kg/s 4.535 924 E − 01

lbm/min kg/s 7.559 873 E − 03

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

lbm/h kg/s 1.259 979 E − 04

Flow rate (volume basis) bbl/day m 3 /d 1.589 873 E − 01

L/s 1.840 131 E − 03

ft 3 /day m 3 /d 2.831 685 E − 02

L/s 3.277 413 E − 04

bbl/h m 3 /s 4.416 314 E − 05

L/s 4.416 314 E − 02

ft 3 /h m 3 /s 7.865 791 E − 06

L/s 7.865 791 E − 03

U.K. gal/h dm3 /s L/s 1.262 803 E − 03

U.S. gal/h dm3 /s L/s 1.051 503 E − 03

U.K. gal/min dm3 /s L/s 7.576 820 E − 02

U.S. gal/min dm3 /s L/s 6.309 020 E − 02

ft 3 /min dm3 /s L/s 4.719 474 E − 01

ft 3 /s dm3 /s L/s 2.831 685 E + 01

Flow rate (mole basis) (lbmol)/s kmol/s 4.535 924 E − 01

(lbmol)/h kmol/s 1.259 979 E − 04

million scf/D kmol/s 1.383 45 E − 02

Flow rate/length (mass basis) lbm/(sft) kg/(sm) 1.488 164 E + 00

lbm/(hft) kg/(sm) 4.133 789 E − 04

Flow rate/length (volume basis) U.K. gal/(min · ft) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 2.485 833 E − 04

U.S. gal/(min · ft) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 2.069 888 E − 04

U.K. gal/(h · in) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 4.971 667 E − 05

U.S. gal/(h · in) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 4.139 776 E − 05

U.K. gal/(h · ft) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 4.143 055 E − 06

U.S. gal/(h · ft) m 2 /s m 3 /(s · m) 3.449 814 E − 06

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Flow rate/area (mass basis) lbm/(s · ft 2 ) kg/(s · m 2 ) 4.882 428 E + 00

lbm/(h · ft 2 ) kg/(s · m 2 ) 1.356 230 E − 03

Flow rate/area (volume basis) ft 3 /(s · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 3.048* E − 01

m2)

ft 3 /(min · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 5.08* E − 03

m2)

U.K. gal/(h · in 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 1.957 349 E − 03

m2)

U.S. gal/(h · in 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 1.629 833 E − 03

m2)

U.K. gal/(min · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 8.155 621 E − 04

m2)

U.S. gal/(min · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 6.790 972 E − 04

m2)

U.K. gal/(h · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 1.359 270 E − 05

m2)

U.S. gal/(h · ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s · 1.131 829 E − 05

m2)

Energy, work, power

Energy, work therm MJ 1.055 056 E + 02

kJ 1.055 056 E + 05

kWh 2.930 711 E + 01

U.S. tonf · mi MJ 1.431 744 E + 01

hp · h MJ 2.684 520 E + 00

kJ 2.684 520 E + 03

kWh 7.456 999 E − 01

ch · h or CV · h MJ 2.647 780 E + 00

kJ 2.647 780 E + 03

kWh 7.354 999 E − 01

kWh MJ 3.6* E + 00

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

kJ 3.6* E + 03

Chu kJ 1.899 101 E + 00

kWh 5.275 280 E − 04

Btu kJ 1.055 056 E + 00

kWh 2.930 711 E − 04

kcal kJ 4.184* E + 00

cal kJ 4.184* E − 03

ft · lbf kJ 1.355 818 E − 03

lbf · ft kJ 1.355 818 E − 03

J kJ 1.0* E − 03

(lbf · ft 2 )/s2 kJ 4.214 011 E − 05

erg J 1.0* E − 07

Impact energy kgf · m J 9.806 650* E + 00

lbf · ft J 1.355 818 E + 00

Surface energy erg/cm 2 mJ/m 2 1.0* E + 00

Specific-impact energy (kgf · m)/cm 2 J/cm2 9.806 650* E − 02

(lbf · ft)/in 2 J/cm2 2.101 522 E − 03

Power million Btu/h MW 2.930 711 E − 01

tons of refrigeration kW 3.516 853 E + 00

Btu/s kW 1.055 056 E + 00

kW kW 1

hydraulic horsepower kW 7.460 43 E − 01

(hhp)

hp (electric) kW 7.46* E − 01

hp [(550 ft · lbf)/s] kW 7.456 999 E − 01

ch or CV kW 7.354 999 E − 01

Btu/min kW 1.758 427 E − 02

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

(ft · lbf)/s kW 1.355 818 E − 03

kcal/h W 1.162 222 E + 00

Btu/h W 2.930 711 E − 01

(ft · lbf)/min W 2.259 697 E − 02

Power/area Btu/(s · ft 2 ) kW/m2 1.135 653 E + 01

cal/(h · cm 2 ) kW/m2 1.162 222 E − 02

Btu/(h · ft 2 ) kW/m2 3.154 591 E − 03

Heat-release rate, mixing power hp/ft3 kW/m3 2.633 414 E + 01

cal/(h · cm 3 ) kW/m3 1.162 222 E + 00

Btu/(s · ft 3 ) kW/m3 3.725 895 E + 01

Btu/(h · ft 3 ) kW/m3 1.034 971 E − 02

Cooling duty (machinery) Btu/(bhp · h) W/kW 3.930 148 E − 01

Specific fuel consumption lbm/(hp · h) mg/J kg/MJ 1.689 659 E − 01

(mass basis)

kg/kWh 6.082 774 E − 01

Specific fuel consumption m 3 /kWh dm3 /MJ mm3 /J 2.777 778 E + 02

(volume basis)

U.S. gal/(hp · h) dm3 /MJ mm3 /J 1.410 089 E + 00

U.K. pt/(hp · h) dm3 /MJ mm3 /J 2.116 806 E − 01

Fuel consumption U.K. gal/mi dm3 /100 L/100 km 2.824 807 E + 02

km

U.S. gal/mi dm3 /100 L/100 km 2.352 146 E + 02

km

mi/U.S. gal km/dm3 km/L 4.251 437 E − 01

mi/U.K. gal km/dm3 km/L 3.540 064 E − 01

Velocity (linear), speed knot km/h 1.852* E + 00

mi/h km/h 1.609 344* E + 00

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

ft/s m/s 3.048* E − 01

cm/s 3.048* E + 01

ft/min m/s 5.08* E − 03

ft/h mm/s 8.466 667 E − 02

ft/day mm/s 3.527 778 E − 03

m/d 3.048* E − 01

in/s mm/s 2.54* E + 01

in/min mm/s 4.233 333 E − 01

Corrosion rate in/yr (ipy) mm/a 2.54* E + 01

mil/yr mm/a 2.54* E − 02

Rotational frequency r/min r/s 1.666 667 E + 02

rad/s 1.047 198 E − 01

Acceleration (linear) ft/s 2 m/s 2 3.048* E − 01

cm/s2 3.048* E + 01

Acceleration (rotational) rpm/s rad/s2 1.047 198 E − 01

Momentum (lbm · ft)/s (kg · m)/s 1.382 550 E − 01

Force U.K. tonf kN 9.964 016 E + 00

U.S. tonf kN 8.896 443 E + 00

kgf N 9.806 650* E + 00

lbf N 4.448 222 E + 00

dyn mN 1.0 E − 02

Bending moment, torque U.S. tonf · ft kN · m 2.711 636 E + 00

kgf · m N·m 9.806 650* E + 00

lbf · ft N·m 1.355 818 E + 00

lbf · in N·m 1.129 848 E − 01

Bending moment/length (lbf · ft)/in (N · m)/m 5.337 866 E + 01

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

(lbf · in)/in (N · m)/m 4.448 222 E + 00

Moment of inertia lbm · ft 2 kg · m 2 4.214 011 E − 02

Stress U.S. tonf/in2 MPa N/mm2 1.378 951 E + 01

kgf/mm2 MPa N/mm2 9.806 650* E + 00

U.S. tonf/ft 2 MPa N/mm2 9.576 052 E − 02

lbf/in2 (psi) MPa N/mm2 6.894 757 E − 03

lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E − 02

dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E − 01

Mass/length lbm/ft kg/m 1.488 164 E + 00

Mass/area structural loading, U.S. ton/ft 2 Mg/m2 9.764 855 E + 00

 bearing capacity (mass basis) lbm/ft2 kg/m2 4.882 428 E + 00

Miscellaneous transport properties

Diffusivity ft 2 /s m 2 /s 9.290 304* E − 02

m 2 /s mm2 /s 1.0* E + 06

ft 2 /h m 2 /s 2.580 64* E − 05

Thermal resistance (°C · m 2 · h)/kcal (K · m 2 )/kW 8.604 208 E + 02

(°F · ft 2 · h)/Btu (K · m 2 )/kW 1.761 102 E + 02

Heat flux Btu/(h · ft 2 ) kW/m2 3.154 591 E − 03

Thermal conductivity (cal · cm)/(s · cm2 · °C) W/(m · K) 4.184* E + 02

(Btu · ft)/(h · ft 2 · °F) W/(m · K) 1.730 735 E + 00

(kJ · m)/(h · 6.230 646 E + 00

m 2 · K)

(kcal · m)/(h · m 2 · °C) W/(m · K) 1.162 222 E + 00

(Btu · in)/(h · ft 2 · °F) W/(m · K) 1.442 279 E − 01

(cal · cm)/(h · cm2 · °C) W/(m · K) 1.162 222 E − 01

Heat-transfer coefficient cal/(s · cm2 · °C) kW/(m2 · K) 4.184* E + 01

Btu/(s · ft 2 · °F) kW/(m2 · K) 2.044 175 E + 01

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

cal/(h · cm 2 · °C) kW/(m2 · K) 1.162 222 E − 02

Btu/(h · ft 2 · °F) kW/(m2 · K) 5.678 263 E − 03

kJ/(h · m 2 · 2.044 175 E + 01

K)

Btu/(h · ft 2 · °R) kW/(m2 · K) 5.678 263 E − 03

kcal/(h · m 2 · °C) kW/(m2 · K) 1.162 222 E − 03

Volumetric heat-transfer Btu/(s · ft 3 · °F) kW/(m3 · K) 6.706 611 E + 01

 coefficient Btu/(h · ft 3 · °F) kW/(m3 · K) 1.862 947 E − 02

Surface tension dyn/cm mN/m 1

Viscosity (dynamic) (lbf · s)/in 2 Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 6.894 757 E + 03

(lbf · s)/ft2 Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 4.788 026 E + 01

(kgf · s)/m 2 Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 9.806 650* E + 00

lbm/(ft · s) Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 1.488 164 E + 00

(dyn · s)/cm2 Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 1.0* E − 01

cP Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 1.0* E − 03

lbm/(ft · h) Pa · s (N · s)/m 2 4.133 789 E − 04

Viscosity (kinematic) ft 2 /s m 2 /s 9.290 304* E − 02

in2 /s mm2 /s 6.451 6* E + 02

m 2 /h mm2 /s 2.777 778 E + 02

ft 2 /h m 2 /s 2.580 64* E − 05

cSt mm2 /s 1

Permeability darcy μm2 9.869 233 E − 01

millidarcy μm2 9.869 233 E − 04

Thermal flux Btu/(h · ft 2 ) W/m 2 3.152 E + 00

Btu/(s · ft 2 ) W/m 2 1.135 E + 04

cal/(s · cm2 ) W/m 2 4.184 E + 04

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Mass-transfer coefficient (lbmol)/[h · m/s 8.467 E − 05

ft 2 (lbmol/ft3 )]

(gmol)/[s · m 2 (gmol/L)] m/s 1.0 E + 01

Electricity, magnetism

Admittance S S 1

Capacitance μF μF 1

Charge density C/mm 3 C/mm 3 1

Conductance S S 1

℧ (mho) S 1

Conductivity S/m S/m 1

℧/m S/m 1

m℧/m mS/m 1

Current density A/mm2 A/mm2 1

Displacement C/cm2 C/cm2 1

Electric charge C C 1

Electric current A A 1

Electric-dipole moment C·m C·m 1

Electric-field strength V/m V/m 1

Electric flux C C 1

Electric polarization C/cm2 C/cm2 1

Electric potential V V 1

mV mV 1

Electromagnetic moment A · m2 A · m2 1

Electromotive force V V 1

Flux of displacement C C 1

Frequency cycles/s Hz 1

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Impedance Ω Ω 1

Linear-current density A/mm A/mm 1

Magnetic-dipole moment Wb · m Wb · m 1

Magnetic-field strength A/mm A/mm 1

Oe A/m 7.957 747 E + 01

gamma A/m 7.957 747 E + 04

Magnetic flux mWb mWb 1

Magnetic-flux density mT mT 1

G T 1.0* E − 04

gamma nT 1

Magnetic induction mT mT 1

Magnetic moment A · m2 A · m2 1

Magnetic polarization mT mT 1

Magnetic potential difference A A 1

Magnetic-vector potential Wb/mm Wb/mm 1

Magnetization A/mm A/mm 1

Modulus of admittance S S 1

Modulus of impedance Ω Ω 1

Mutual inductance H H 1

Permeability μH/m μH/m 1

Permeance H H 1

Permittivity μF/m μF/m 1

Potential difference V V 1

Quantity of electricity C C 1

Reactance Ω Ω 1

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Reluctance H−1 H−1 1

Resistance Ω Ω 1

Resistivity Ω · cm Ω · cm 1

Ω·m Ω·m 1

Self-inductance mH mH 1

Surface density of change mC/m 2 mC/m 2 1

Susceptance S S 1

Volume density of charge C/mm 3 C/mm 3 1

Acoustics, light, radiation

Absorbed dose rad Gy 1.0* E − 02

Acoustical energy J J 1

Acoustical intensity W/cm2 W/m 2 1.0* E + 04

Acoustical power W W 1

Sound pressure N/m 2 N/m 2 1.0*

Illuminance fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01

Illumination fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01

Irradiance W/m 2 W/m 2 1

Light exposure fc · s lx · s 1.076 391 E + 01

Luminance cd/m2 cd/m2 1

Luminous efficacy lm/W lm/W 1

Luminous exitance lm/m2 lm/m2 1

Luminous flux lm lm 1

Luminous intensity cd cd 1

Radiance W/m 2 · sr W/m 2 · sr 1

Radiant energy J J 1

Radiant flux W W 1

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 The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

Radiant intensity W/sr W/sr 1

Radiant power W W 1

Wavelength Å nm 1.0* E − 01

Capture unit 10 −3 cm−1 m −1 1.0* E + 01

10 −3 cm−1 1

m −1 m −1 1

Radioactivity Ci Bq 3.7* E + 10

NOTE: Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE's Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Dallas, 1977.

*An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.

Table 1-9 Other Conversion Factors to SI Units

The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10 −2

m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

abampere ampere +01 1.00 foot (U.S. survey) meter −01 3.048 006

abcoulomb coulomb +01 1.00 foot of water newton/meter2 +03 2.988 98

(39.2°F)

abfarad farad +09 1.00 footcandle lumen/meter 2 +01 1.076 391

abhenry henry −09 1.00 footlambert candela/meter2 +00 3.426 259

abmho mho +09 1.00 furlong meter +02 2.011 68

abohm ohm −09 1.00 galileo meter/second2 −02 1.00

abvolt volt −08 1.00 gallon (U.K. liquid) meter3 −03 4.546 087

acre meter2 +03 4.046 gallon (U.S. dry) meter3 −03 4.404 883
856

ampere (international of ampere −01 9.998 35 gallon (U.S. liquid) meter3 −03 3.785 411
1948)

gamma tesla −09 1.00

angstrom meter −10 1.00 gauss tesla −04 1.00

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

are meter2 +02 1.00 gilbert ampere turn −01 7.957 747

astronomical unit meter +11 1.495 gill (U.K.) meter3 −04 1.420 652
978

atmosphere newton/meter2 +05 1.013 25 gill (U.S.) meter3 −04 1.182 941

bar newton/meter2 +05 1.00 grad degree −01 9.00

(angular)

barn meter2 −28 1.00 grad radian −02 1.570 796

barrel (petroleum 42 meter3 −01 1.589 grain kilogram −05 6.479 891
gal) 873

barye newton/meter2 −01 1.00 gram kilogram −03 1.00

British thermal unit joule +03 1.055 06 hand meter −01 1.016
(ISO/TC 12)

hectare meter2 +04 1.00

British thermal unit joule +03 1.055 04 henry (international henry +00 1.000 495
of 1948)

 (International Steam hogshead (U.S.) meter3 −01 2.384 809

Table)

British thermal unit joule +03 1.055 87 horsepower (550 ft watt +02 7.456 998
(mean) lbf/s)

British thermal unit joule +03 1.054 horsepower (boiler) watt +03 9.809 50
350

 (thermochemical) horsepower watt +02 7.46

(electric)

British thermal unit joule +03 1.059 67 horsepower (metric) watt +02 7.354 99
(39°F)

British thermal unit joule +03 1.054 68 horsepower (U.K.) watt +02 7.457
(60°F)

bushel (U.S.) meter3 −02 3.523 horsepower (water) watt +02 7.460 43
907

cable meter +02 2.194 56 hour (mean solar) second (mean +03 3.60
solar)

caliber meter −04 2.54 hour (sidereal) second (mean +03 3.590 170
solar)

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

calorie (International joule +00 4.1868 hundredweight kilogram +01 5.080 234
Steam Table) (long)

calorie (mean) joule +00 4.190 02 hundredweight kilogram +01 4.535 923
(short)

calorie joule +00 4.184 inch meter −02 2.54

(thermochemical)

calorie (15°C) joule +00 4.185 80 inch of mercury newton/meter2 +03 3.386 389
(32°F)

calorie (20°C) joule +00 4.181 90 inch of mercury newton/meter2 +03 3.376 85
(60°F)

calorie (kilogram, joule +03 4.186 8 inch of water newton/meter2 +02 2.490 82
(39.2°F)

 International Steam inch of water (60°F) newton/meter2 +02 2.4884

Table)

calorie (kilogram, mean) joule +03 4.190 02 joule (international joule +00 1.000 165
of 1948)

calorie (kilogram, joule +03 4.184 kayser 1/meter +02 1.00

 thermochemical) kilocalorie joule +03 4.186 74

(International

carat (metric) kilogram −04 2.00  Steam Table)

Celsius (temperature) kelvin tK = tC + kilocalorie (mean) joule +03 4.190 02

273.15

centimeter of mercury newton/meter2 +03 1.333 22 kilocalorie joule +03 4.184

(0°C) (thermochemical)

centimeter of water newton/meter2 +01 9.806 38 kilogram mass kilogram +00 1.00
(4°C)

chain (engineer's) meter +01 3.048 kilogram-force (kgf) newton +00 9.806 65

chain (surveyor's or meter +01 2.011 68 kilopound-force newton +00 9.806 65

 Gunter's) kip newton +03 4.448 221

circular mil meter2 −10 5.067 knot (international) meter/second −01 5.144 444
074

cord meter3 +00 3.624 lambert candela/meter2 +04 1/π

556

coulomb (international coulomb −01 9.998 35 lambert candela/meter2 +03 3.183 098
of

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

 1948) langley joule/meter2 +04 4.184

cubit meter −01 4.572 lbf (pound-force, newton +00 4.448 221
avoirdupois)

cup meter3 −04 2.365

882

curie disintegration/second +10 3.70 lbm (pound-mass, kilogram −01 4.535 923

day (mean solar) second (mean solar) +04 8.64  avoirdupois)

day (sidereal) second (mean solar) +04 8.616 league (British meter +03 5.559 552
409 nautical)

degree (angle) radian −02 1.745 league (international meter +03 5.556
329

denier (international) kilogram/meter −07 1.111  nautical)

111

dram (avoirdupois) kilogram −03 1.771 league (statute) meter +03 4.828 032
845

dram (troy or kilogram −03 3.887 light-year meter +15 9.460 55

apothecary) 934

dram (U.S. fluid) meter3 −06 3.696 link (engineer's) meter −01 3.048
691

dyne newton −05 1.00 link (surveyor's or meter −01 2.011 68

Gunter's)

electron volt joule −19 1.602 10 liter meter3 −03 1.00

erg joule −07 1.00 lux lumen/meter 2 +00 1.00

Fahrenheit kelvin t K = (5/9)(t F + maxwell weber −08 1.00

(temperature) 459.67)

Fahrenheit Celsius t C = (5/9)(t F − meter wavelengths Kr +06 1.650 763

(temperature) 32) 86

farad (international of farad −01 9.995 05 micrometer meter −06 1.00

1948)

faraday (based on coulomb +04 9.648 70 mil meter −05 2.54

carbon 12)

faraday (chemical) coulomb +04 9.649 57 mile (U.S. statute) meter +03 1.609 344

faraday (physical) coulomb +04 9.652 19 mile (U.K. nautical) meter +03 1.853 184

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

fathom meter +00 1.828 8 mile (international meter +03 1.852

nautical)

fermi (femtometer) meter −15 1.00 mile (U.S. nautical) meter +03 1.852

fluid ounce (U.S.) meter3 −05 2.957 millibar newton/meter2 +02 1.00
352

foot meter −01 3.048 millimeter of newton/meter2 +02 1.333 224

mercury (0°C)

minute (angle) radian −04 2.908 second (ephemeris) second +00 1.000 000
882

minute (mean solar) second (mean solar) +01 6.00 second (mean solar) second Consult
(ephemeris)

minute (sidereal) second (mean solar) +01 5.983 American Ephemeris and
617 Nautical Almanac

month (mean calendar) second (mean solar) +06 2.628

nautical mile meter +03 1.852

(international)

nautical mile (U.S.) meter +03 1.852

nautical mile (U.K.) meter +03 1.853 second (sidereal) second (mean −01 9.972 695
184 solar)

oersted ampere/meter +01 7.957 section meter2 +06 2.589 988

747

ohm (international of ohm +00 1.000 scruple (apothecary) kilogram −03 1.295 978
1948) 495

ounce-force newton −01 2.780 shake second −08 1.00

(avoirdupois) 138

ounce-mass kilogram −02 2.834 skein meter +02 1.097 28

(avoirdupois) 952

ounce-mass (troy or kilogram −02 3.110 slug kilogram +01 1.459 390
apothecary) 347

ounce (U.S. fluid) meter3 −05 2.957 span meter −01 2.286
352

pace meter −01 7.62 statampere ampere −10 3.335 640

parsec meter +16 3.083 74 statcoulomb coulomb −10 3.335 640

pascal newton/meter2 +00 1.00 statfarad farad −12 1.112 650

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

peck (U.S.) meter3 −03 8.809 stathenry henry +11 8.987 554
767

pennyweight kilogram −03 1.555 statmho mho −12 1.112 650

173

perch meter +00 5.0292 statohm ohm +11 8.987 554

phot lumen/meter 2 +04 1.00 statute mile (U.S.) meter +03 1.609 344

pica (printer's) meter −03 4.217 statvolt volt +02 2.997 925
517

pint (U.S. dry) meter3 −04 5.506 stere meter3 +00 1.00
104

pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 −04 4.731 stilb candela/meter2 +04 1.00
764

point (printer's) meter −04 3.514 stoke meter2 /second −04 1.00
598

poise (newton- −01 1.00 tablespoon meter3 −05 1.478 676

second)/meter2

pole meter +00 5.0292 teaspoon meter3 −06 4.928 921

pound-force (lbf newton +00 4.448 ton (assay) kilogram −02 2.916 666
221

 avoirdupois) ton (long) kilogram +03 1.016 046

pound-mass (lbm kilogram −01 4.535 ton (metric) kilogram +03 1.00
923

 avoirdupois) ton (nuclear joule +09 4.20

equivalent of TNT)

pound-mass (troy or kilogram −01 3.732 ton (register) meter3 +00 2.831 684
417

 apothecary) ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram +02 9.071 847

poundal newton −01 1.382 tonne kilogram +03 1.00

549

quart (U.S. dry) meter3 −03 1.101 torr (0°C) newton/meter2 +02 1.333 22
220

quart (U.S. liquid) meter3 −04 9.463 township meter2 +07 9.323 957
529

rad (radiation dose joule/kilogram −02 1.00 unit pole weber −07 1.256 637

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 The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry "−02 2.54" expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10
m.

To Convert from To Multiply by To Convert from To Multiply by

absorbed) volt (international of volt +00 1.000 330

1948)

Rankine (temperature) kelvin t K = (5/9)t R watt (international watt +00 1.000 165
of 1948)

rayleigh (rate of photon 1/second-meter2 +10 1.00 yard meter −01 9.144

 emission) year (calendar) second (mean +07 3.1536

solar)

rhe meter2 /(newton- +01 1.00 year (sidereal) second (mean +07 3.155 815
solar)

 second) year (tropical) second (mean +07 3.155 692

solar)

rod meter +00 5.0292 year 1900, tropical, second +07 3.155 692
Jan., day (ephemeris)

roentgen coulomb/kilogram −04 2.579 76  0, hour 12

rutherford disintegration/second +06 1.00 year 1900, tropical, second +07 3.155 692
Jan., day

second (angle) radian −06 4.848  0, hour 12

136

Table 1-10 Temperature Conversion Formulas

°F = (°C × 5/9) + 32

°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9

°R = °F + 459.67

K = °C + 273.15

K = °R × 5/9

Temperature difference ΔT:

°F = °C × 9/5

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Table 1-11 Density Conversion Formulas

145 140
°Bé = 145 − (heavier than H2 O) °Bé = − 130 (lighter than H2 O)
sp gr sp gr

sp gr 60° / 60° F − 1
°Tw =
0.005

141.5
°API = − 131.5
sp gr

lb ∣ ∣
∣ = sp gr∣ × 8.345406
∣
gal T,P ∣ T,P

lb ∣∣ ∣
3∣
= sp gr∣ × 62.42797
ft T,P ∣ T,P

Table 1-12 Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Formulas

Viscosity scale Range of t, s Kinematic viscosity, stokes*

Saybolt Universal 32 < t < 100 0.00226t − 1.95/t

t > 100 0.00220t − 1.35/t

Saybolt Furol 25 < t < 40 0.0224t − 1.84/t

t > 40 0.0216t − 0.60/t

Redwood No. 1 34 < t < 100 0.00260t − 1.79/t

t > 100 0.00247t − 0.50/t

Redwood Admiralty 0.027t − 20/t

Engler 0.00147t − 3.74/t

*1 stoke (St) = 1 cm 2/s = 10 −4 m2/s

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Table 1-13 Values of the Ideal Gas Constant

Temp. scale Pressure units Volume units Weight units Energy units* R Energy / (Weight · Temp)

Kelvin g mol calories 1.9872

g mol joules (abs) 8.3144

g mol joules (int) 8.3130

atm cm3 g mol atm · cm3 82.057

atm liters g mol atm · liters 0.08205

mmHg liters g mol mmHg · liters 62.361

bar liters g mol bar · liters 0.08314

kg/cm 2 liters g mol kg/(cm2 )(liters) 0.08478

atm ft 3 lb mol atm · ft 3 1.314

mmHg ft 3 lb mol mmHg · ft 3 998.9

lb mol chu or pcu 1.9872

Rankine lb mol Btu 1.9872

lb mol hph 0.0007805

lb mol kWh 0.0005819

atm ft 3 lb mol atm · ft 3 0.7302

in Hg ft 3 lb mol in Hg · ft 3 21.85

mmHg ft 3 lb mol mmHg · ft 3 555.0

lb/in2 abs ft 3 lb mol (lb)(ft3 )/in2 10.73

lb/ft2 abs ft 3 lb mol ft · lbf 1545.0

*Energy units are the product of pressure units and volume units.

Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants

1 sec = 1.00273791 sidereal seconds

g0 = 9.80665 m/s 2

1 liter = 0.001 cu m

1 atm = 101,325 newtons/sq m

1 mmHg (pressure) = ( 1/ 760 ) atm

= 133.3224 newtons/sqm

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 1 int ohm = 1.000495 ± 0.000015 abs ohm

1 int amp = 0.999835 ± 0.000025 abs amp

1 int coul = 0.999835 ± 0.000025 abs coul

1 int volt = 1.000330 ± 0.000029 abs volt

1 int watt = 1.000165 ± 0.000052 abs watt

1 int joule = 1.000165 ± 0.000052 abs joule

T0°C = 273.150 ± 0.010 K

(P V )0 ° CP=0 = (RT ' )0 ° C = 2271.16 ± 0.04 abs joule/mole

= 22, 414.6 ± 0.4 cu cm atm/mole
= 22, 4146.16 ± 0.0004 liter atm/mole

R = 8.31439 ± 0.00034 abs joule/deg mole

= 1.98719 ± 0.00013 cal/deg mole
= 82.0567 ± 0.0034 cu am atm/deg mole
= 0.0820567 ± 0.0000034 liter atm/deg mole

ln 10 = 2.302585

R ln 10 = 19.14460 ± 0.00078 abs joule/deg mole

= 4.57567 ± 0.00030 cal/deg mole

N = (6.02283 ± 0.0022) × 10 23/mole

h = (6.6242 ± 0.0044) × 10 −34 joule s

c = (2.99776 ± 0.00008) × 10 8 m/s

(h2 /8 π 2 k) = (4.0258 ± 0.0037) × 10 −39 g sq cm deg

(h/8 π 2 c) = (2.7986 ± 0.0018) × 10 −39 g cm

Z = Nhc = 11.9600 ± 0.0036 abs joule cm/mole

= 2.85851 ± 0.0009 cal cm/mole

Z/R = hc/k = c 2 = 1.43847 ± 0.00045 cm deg

f = 96, 501.2 ± 10.0 int coul/g-equiv or int joule/int volt g-equiv

= 96, 485.3 ± 10.0 abs coul/g-equiv or abs joule/abs volt g-equiv
= 23, 068.1 ± 2.4 cal/int volt g-equiv
= 23, 060.5 ± 2.4 cal/abs volt g-equiv
e = (1.60199 ± 0.00060 ) × 10−19 abs coul
= (1.60199 ± 0.00060 ) × 10−20 abs emu
= (4.80239 ± 0.00180 ) × 10−10 abs esu

1 int electron-volt/molecule = 96, 501.2 ± 10 int joule/mole

= 23, 068.1 ± 2.4 cal/mole

1 abs electron-volt/molecule = 96, 485.3 ± 10. abs joule/mole

= 23, 060.5 ± 2.4 cal/mole

1 int electron-volt = (1.60252 ± 0.00060) × 10 −12 erg

1 abs electron-volt = (1.60199 ± 0.00060) × 10 −12 erg

= (1.23916 ± 0.00032 ) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm

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 hc = (1.23916 ± 0.00032 ) × 10−4 int electron-volt cm
= (1.23957 ± 0.00032 ) × 10−4 abs electron-volt cm
k = (8.61442 ± 0.00100 ) × 10−5 int electron-volt/deg
= (8.61727 ± 0.00100 ) × 10−5 abs electron-volt/deg
= R/ N = (1.38048 ± 0.00050 ) × 10−23 joule/deg

1 IT cal = ( 1/ 860 ) = 0.00116279 int watt-h

= 4.18605 int joule
= 4.18674 abs joule
= 1.000654 cal

1 cal = 4.1840 abs joule

= 4.1833 int joule
= 41.2929 ± 0.0020 cu cm atm
= 0.0412929 ± 0.0000020 liter atm

1 IT cal/g = 1.8 Btu/lb

1 Btu = 251.996 IT cal

= 0.293018 int watt-h
= 1054.866 int joule
= 1055.040 abs joule
= 252.161 cal

1 horsepower = 550 ft-lbf (wt) /s

= 745.578 int watt
= 745.70 abs watt

1 in = (1/0.3937) = 2.54 cm

1 ft = 0.304800610 m

1 lb = 453.5924277 g

1 gal = 231 cu in
= 0.133680555 cu ft
= 3.785412 × 10−3 cu m
= 3.785412 liter

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 sec = mean solar second

Definition: g0 = standard gravity

Definition: atm = standard atmosphere

mmHg (pressure) = standard millimeter mercury

int = international; abs = absolute

amp = ampere

coul = coulomb

Absolute temperature of the ice point, 0°C

PV = product for ideal gas at 0°C

R = gas constant per mole

ln = natural logarithm (base e)

N = Avogadro number

h = Planck constant

c = velocity of light

Constant in rotational partition function of gases

Constant relating wave number and moment of inertia

Z = constant relating wave number and energy per mole

c 2 = second radiation constant

ℱ = Faraday constant

e = electronic charge

emu = electromagnetic unit of charge

esu = electrostatic unit of charge

Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule

k = Boltzmann constant

Definition of IT cal: IT = International steam tables

cal = thermochemical calorie

Definition: cal = thermochemical calorie

Definition of Btu: Btu = IT British thermal unit

cal = thermochemical calorie

Definition of horsepower (mechanical): lb (wt) = weight of 1 lb at standard gravity

Definition of inch: in = U.S. inch

ft = U.S. foot (1 ft = 12 in)

Definition: lb = avoirdupois pound

Definition: gal = U.S. gallon

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