Answers 815

Working with unfamiliar problems: Part I 10 a 11 b 28 c 20 d

3
2
11 640
1 x6+ 6x5y
+ 15x4y2
+ 20x3y3
+ 15x2y4
+ + 6xy5 y6 12 P to R: 145°, 1606 m; R to S: 295°, 789 m; S to Q: 51°,
2 99 1542 m; Q to P: 270°, 1400 m

Answers
3 a x = 15 b x = 450 c x = 6 1 1
13 y = x2 − x + 1 or y = (x − 4) 2 − 1
1 8 8
4 , $56 y
8
5 24 cm
6 a i 11.8 seconds ii 6.5 seconds x=4
1 1 1
b , ,
4 2 4 1 (4, 1)
7 XY = 5.6 cm x
8 35 O 1.2 6.8
9 72 (4, −1)
10 Charlie 23 years, Bob 68 years y = −3
D
11
2
1
12 b = 1
3 14 a Hours 1st and 6th 2nd and 5th 3rd and 4th
13 k = 11
14 V = 27 cm3, TSA = 54 cm2 % change
6.7% 18.3% 25%

WWUP1
15 4 cm < third side < 20 cm. Its length is between the addition from equation
and subtraction of the other two sides. % change
16 785 from ‘rule of 8.3% 16.7% 25%
17 n + 1 thumb’
18 10
The percentage change per hour for the ‘rule of thumb’
19 3 : 5
is 1.6 points higher for the 1st and 6th hours, 1.6 points
lower in the 2nd and 5th hours and the same in the middle
two hours. Overall, this is quite an accurate ‘rule of thumb’.
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2 b The proportion of tide height change
1
= ⇌ [ cos(30t1) − cos(30t2) ]

(3)
x 4 5 2
P = 3 × 45 ×
1 a i  or P = 3x ;
35 1 + √5
15 , 1.618034
x 2
P=3× 4n ×
3n

4 (3)
√3 2 √3 x 2
ii A =
4
x +3× + Chapter 1

( ) 4 ( 33 )
√3 x 2 √3 x 2 1A
3×4× + 3 × 42 ×
4 32
Building understanding
4 ( 3n )
√3 x 2
Area change = 3 × 4n−1 ×
1 C
(3)
4 n
b The perimeter increases indefinitely as 3x → ∞ as 2 D
1 7
n → ∞. The area approaches a finite value as area change 3 a 1 b −4 c − d −
5 3

4 (9)
√3 2 3 4 n 4 a yes b yes c no
x × → 0 as n → ∞.
4 5 a 9 b −8 c −8 d −9
2 77 cm, 181 cm
3 2k(2√3 − 3)
Now you try
4 22°
1 Example 1
5 y=3 a 17a b 3ab2 c 2xy + 6x2y
4
6 x = 0.9, y = 3.3 Example 2
7 16 √10 cm b
a 18ab b −10x3y2 c −
8 20 students; 6 with 100%, 7 with 75%, 7 with 76%, 2
Example 3
mean = 82.85%.
a 3x + 6 b −2x2 + 2xy c −4x + 9
1
9 9 units
8

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 816 Answers

Example 4 x+y y
12 a or x +
a 2(x − 5) b 3x(x + 3) 2 2
Example 5 b It could refer to either of the above, depending on
13 interpretation.
c ‘Half of the sum of a and b’ or ‘a plus b all divided by 2’.
Exercise 1A
( 2) ( 4)
Answers

π π 2
13 a P = 4 + x + 2, A = 1 + x +x
1 a i 14a ii 5a

( 2) ( 4)
b i 2a2b ii x 2y π π 2
b P = 6 + x − 6, A = 3 − x − 3x
c i xy + 5xy2 ii 4ab + 6ab2

( 2)
2 a 10a b 15d c 0 π 2
c P = 2πx, A = 1+ x
d 5xy e 4ab f 9t
g 9b h −st2 i −3m2n
j −0.7a2b k 2gh + 5 l 12xy − 3y 1B
m 3a + 7b n 8jk − 7j o ab2 + 10a2b
p 2mn − m2n q 5st − s2t r 3x3y4 + 2xy2
Building understanding
3 a 12ab b 25ab c −6ad 5 3
1 a 1 b c 2 d
d −10hm e 30ht f 30bl 6 4
g 12s2t h −21b2d5 i 8a2b4 2 3 7t b 2c
2 a b c − d −
j 24p3q k −18h5i5 l 63m2pr 3 7a 4xy 8x2a
a a 1
m x n 3ab o − 3 a 5x b 4x c d
3 4 3a
ab y a
p − q 2b r −3x s − t −
1A

4 2 2 Now you try

4 a 5x + 5 b 2x + 8 c 3x − 15
Example 6
d −20 − 5b e −2y + 6 f −7a − 7c
a 3ab b 1 − 2x
g 6m + 18 h 4m − 12n + 20 i −2p + 6q + 4
j 2x2 + 10x k 6a2 − 24a Example 7
l −12x2 + 16xy m 15y2 + 3yz − 24y a+1
a b 6
n 36g − 18g2 − 45gh o −8ab + 14a2 − 20a 2a
p 2 3
14y − 14y − 28y q −6a3 + 3a2 + 3a
r 4 3
−5t − 6t − 2t s 6m4 − 2m3 + 10m2 Exercise 1B
t x4 − x u 3s4 − 6st
1 a i 3ab ii 2xy
5 a 5x + 23 b 10a + 26
b i 1 − 2x ii 1 − x
c 21y + 3 d 15m + 6
2 a 5x b −2x c −9b d −2y
e 10 f 11t − 1
1 4 3x 6b
g 3x2 + 15x h 15z − 7 e − f − g − h
2p 9st y 7
i −11d3 j 9q4 − 9q3
3 a x + 2 b a−5 c 3x − 9 d 1 − 3y
6 a 3(x − 3) b 4(x − 2) c 10(y + 2)
e 1 + 6b f 1 − 3x g 3 − t h x − 4
d 6(y + 5) e x(x + 7) f 2a(a + 4)
1 + 2a
g 5x(x − 1) h 9y(y − 7) i xy(1 − y) i x + 2 j 3 − 2x k a − 1 l
3
j x2y(1 − 4y) k 8a2 (b + 5) l ab(7a + 1) x−1 x+4
m −5t(t + 1) n −6mn(1 + 3n) o −y(y + 8z) 4 a b c −4
2x 5x
7 a −32 b 7 c 61 d 12 4 5a
1 13 7 d e 5 f
e − f g − h 1 9 2
2 5 5
1
8 a 2x2 + 6x b x2 − 5x g 2 h 15 i −
2
9 a P = 4x − 4, A = x2 − 2x − 4
18
b P = 4x + 2, A = 3x − 1 5 a 3 b 3 c
5
c P = 4x + 14, A = 7x + 12
3 4 1
10 a (−2) (−2) = 4, negative signs cancel d e f
4 3 25
b a2 > 0 ∴ −a2 < 0
5 2 1
c (−2) 3 = (−2) (−2) (−2) = −8 g − h i −
3 5 3
11 a True b False, 1 − 2 ≠ 2 − 1
6 a x + 1 b 2 c 4
1 2
c True d False, ≠ 4 x+3
2 1 7 a 3x b c
e True f False, 3 − (2 − 1) ≠ (3 − 2) − 1 3a 5
g True h False, 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ≠ (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 4 4 2b2
d e f
x 7x b−1

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 Answers 817

10 3x 3(x + 2) 4b − 21 27 − 14y
8 a b c e f
x+3 1−x 2 14b 18y
10x x−1 35x2 −12 − 2x −27 − 2x
d e f g h
3 2x (2 − x) (x − 1) 3x 6x
9 a x − 1 b 3(x + 2) c 2(x − 3) 9x + 23 7x + 11 3x + 1
4 a b c

Answers
4 −5 20 12 4
d e f 4(x − 1)
x+2 1−x 4x + 9 8x − 1 8x + 3
d e f
10 a–c Factorise and cancel to 1. 9 6 10
11 a 1 − x = −(x − 1) 7x + 2 5x − 1 x+1
g h i
−7 −12 7 24 5 14
b i ii iii x+5 6x + 5 −2x + 38
3 x 2 5 a b c
x+2 1 6 12 15
12 a b x c
2 3 3x − 23 14x − 8
d e
3 1 14 21
d e 4(a + 1) f
2(x + 2) (a + 1) (a − 3) 18x − 9 6x − 3 x + 14
f = g
x−y (y + 2) 6 2 30
g h −14x − 7 −3x + 10
xy x h i
15 4
1C 6 a
7x + 22
b
7x − 13
(x + 1) (x + 4) (x − 7) (x + 2)
Building understanding 3x − 1 x − 18
c d
(x − 3) (x + 5) (x + 3) (x − 4)

1B
1 a 2x − 4 b −x − 6 c −6x + 12
−21 14x − 26
5 17 5 17 e f
2 a b c d (2x − 1) (x − 4) (x − 5) (3x − 4)
6 15 14 6
41 − 7x 3x + 17
3 a 12 b 6 c 14 d 2x g h
(2x − 1) (x + 7) (x − 3) (3x + 4)
14 − 17x
Now you try i
(3x − 2) (1 − x)
Example 8 7 a i a2 ii x2
5 − 2a 3a + 8 2a − 3 a2 + a − 4 3x + 14
a b b i ii iii
6 4a a2 a2 4x2
Example 9 x−2
8 The 2 in the second numerator needs to be subtracted, .
5x − 4 13x − 6 6
a b
6 10 9 a −(3 − 2x) = −3 + 2x (−1 × (−2x) = 2x)
2 2x x+3
Example 10 b i ii iii
x−1 3−x 7−x
x + 19
(x − 5) (x + 1) 5a + 2 3x + 5
10 a −1 b c
a2 (x + 1) 2
Exercise 1C 3x − x2 21x − 9x2 yz − xz − xy
d e f
(x − 2) 2 14(x − 3) 2 xyz
1 − 2a 3 − 2a
1 a i ii 11 a 2 b 1
4 10

b i
a+6
ii
3a + 35 1D
3a 7a
3a + 14 4a + 3
Building understanding
2 a b
21 8 1 a no b no c yes d yes
3 − 15b 4x + 6 2 a true b false c false
c d
10 15 3 a false b true c true
1 − 6a 2a 4 a 5 b 8 c −3 d 4
e f
9 15
g
3x
h
11b Now you try
20 14
Example 11
2a + 15 3a + 8 2
3 a b a x = 3 b x = −
3a 4a 3
7a − 27 16 − 3b
c d Example 12
9a 4b
a x = 11 b x = −1 c x = −7

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 818 Answers

Exercise 1D 1E
1 a i 3 ii 5 Building understanding
b i −3 ii −5
5 11 1 1 a 3, 6, 10 (Answers may vary.)
2 a b c − b −4, −3, −2 (Answers may vary.)
2 4 3
Answers

11 3 c 5, 6, 7 (Answers may vary.)

d − e −4 f d −8.5, −8.4, −8.3 (Answers may vary.)
6 2
9 4 2 a B b C c A
g − h − i −2
2 3 3 11, 12 or 13 rabbits
11
j 7 k −2 l Now you try
9
23 Example 13
3 a 1 b 9 c
2 a x < 2 b −4 < x ⩽ −1
5 9 2
d − e − f
6 11 3 Example 14
g 1 h 2 i 4 a x > 3 b x ⩾ −6
j 7 k −9 l 5 x x
m 19 n 23 o 1 2 3 4 −7 −6 −5
4 a 10 b 13 c −22 d 4 c x < 1
e −5 f 6 g 16 h 4
i −9 j 8 k 6 l −7 x
m 20 n 15 o −9 p 5 0 1 2
1D

5 a x + 3 = 7, x =4 b x + 8 = 5, x = −3
c x − 4 = 5, x =9 d 15 − x = 22, x = −7 Exercise 1E
5
e 2x + 5 = 13, x = 4 f 2(x − 5) = −15, x = − 1 a i x > 3 ii x ⩽ 5
2 b i −2 ⩽ x < 1 ii 0 ⩽ x < 3
g 3x + 8 = 23, x = 5 h 2x − 5 = x − 3, x = 2
2 a x⩾1 b x < 7
7 27
6 a 1 b 0 c −17 d e c x⩽4 d x > −9
2 23 e −2 < x ⩽ 1 f 8 < x ⩽ 11
28 13 2 86
f g h i g −9 < x < −7 h 1.5 ⩽ x ⩽ 2.5
5 14 5 19 i −1 ⩽ x < 1
7 a 1 b 6 c 2 d 25 3 a x<4
8 17 cm
x
9 17 and 18 4
10 24 km b x ⩾ 5
11 a $214
x
b $582
5
c i 1 ii 10.5 iii 21
c x ⩾ 4
12 a 41 L
b 90 s = 1 min 30 s x
c 250 s = 4 min 10 s 4
13 a 6 b 4 c −15 d 20 e 3 d x ⩽ 10
f 6 g 1 h −26 i −10 x
14 x = 9. Method 2 is better, expanding the brackets is 10
unnecessary, given 2 is a factor of 8. e x ⩽ 2
a 5
15 a 5 − a b c x
6 a
2
2a + 1 3a + 1 c−b
d e f f x > 3
a a a
c b 1 x
16 a a = b a = c a = 3
b+1 b+1 c−b
b bc g x > 6
d a = e a = −b f a =
b−1 b−c x
ab abc 6
17 a 6a b c
a+b b−a h x ⩽ 6
x
6

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 Answers 819

i x < −18 c −9 ⩽ x < −7

x x
−18 −9 −7
j x > 32 3
d − ⩽ x ⩽ 2
x 2

Answers
32 x
10 3 2
k x ⩽ −
9 2
x 7
e −3 ⩽ x ⩽
10 3
9
x
3 −3 7
l x < − 3
8
x f −4 ⩽ x ⩽ −2
3 x
−
8 −4 −2
2 g 11 ⩽ x ⩽ 12
4 a x ⩾ − b x < 2 c x ⩽ −5
5
x
d x ⩽ −7 e x < −8 f x ⩾ 4 11 12
g x ⩾ −10 h x < −21
15
5 h 1 ⩽ x <
5 a x > 6 b x ⩽ 2 c x < 4
2
x

1E
1 11
d x ⩾ 10 e x ⩽ f x < 1 15
16 4 4
5 19
6 a 2x + 7 < 12, x < 13 a x ⩾ 23 b x < c x ⩽ 1
2 5
x
b 4 − ⩾ −2, x ⩽ 12
2 1F
1
c 3(x + 1) ⩾ 2, x ⩾ − Building understanding
3
d x + (x + 2) ⩽ 24, x ⩽ 10 since x must be even
1 a y = −2x + 5, m = −2, c = 5
e (x − 6) + (x − 4) + (x − 2) + x ⩽ 148, x ⩽ 40
b y = 2x − 3, m = 2, c = −3
7 a i C < $1.30 ii C > $2.30
c y = x − 7, m = 1, c = −7
b i less than 9 min ii 16 min or more
2x 3 2 3
11 11 d y = − − , m = − , c = −
8 a x < −5 b x ⩾ c x ⩾ 5 5 5 5
4 29 21
2 a i 3 ii 6 iii
14 27 1 2
d x⩽ e x ⩾ f x <
5 29 2 8
b i 2 ii 6 iii
9 a A n infinite number of whole numbers (all the ones greater 3
3 a A b D c B d C e E f F
than 8).
4 a x = 2 b y = 2
b 1, 3 is the only whole number.
10 a x ⩾
a+3 Now you try
10
Example 15
b x < 2 − 4a if a > 0 and x > 2 − 4a if a < 0
a yes b no
7 a−7 7
c x < 1 − or x < if a > 0 and x > 1 − or Example 16
a a a
a−7 a Gradient = 3, y - intercept = −1
x> if a < 0.
a y
11 a −4 ⩽ x < 5 b −9.5 < x ⩽ −7 c x = 10
12 a 3 ⩽ x ⩽ 9 (1, 2)
x
3 9 x
O
b −7 ⩽ x ⩽ 3
−1
x
−7 3

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 820 Answers

3 c y
b Gradient = − , y - intercept = 1
4
y

x
1 O (3, −1)
Answers

x
O

(4, −2)
Exercise 1F
Example 17 1 a i yes ii no
a
y b i no ii yes
2 a yes b yes c no
d no e yes f no
3 a m = 5, c = −3
x y
O 2
y = 5x −3
−4
(1, 2)
1F

b x
y O
−3

−5
x
O b m = 2, c = 3
−2 y

(1, 5) y = 2x + 3
3

Example 18 x
O
a y

x c m = −2, c = −1
O
y
−1
y = −2x −1

b y
x
−1 O
(1, −3)

x
O 2

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 Answers 821

d m = −1, c = 2 i m = 0.5, c = −0.5

y y
y = 0.5x − 0.5
y = −x + 2

2 (1, 1)

Answers
O (2, 0.5)
x x
O −0.5

e m = 1, c = −4 j m = −1, c = 1
y y

y=x−4 y=1−x

1 1
x x
O O
(1, −3)
−4

3 2

1F
f m = − , c = 1 k m = , c = 3
2 3
y y
2
y= 3x +3
y= − 32 x+1 (3, 5)
3
1 x
x O
O
(2,−2)

4 l m = −0.2, c = 0.4
g m = , c = −2
3 y
y
y = 0.4 − 0.2x

y = 43 x −2 (0.4)
(1, 0.2)
(3, 2) x
O
x
O
−2

4 a m = −3, c = 12
7 y
h m = − , c = 6
2
y
12
6 y = −3x + 12 (1, 9)
y= − 72 x +6

x
O
x
O (2, −1)

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 822 Answers

5 g m = −4, c = −8
b m = −5, c =
2 y
y

x
O
Answers

2.5
x y = −4x − 8
O
(1, −2.5) −8
5
y = −5x + 2 (1, −12)

c m = 1, c = −7
1 1
y h m = − , c =
2 4
y

x
O
y=x−7
0.25
x
O (2, −0.75)
(1, −6)
−7

y = − 12 x + 14
1F

d m = 1, c = −2
y 5 a x = 2, y = −6
y
y=x−2

x 2 x
O (1, −1) O
−2
y = 3x − 6
−6

4 b x = −2, y = 4
e m = , c = −3
3 y
y
4
y= 3x −3 y = 2x + 4

4
(3, 1)
O
x −2 x
−3 O

c x = −2.5, y = 10
1
f m = −1, c = − y
3
y

1 y = 4x + 10
y = −x − 3 10

x −2.5
O x
− 13 (1, − ) 4
3
O

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 Answers 823

4 i x = −8, y = 6
d x = , y = −4
3 y
y
y = 34 x + 6
6
y = 3x − 4

Answers
O x
4 x
−8 O
3

−4

j x = 5, y = 2.5
y
e x = 3.5, y = 7
y
y = − 12 x + 5
2
y = −2x + 7
7 2.5

x x
O 3.5 O 5

1F
7 7
k x = , y =
3 4
f x = 8, y = 4 y
y
y = − 34 x + 74

y = − 12 x + 4
1.75
x
O 7
4 3

x
O 8
12
l x = −6, y =
g x = 4, y = 6 5
y y

y = − 32 x + 6

6 2 12
2.4 y = 5x + 5

x
−6 O
4 x
O

h x = 5, y = 2
y 6 a y

y = − 25 x + 2
y = −4
2 x
O
x
O 5
−4

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 824 Answers

b y g y

(1, 4)
y=1

1 y = 4x
x
Answers

O
x
O

c y

x=2 h y

2 y = −3x
x
O

x
O

d y
(1, −3)
1F

x = − 52

x i y
−2.5 O

y = −13x

x
O
e y (3, −1)

y=0 j y
x
O
(2, 5)
y = −52 x
x
O

f y

x=0 k y

x
O y = −x
x
O
(1, −1)

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 Answers 825

l y 121 32
d sq. units e sq. units
5 3
y=4
4 1G
x Building understanding
O

Answers
1 a 2 b 3 c 0
d −4 e −3 f undefined
2 a c = 8 b c = −6 c c = 12
7 a C = 2n + 10
b y Now you try
35 Example 19
(10, 30)
30 7
−
25 C = 2n + 10 5
20 Example 20
15 y = 2x + 1
10
Example 21
5 5
x y = − x + 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4

c i $28 ii 23.5 kg Exercise 1G

1F
8 a V = 90 − 1.5t −6
b 1 a −2 b
y 5
1 5
90 2 a b 2 c d 3
4 2
80
5
70 e 0 f 0 g −1 h
2
60 5 3 3
V = 90 − 1.5t i − j undefined k l −
50 7 2 2
40 3 a y =
x+3 b y = x − 2 c y = 3x + 6
30 d y =
−3x + 4 e y = 4 f y = −7x − 10
20 4 a y =
2x + 4 b y = 4x − 5 c y = x − 4
10 d y =
−2x + 12 e y = −3x − 4 f y = −3x − 2
x 5 a y =
3x + 5 b y = −2x + 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1 3
c i 82.5 L ii 60 hours c y= x− d y = −2x − 2
2 2
9 a $7 per hour b P = 7t 6 a A = 500t + 15 000
10 a $0.05/km b C = 0.05k b 15 000
c C = 1200 + 0.05k c 4 years more, i.e 10 years from investment
11 a m = 25, 25 km per hour i.e. speed d $21 250
b The cyclist started 30 km from home. 7 a y
c (0, 30)
1 110
12 a y = x + , gradient = 1
2 100
b y = 0.5x + 1.5, y-intercept = 1.5 90
C = 10t + 20
c y = −3x + 7, gradient = −3 80
1 1 70
d y = x − 2, gradient =
2 2 60
3 7 50
13 a gradient = , y-intercept =
a a
40
b gradient = a, y-intercept = −b
30
a 3
c gradient = − , y-intercept = 20
b b
d d a 10
14 a b c − x
a b b 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
121
15 a 12 sq. units b 9 sq. units c sq. units b C = 10t + 20
4
c i $10 per hour ii $20 up-front fee

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 826 Answers

8 a i V = 4t ii V = 3t 3
7 a gradient = − , y-intercept = 1
iii V = t + 1 iv V = 1.5t + 2 2
b 1 L, 2 L y
c Initially the flask contains b litres and it is losing 1 litre per
minute. 4
−5 3
Answers

9 a m = = −1 2
5 y = − −32 x + 1
1
5
b m = = −1 x
−5 O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
c It doesn’t matter in which pair of points is (x1, y1) and (2, −2)
−2
which is (x2, y2).
−3
4 4x 13
10 a − b y = − + −4
3 3 3
4x 13
c y=− + b x-intercept = −3, y-intercept = −2
3 3
d The results from parts b and c are the same (when y
simplified). So it doesn’t matter which point on the line 4
is used in the formula y − y1 = m(x − x1). 3
1 2 2
11 a i = 0.02 ii = 0.04
50 50 1
b i y = 0.02x + 1.5 ii y = 0.04x + 1.5 x
O
c The archer needs m to be between 0.02 and 0.04 to hit the −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
1G

target. −2 −2x − 3y = 6
−3
Progress quiz −4

1 a 9a2b + 2ab + 8b b −12x3y c 13m + 14

c, d, e
7−x y
2 a 4k b a − 4 c
2
4
m+3 9a 5 cy=3
d e f 3
3m 2 2
2
6+m 4x − 15 1
3 a b
8 6x x
O
14 − 3a 3m − 13 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
c d 3x
24 (m − 1) (m − 3) −2 ey=−4
d x = −2
3 9 −3
4 a x = 5 b k = − c m = 30 d a = − (4, −3)
2 2 −4
5 a a > 3
8 a m = 3, y - intercept = −2
0 1 2 3 4 5 3
b m = − , y - intercept = 3
5
b x ⩾ −4 3
9 a y = 2x + 3 b y = − x + 8 c x = 5
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0

c m < 4 1H
Building understanding
0 1 2 3 4 5

( 2)
9
d a ⩾ −2 1 a 4 b 5 c √41 d 3,
2 a 4 b 4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 c √32 = 4√2 d (0, −3)
11
6 a (−3, 2) is not on the line. 3 a 2 b or 5.5
2
b (−3, 2) is on the line.
c 3 d −4

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 Answers 827

Now you try 1I

Example 22 Building understanding
a √5 b √89 3 8
1 a 4 b −7 c − d
Example 23 4 7

(2 )
1 1 1 8 9

Answers
, −4 2 a − b c − d
3 2 7 4
Example 24 3 a 5 b 4 c y = 5x + 4
a = 4 or a = 10 4 a true b false

Exercise 1H Now you try

1 a i √5 ii √20 Example 25
b i √130 ii √90 a perpendicular b neither c parallel
2 a √29 b √58 c √37
Example 26
d √65 e √37 f 15 3
a y = −3x + 8 b y = − x + 2
g √101 h √193 i √37 2
3 a (1, 6.5) b (1.5, 2.5) c (−0.5, 1)
d (−1, 4.5) e (1, −1.5) f (−3.5, 3) Exercise 1I
g (−3, −0.5) h (2, 2.5) i (−7, 10.5)
4 B and C are both 5 units away from (2, 3). 1 a perpendicular b parallel c neither
5 a a = 3, b = 5 b a = −4, b = 5 2 a parallel b parallel c neither d neither

1H
c a = −2, b = 2 d a = 11, b = 2 e perpendicular f perpendicular g parallel
6 a 3, 7 b −1, 3 c −1, 9 d −6, 0 h parallel i perpendicular j perpendicular
7 a 1478 m b 739 m 3 a y = x + 4 b y = −x − 6 c y = −4x − 1
8 a (−0.5, 1) b (−0.5, 1) 2 4 1
d y = x − 6 e y = − x + 7 f y = − x + 6
c These are the same. The order of the points doesn’t 3 5 2
matter since addition is commutative (x1 + x2 …) 1 3 3
g y = x − 2 h y = − x + 5 i y = − x − 5
(x1 + x2 = x2 + x1). 4 2 4
7
d 5 e 5 j y = x + 31
2
f The order of the points doesn’t matter (x − y) 2 = (y − x) 2,
4 a x = 6 b x = 0 c y = 11 d y = 8.4
as (−3) 2 = (3) 2.
2 4
9 a = −4, 0 e y = 3 f y = −3 g x = h x = −
3 11
y 2 5 54
5 a y = x + 5 b y = − x +
3 7 7
3 y=3 2 16
c y = x + d y = 7x + 20
(−4, 3) 3 3
d = √20
3 7 28
6 a y = − x + 5 b y = x +
x 2 5 5
O 3 1 10
c y = − x + 1 d y = − x −
(−2, −1) 2 7 7
2 5
7 The second line has equation y = − x −  . It cuts the x-axis
5 3 3
at x = −  .
2

(2 ) ( 3 3) (3 3)
1 1 4 4 8 a 1 b
10 a ,2 b − , c , 8 a m b − c − d
b m a

( 5) ( 4 ) ( 5)
16 3 8 9
d 2, e − , 1 f 0, 9 a 14 b −2 c 5 d
7
10 a y = 2x + b − 2a b y = mx + b − ma
11 a √(x − 7) 2 + y2 1 a
b √(x − 7) 2 + (x + 3) 2 c y = x + b − a d y = − x + b +
m m
c i 721 m ii 707 m 11 a i 1 ii −1 iii 1 iv −1
iii 721 m iv 762 m b AB is parallel to CD, BC is parallel to DA, AB and CD
d x = 2 are perpendicular to BC and DA; i.e. opposite sides are
e The distance will be a minimum when the dotted line parallel and adjacent sides are perpendicular.
joining Sarah to the fence is perpendicular to the fence c rectangle.
(when it has gradient −1). The closest point is (2, 5).

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 828 Answers

4 3 1 (a − b) c(1 − b) 2c
12 a i ii − iii 0 e x = ,y = f x = ,y =
3 4 a − 2b a − 2b a(b + 1) b+1
b Right-angled triangle (AB is perpendicular to BC). ab a 2b ab b
g x = ,y = h x = ,y =
c 20 a2 + b a2 + b a2 + 1 a2 + 1
1 12 Answers will vary.
13 y = − x + 4, x-intercept = 8
2
Answers

1K
1J
Building understanding
Building understanding
1 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
1 a yes b yes c no d no e yes 2 a subtract b add c add d subtract
2 a i Joe’s: $60, Paul’s: $150 3 a 4x − 6y = 8 b 6x − 9y = 12
ii Joe’s: $0.20 per km, Paul’s: $0.10 per km c 8x − 12y = 16 d 20x − 30y = 40
iii Joe’s: C = 0.2k + 60, Paul’s: C = 0.1k + 150
iv 900 km
Now you try
b Joe’s Car Rental
c Paul’s Motor Mart Example 29
x = 3, y = 1
Now you try Example 30
a x = 1, y = 3 b x = 3, y = −2
Example 27
a (2, −2) b (−1, 3)
1I

Exercise 1K
Example 28
(2, −1) 1 a x = 3, y = 2 b x = 4, y = 3
2 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 2, y = 3
Exercise 1J c x = 4, y = 2 d x = 2, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
1 a x = 2, y = −3 b x = −1, y = 3 g x = 2, y = −1 h x = 2, y = 2
2 a x = 2, y = 7 b x = 2, y = 5 i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 2, y = 1
c x = 3, y = 1 d x = 2, y = 1 k x = 2, y = 1 l x = −1, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 1, y = 1 3 a x = 1, y = 1 b x = 4, y = 2
g x = 5, y = 1 h x = 10, y = 4 c x = 2, y = 1 d x = 4, y = −3
i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 9, y = 2 1 1
3 a x = 2, y = 10 b x = 1, y = −5 e x = , y = 1 f x = − , y = −1
2 2
c x = −3, y = 3 d x = 13, y = −2 4 a x = 4, y = −3 b x = 1, y = 1
e x = 3, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1 c x = 3, y = 4 d x = 2, y = 2
g x = 1, y = 4 h x = 1, y = 3 1 1
4 a i E = 20t ii E = 15t + 45 e x = , y = −1 f x = −3, y =
2 3
b t = 9, E = 180 5 799 and 834
c i 9 hours ii $180 6 $0.60
5 a i V = 62 000 − 5000t ii V = 40 000 − 3000t 7 A = $15, C = $11
b t = 11, V = 7000 8 Should have been (1)–(2), to eliminate y : −2y − (−2y) = 0.
c i 11 years ii $7000 The correct solution is (1, −1).
6 18 years
1 13 1
7 197 600 m2 9 a x = , y = −1 b x = ,y=
a 3 3b
8 a no b no c yes d yes
e no f yes g yes h no −2 2 a+b a−b
c x = ,y= d x = ,y=
a b 2a 2b
3
9 a −4 b c 12 c c
2 e x = ,y=
a+b a+b

(3 3 ) (2 2)
k 2k k k
10 a , b ,− 10 The two lines are parallel, they have the same gradient.
2 2 2 1
( 3 )
−2k − 1 −2k − 4 11 a − b −
c (−1 − k, −2 − k) d , x−1 x+1 2x − 3 x + 2
3
b b2 −b a 3 2 3 2
11 a x = ,y= b x = ,y= c − d +
a− b a−b a+b a+b 3x + 1 2x − 1 3x − 1 x + 2
a −a b b2 1 1 1 3
c x = ,y = d x = ,y = e + f −
1+ b 1+b b−a b−a x+3 x−4 7(2x − 1) 7(4 − x)

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 Answers 829

1L Now you try

Building understanding Example 33
a y
1 a x + y = 16, x − y = 2
b x + y = 30, x − y = 10

Answers
c x + y = 7, 2x + y = 12
d 2x + 3y = 11, 4x − 3y = 13 x
O
2 l = 3w, 2l + 2w = 56 or l + w = 28 2
3 a 5x dollars
b 15y dollars −5
c 3d + 4p dollars

Now you try

b y
Example 31
Tim is 14, Tina is 6.
Example 32 6
A coffee is $4 and a muffin is $3.

Exercise 1L x
O
2
1 Nikki is 16, Travis is 8.

1L
2 Cam is 33, Lara is 30.
3 Bolts cost $0.10, washers cost $0.30.
4 There were 2500 adults and 2500 children.
5 Thickshakes cost $5, juices cost $3. Example 34
6 There are 36 ducks and 6 sheep. y
7 43
8 $6.15 (mangoes cost $1.10, apples cost $0.65)
6
9 70
10 1 hour and 40 minutes
7–
1 3
(1, 3)
11 of an hour
7 x
12 200 m − 7– O
2 2
4
13 L
17
210
14 L
19

1M Exercise 1M
Building understanding 1 a i y

1 a no b yes c no
d no e no f yes
2 a B b C c A
3 a–d x ⩾ −1, y ⩽ 4 x
O 1
y 2
−1
x≥1

y≤4 (0, 4)
(−1, 0)
x
O

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 830 Answers

ii y b y < 3x − 6

2
−4
x y < 3x − 6
Answers

O
x
O
2

−6

b i y c y > 2x − 8
y

3 y > 2x − 8
3
x
O
x
O 4

−8
1M

ii y
d y ⩽ 3x − 5

6 y

3 y ≤ 3x − 5
x
O

x
O 5
3

−5

2 a y ⩾ x + 4
e y < −4x + 2
y
y

4 y < − 4x + 2
y≥x+4
x 2
−4 O x
O 1
2

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 Answers 831

f y ⩽ 2x + 7 j x > 3
y y

7 x>3

Answers
y ≤ 2x + 7
3
x x
O O
−72

g y < 4x k x < −2
y y

x < −2
4

x x
O 1 −2 O

1M
y < 4x

h y > −3x + 6 l y ⩾ 2
y y

6
y≥2
2
x x
O 2 O
y > 6 − 3x

i y ⩽ −x
3 a yes b no c no d yes
y
4 a no b yes c no d no
5 a y

x 3
O
x
O 9
y ≤ −x

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 832 Answers

b y f y

1.5
Answers

x x
O 1 −3 O
−3

g y
c y

4 −5
x
O
x
O 2 −2
1M

h y
d y

x
9 O
x −9
O
−4

−6

6 a y ⩽ x + 3 b y ⩾ −2x + 2
e y 3 2
c y < − x − 3 d y > x − 2
2 5
7 a y
5

−2.5
x 4
O
2
x
O (4, 0)

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 Answers 833

b y g y

(0, 3) (4, 3)

Answers
4 2
x
O 1
x
−8 O 6

c y h y

6
2.5 (1, 3)
2 x
O 3
x
−5 O 2
(0, −2)

1M
8 a y
d y
y≥0

(0, 1)
x
(0, 0) O (2, 0) x≥0

x y ≤ − 12 x + 1
O 1 5

(0, −3)

b y

e y y ≥ 2x − 4

(0, 0)
x
O (2, 0) x≥0
4 (0, −4)
2
x y≤0
O 3 4
(6, −2)
c y

(0, 15)
f y y ≥ 14 x + 4
(4, 5)
10 (0, 4)
x≥0
x
O
(5, 5) y≤ − 54 x + 15
2.5
x
−5 O 10

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 834 Answers

d y 3 5
4 The gradient of AC is and the gradient of AB is − . So
y > − 25 x + 2 5 3
(−2.5, 3) △ ABC is a right-angled triangle, as AC is perpendicular to AB.
(2, 3)
Can also show that side lengths satisfy Pythagoras’ theorem.
x<2 (2, 1.2) y<3
x 4840 9680
O 5 The missiles are travelling at km/h and km/h.
Answers

9 9
6 The distance between the two points and (2, 5) is 5 units.
7 The diagonals have equations x = 0 and y = 3. These
e y lines are perpendicular and intersect at the midpoint (0, 3)
of the diagonals. It is not a square since the angles at the
7 x≤0 corners are not 90°. In particular, AB is not perpendicular to

( mBC )
y<x+7 −1
BC mAB ≠ .

(−5.4, 1.6) 8 x = 2, y = −3, z = −1

x 9 24 units2
−7 −3 −2O 2x + 3y ≥ −6 10 24, 15 years

Short-answer questions
3
1 a 5xy + 6x b 12a2b x c
2
f y d 3b + 21 e −2m2 + 12m f x + 2
1M

2 3
2 a 3x − 1 b c
x+2 4
y ≥ 12 x + 3 6 − 7a 5a + 18
3 a b
(−5.5, 14.5) 14 6a
7x + 26 11 − x
y ≤ −x + 9 (4, 5) c d
30 (x + 1) (x − 3)
(−1.43, 2.29)
3
x 4 a x = −3 b x = −
O 4
y ≥ −3x − 2 1
c x = d x = 2
5
5 a x < 1 b x ⩾ −4 c −1 < x ⩽ 3
6 a x > 5 b x ⩾ 10
9 a y ⩾ 0, y < 2x + 4, y ⩽ −x + 7
2
1 c x > −3 d x ⩽
b y > − x + 6, y ⩽ x + 3, x < 8 7
2
81 7 a V = 2 − 0.4t b 1.4 L
10 a 1 b 4 c 22 d
20 c 5 minutes d ⩽ 3.5 minutes
115 578
11 a i ii 8 a y
6 15
b Answers may vary; e.g. x > 0, x < 3, y > 0, y < 2 (3, 0)
x
O
Problems and challenges y = 3x − 9

1 0.75 km
6 (0, −9)
2
8
3 a The gradient from (2, 12) to (−2, 0) = the gradient from
(−2, 0) to (−5, −9) = −3.
b The gradient from (a, 2b) to (2a, b) = the gradient from
b
(2a, b) to (−a, 4b) = − .
a

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 Answers 835

b y g y

y = 4 − –x
4 2
(0, 5)
x

Answers
O 8
(2.5, 0)
x
O
y = 5 − 2x

h y
c y
3x
y = 3 − ––
8
3
3 y=3 x
O 8

x
O

1 5
9 a y = x + 3 b y = x + 5
2 2
d y

Ch1 Review
3 15
c y = − x + d y = 2x − 3
2 2
3 3 34
10 a m = − b y = − x +
5 5 5
x 11 a M = (4, 8), d = √52 = 2√13
O x=5
(2 )
11
b M = , 1 , d = √61

(2 2)
1 5
c M = , − , d = √18 = 3√2

12 a y = 3x − 2 b y = −1
e y 1
c y = − x + 5 d y = 3x − 1
2
13 a a = 7 b b = −8 c c = 0 or 4
y = 2x 14 a (−3, −1) b (−8, −21)
15 a (−3, −1) b (0, 2)
16 A regular popcorn costs $4 and a small drink costs $2.50.
(1, 2)
(0, 0) 17 a
x y
O

x
f y O 4
3
y = −5x −4

(0, 0)
x b y
O

(1, −5)
8
3

x
−4 O

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 836 Answers

18 The point of intersection is (4, 0). Chapter 2

y
2A
Building understanding
2
Answers

1 triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon,

x nonagon, decagon
O 4
2 a false b true c true
d true e false f false
6 g true h false i true
3 a b b c c d d a
4 a a = 110 (angles on a line), b = 70 (vertically opposite)
Multiple-choice questions b a = 140 (angles in a revolution)
1 E 2 D 3 B 4 C c a = 19 (complementary)
5 D 6 B 7 C 8 A d a = 113 (cointerior angles in ‖ lines), b = 67 (alternate
9 C 10 D 11 E 12 B angles in ‖ lines), c = 67 (vertically opposite to b)
13 A 14 A 15 D 16 C e a = 81 (isosceles triangle), b = 18 (angles in a triangle)
f a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 102 (angles at a line)
Extended-response questions
Now you try
1 a i h = 4t + 25 ii h = 6t + 16
b 16 cm Example 1
Ch1 Review

c Shrub B because its gradient is greater. a x = 70 b x = 100

d y
Example 2
90 (12, 88) a a = 108 b a = 80
80 Shrub B Exercise 2A
70 (12, 73)
60 1 a 45 b 110
Shrub A
50 2 a 72 b 60 c 56
40 3 a 60 (equilateral triangle)
30 b 60 (exterior angle theorem)
20 c 110 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
10 d 80 (angles in a triangle)
x e 10 (exterior angle theorem)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 f 20 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
e After 4.5 months g 109 (angles on a line)
f i 1.24 m ii  26.25 months h 28 (diagonals meet at a right angle in a rhombus)
iii Between 8.75 and 11.25 months i 23 (angles in a triangle)
2 a A(0, 0), B(8, 6), C(20, 0) j 121 (vertically opposite to cointerior angle in ‖ lines)
y k 71 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ‖ lines)
l 60 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ‖ lines)
4 a 50 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
B (8, 6) b 95 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
c 125 (angle sum in a pentagon)
D (14, 3) d 30 (angle sum in a pentagon)
A (0, 0) e 45 (angle sum in a hexagon)
x f 15 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
O C (20, 0)
5 a 108° b 135° c 144°
6 a 95 (alternate + cointerior)
b 113 (2 × alternate)
b 43.4 km
c 85 (alternate + cointerior)
c The drink station is at (14, 3).
d 106 (cointerior)
3 1
d i  y = x ii  y = − x + 10 iii  y = 0 e 147, (cointerior, angles in a revolution)
4 2
f 292, (angles in a revolution, alternate + cointerior)
3 1
e y ⩾ 0, y ⩽ x, y ⩽ − x + 10 7 a 176.4° b 3.6°
4 2
4 80
f y = − x +
3 3

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 Answers 837

8 a 12 b 20 c 48 b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A

9 x = 36, y = 144 ∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A
10 115, equilateral and isocles triangle 60 + 55 BC = EF (given) S
S + 360 ∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS)
11 a Expand the brackets. b n =
180 2 a AB = DE (given) S

Answers
S 180(n − 2) 360 ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A
c I = = d E = 180 − I =
n n n BC = EF (given) S
12 a ∠BCA = 180° − a° − b° (angles in a triangle) ∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS)
b c° = 180° − ∠BCA = a° + b° (angles at a line) b ∠FED = ∠CBA = 90° (given) R
13 a alternate angles (BA‖CD) FD = CA (given) H
b ∠ABC + ∠BCD = 180° (cointerior), so a + b + c = 180. FE = CB (given) S
c Angle sum of a triangle is 180°. ∴ △FED ≡ △CBA (RHS)
14 ∠ACB = ∠DCE (vertically opposite), so c AC = DF (given) S
∠CAB = ∠CBA = ∠CDE = ∠CED (isosceles) since BC = EF (given) S
∠CAB = ∠CED (alternate) AB‖DE. AB = DE (given) S
15 Answers may vary. ∴ △ACB ≡ △DFE (SSS)
16 a 15 (alternate angles in parallel lines) d ∠EDF = ∠BAC (given) A
b 315 (angle sum in an octagon) ∠DFE = ∠ACB (given) A
17 Let M be the midpoint of AC. Then ∠AMB = 60° EF = BC (given) S
(△ABM is equilateral). ∠BMC = 120° (supplementary). ∴ △EDF ≡ △BAC (AAS)
Therefore, ∠MBC = 30° (△MBC is isosceles). So
3 a x = 7.3, y = 5.2
∠ABC = ∠ABM + ∠MBC = 60° + 30° = 90°.
b x = 12, y = 11

2A
18 Let ∠AOB = x and ∠COD = y. 2x + 2y = 180° (angles at a
c a = 2.6, b = 2.4
line). So ∠BOD = x + y = 90°.
d x = 16, y = 9
4 a AD = CB (given) S
2B DC = BA (given) S
Building understanding AC is common; S
∴ △ADC ≡ △CBA (SSS)
1 a SAS b SSS c AAS b ∠ADB = ∠CBD (given) A
d SAS e RHS f RHS ∠ABD = ∠CDB (given) A
2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 5 BD is common; S
∴ △ADB ≡ △CBD (AAS)
Now you try c ∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate, AB‖DE) A
Example 3 ∠CBA = ∠CDE (alternate, AB‖DE) A
a AB = DE (given) S BC = DC (given) S
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A ∴ △BAC ≡ △DEC (AAS)
BC = EF (given) S d DA = DC (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS) ∠ADB = ∠CDB (given) A
b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A DB is common; S
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A ∴ △ADB ≡ △CDB (SAS)
AC = DF (given) S e OA = OC (radii) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS) OB = OD (radii) S
AB = CD (given) S
Example 4
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCD (SSS)
a ∠A = ∠C = 90° (given) R
f ∠ADC = ∠ABC = 90° (given) R
BD is common H
AC is common; H
AB = CB (given) S
DC = BC (given) S
∴ △ABD ≡ △CBD (RHS)
∴ △ADC ≡ △ABC (RHS)
b △ABD ≡ △CBD so AD = CD
5 a OA = OC (radii) S
c CD = 4 m
∠AOB = ∠COB (given) A
Exercise 2B OB is common; S
∴ △AOB ≡ △COB (SAS)
1 a AB = DE (given) S b AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A c 10 mm
AC = DF (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS)

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6 a BC = DC (given) S 9 a OA = OB (radii) S
∠BCA = ∠DCE (vertically opposite) A OM is common; S
AC = EC (given) S AM = BM (M is midpoint) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △EDC (SAS) ∴ △OAM ≡ △OBM (SSS)
b AB = DE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) ∠OMA = ∠OMB (corresponding angles in congruent
Answers

c ∠ABC = ∠CDE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

triangles). ∠OMA and ∠ OMB are supplementary.
∠ABC and ∠CDE are alternate angles. ∴ AB‖DE. ∴ ∠OMA = ∠OMB = 90°
d 5 cm ∴ OM ⟂ AB
7 a AB = CD (given) S
b OA = OB (radii of same circle) S
AD = CB (given) S
CA = CB (radii of same circle) S
BD is common; S
OC is common; S
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS)
∴ △OAC ≡ OBC (SSS)
b ∠DBC = ∠BDA (corresponding angles in congruent
∠AOC = ∠BOC (corresponding angles in congruent
triangles)
triangles)
c ∠DBC and ∠BDA are alternate angles (and equal).
c ∠CAB = ∠CBA = x (△ABC is isosceles)
∴ AD‖BC.
x
8 a CB = CD (given) S ∠EAB = ∠DBA =
2
∠BCA = ∠DCE (vertically opposite) A ∴ △AFB is isosceles, so AF = BF.
CA = CE (given) S
∴ △BCA ≡ △DCE (SAS) 2C
2B

∠BAC = ∠DEC (corresponding angles in congruent

triangles) Building understanding
∴ Alternate angles are equal, so AB‖DE.
1 a rectangle b parallelogram
b ∠OBC = ∠OBA = 90° (given) R
c square d rhombus
OA = OC (radii) H
2 a rectangle, square b rectangle, square
OB is common; S
c parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCB (RHS)
d rhombus, square e rhombus, square
AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
3 a A trapezium does not have both pairs of opposite sides
∴ OB bisects AC.
parallel.
c AB = CD (given) S
b A kite does not have two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
AC is common; S
AD = CB (given) S Now you try
∴ △ACD ≡ △CAB (SSS)
Example 5
∠DAC = ∠BCA (corresponding angles in congruent
A
triangles)
∴ Alternate angles are equal, so AD‖BC.
d AB = AE (given) S D B
∠ABC = ∠AED (△ABE is isosceles) A
ED = BC (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △AED (SAS)
AD = AC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) C
e OD = OC (given) S AB = AD (given) S
∠AOD = ∠BOC (vertically opposite) A BC = DC (given) S
OA = OB (given) S AC is common S
∴ △AOD ≡ △BOC (SAS) ∴ △ABC ≡ △ADC (SSS)
∠OAD = ∠OBC (corresponding angles in congruent
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ADC (corresponding angles in congruent triangles)
triangles)
f AD = AB (given) S Example 6
∠DAC = ∠BAC (given) A AB = CD (given) S
AC is common; S BC = DA (given) S
∴ △ADC ≡ △ABC (SAS) AC is common S
∠ACD = ∠ACB (corresponding angles in congruent ∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SSS)
triangles) ∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA so AB‖CD
∠ACD = ∠ACB are supplementary. and ∠ACB = ∠CAD so BC‖DA
∴ ∠ACD = ∠ACB = 90° ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram
∴ AC ⟂ BD
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 Answers 839

Exercise 2C 8 D C

1 a ∠BAC = ∠DCA (alternate angles)

∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles)
AC is common.
A B

Answers
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (AAS)
b As △ABC ≡ △CDA, AD = CB, AB = CD As ABCD is a parallelogram, ∠BDC = ∠DBA (alternate
(corresponding sides). angles) and ∠DBC = ∠BDA (alternate angles).
2 a ∠ABE = ∠CDE (alternate angles) BD is common.
So △CBD ≡ △ADB (AAS).
∠BAE = ∠DCE (alternate angles)
So ∠BAD = ∠DCB = 90°.
AB = CD (opposite sides of parallelogram)
Similarly, ∠ADC = ∠180° − ∠BAD (cointerior angles)
∴ △ABE ≡ △CDE (AAS)
= 90° and similarly for ∠ABC.
b AE = CE (corresponding sides), BE = DE
9 D C
(corresponding sides).
3 a AB = CB (given) E
AD = CD (given)
BD is common.
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS) A B
b ∠ABD = ∠ADB = ∠CBD = ∠CDB (equal angles in First, prove △AED ≡ △BEC (SAS).
congruent isosceles triangles). Therefore, BD bisects Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
∠ABC and ∠CDA. equal and △CED ≡ △BEA (SAS).
4 a AE = CE (given)

2C
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
BE = DE (given) equal.
∠AEB = ∠CED (vertically opposite angles) So ∠ADC = ∠DCB = ∠CBA = ∠BAC, which sum to 360°.
∴ △ABE ≡ △CDE (SAS) Therefore, all angles are 90° and ABCD is a rectangle.
b ∠ABE = ∠CDE (corresponding angles), ∠BAE = ∠DCE 10 G C F
(corresponding angles). Therefore, AB‖DC (alternate
angles are equal). ∠ADE = ∠CBE (corresponding
angles), ∠DAE = ∠BCE (corresponding angles).
D B
Therefore, AD‖BC (alternate angles are equal).
5 a AD = CB (given)
∠DAC = ∠BCA (alternate angles)
AC is common. H A E
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SAS) First, prove all four corner triangles are congruent (SAS).
b ∠BAC = ∠DCA (corresponding angles), therefore So EF = FG = GH = HE, so EFGH is a rhombus.
AB‖DC (alternate angles are equal).
6 a △ABE ≡ △CBE ≡ △ADE ≡ △CDE (SAS) 2D
b ∠ABE = ∠CDE (corresponding angles), ∠BAE =
∠DCE (corresponding angles), therefore AB‖CD. Building understanding
∠ADE = ∠CBE (corresponding angles), ∠DAE = ∠BCE
1 a Y
 es, both squares have all angles 90° and all sides of
(corresponding angles), therefore AD‖CB.
equal length.
Also, AB = AD = CB = CD (corresponding sides).
b 3 c 15 cm
Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.
8 4 3
7 a D C 2 a 2 b c d
5 3 2
3 a A b ∠C c FD d △ABC ⫼ △EFD
E
Now you try
A B
Example 7
∠CAB = ∠ACD and ∠CAD = ∠ACB (alternate angles).
EH FG
So ∠ECB = ∠ECD since △ABC and △ADC are a ABCD ⫼ EFGH b = c 2
AD BC
isosceles.
d 6 e 4
DC = BC (given)
EC is common. Exercise 2D
∴ △CDE ≡ △CBE (SAS) EH FG
So ∠CED = ∠CEB = 90°. 1 a ABCD ⫼ EFGH b =
AD BC
b From part a, ∠ECD = ∠ECB. c 2 d 8 e 4

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 840 Answers

AB DE Example 9
2 a ABCDE ⫼ FGHIJ b =
FG IJ a ∠BAC is common A
3 3 4 ∠ABC = ∠ADE (corresponding angles in parallel lines) A
c d cm e cm
2 2 3 ∴ △ADE ⫼ △ABC (AAA)
EF GH b DE = 1 m
3 a ABCD ⫼ EFGH b =
Answers

AB CD
4
c d 12 m e 10.5 m Exercise 2E
3
DE 4
4 a 1.2 b 12.5 c 4.8 1 a = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
d 3.75 e 11.5 f 14.5 AB 2
5 1.7 m EF 2
= = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
6 a 1.6 b 62.5 cm BC 1
7 a 2 b 1 c 1.875 d 4.3 ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given corresponding angles) A
8 a BC b △ABC ⫼ △EDC ∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (SAS).
c 1 d 4.5 b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given corresponding angles) A
9 a true b true c false d false ∠ACB = ∠DFE (given corresponding angles) A
e false f false g false h false ∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (AAA).
i true j true 2 a ∠ABC = ∠DEF = 65°
10 Yes, the missing angle in the first triangle is 20° and the missing ∠BAC = ∠EDF = 70°
angle in the second triangle is 75°, so all three angles are equal. ∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (AAA).
3 DE 2
11 a b = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
2 AB 1
2D

b i 4 ii 9
EF 6
c i 8 ii 27 = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
BC 3
d ∠ABC = ∠DEF = 120°
Cube Length Area Volume
Small 2 4 8 ∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (SAS).
Large 3 9 27 DF 10
c = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
3 9 27
CA 5
Scale factor (fraction) DE 8
2 4 8 = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
CB 4
e Scale factor for area = (scale factor for length) 2; ∠ABC = ∠FED = 90°
Scale factor for volume = (scale factor for length) 3. ∴ △ABC ⫼ △FED (RHS).
b2 b3 AB 28
f i ii d = = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
a 2 a3 DE 7
12 Answers will vary. BC 16
= = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
EF 4
2E AC 32
= = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
Building understanding DF 8
∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (SSS).
1 a E b ∠C c AB 3 a 1.5
d △ABC ⫼ △DEF b 19.5
2 a ∠D (alternate angles) b ∠A (alternate angles) c 2.2
c ∠ECD d CA e △ABC ⫼ △EDC d a = 4, b = 15
3 a SAS b AAA c SAS d SSS e x = 0.16, y = 0.325
f a = 43.2, b = 18
Now you try 4 a ∠ABC = ∠EDC (alternate angles)
∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate angles)
Example 8 ∠ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite angles)
DE ∴ △ABC ⫼ △EDC (AAA).
a = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
AB b ∠ABE = ∠ACD (corresponding angles)
DF ∠AEB = ∠ADC (corresponding angles)
= 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
AC ∠BAE = ∠CAD (common)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A ∴ △ABE ⫼ △ACD (AAA).
∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (SAS) c ∠DBC = ∠AEC (given)
b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A ∠BCD = ∠ECA (common)
∠ACB = ∠DFE (given) A ∴ △BCD ⫼ △ECA (AAA).
∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (AAA)

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 Answers 841

d
AB
=
3
= 0.4 Progress quiz
CB 7.5
EB 2 1 a x = 78 (exterior angle of a triangle)
= = 0.4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
DB 5 b w = 89 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
∠ABE = ∠CBD (vertically opposite angles) c x = 120 (interior angle of a regular hexagon)

Answers
∴ △AEB ⫼ △CDB (SAS). d x = 35 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
5 a ∠EDC = ∠ADB (common) e x = 97 (cointerior angles in parallel lines, vertically
∠CED = ∠BAD = 90° opposite angles equal)
∴ △EDC ⫼ △ADB (AAA). f w = 94 (angle sum of an isosceles triangle)
4 2 a AB = QB (given)
b cm
3 ∠ABC = ∠QBP (vertically opposite)
6 a ∠ACB = ∠DCE (common) ∠CAB = ∠PQB (alternate angles AC‖PQ)
∠BAC = ∠EDC = 90° ∴ △ABC ≡ △QBP (AAS)
∴ △BAC ⫼ △EDC (AAA). b CB = PB corresponding sides of congruent triangles and
b 1.25 m B is the midpoint of CP.
7 1.90 m 3 Let ABCD be any rhombus with diagonals intersecting at P.
8 4.5 m AB = BC (sides of a rhombus equal)
9 a Yes, AAA for both. ∠ABP = ∠CBP (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior
b 20 m angles through which they cross)
c 20 m
∴ △ABP ≡ △CBP (SAS)
d Less working required for May’s triangles.
and ∠APB = ∠BPC (corresponding angles of congruent
10 The missing angle in the smaller triangle is 47°, and the
triangles).

2E
missing angle in the larger triangle is 91°. Therefore the two
And ∠APB + ∠BPC = 180° (straight line)
triangles are similar (AAA).
∴ diagonal AC ⟂ diagonal DB.
11 a ∠AOD = ∠BOC (common)
∠OAD = ∠OBC (corresponding angles) A B
∠ODA = ∠OCB (corresponding angles)
So △OAD ⫼ △OBC (AAA).
OC 3
 = = 3 (ratio of corresponding sides), therefore
OD 1 P
OB
=3
OA
OB = 3OA D C
b ∠ABC = ∠EDC (alternate angles) 4 A B
∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate angles)
∠ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite)
So △ABC ⫼ △EDC (AAA).
CE CD 2 AC + CE 1 + 2 7
= = , therefore = = .
AC BC 5 AC 5 5
D C
AE 7 7
But AC + CE = AE, so = and AE = AC. Let ABCD be any parallelogram with opposite sides parallel.
AC 5 5
AC is common.
12 a ∠BAD = ∠BCA = 90°
∠BAC = ∠ACD (alternate angles AB‖CD)
∠ABD = ∠CBA (common)
∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles AD‖CB)
So △ABD ⫼ △CBA (AAA).
AB BD ∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (AAS)
Therefore, = . and AB = DC as well as AD = BC (corresponding sides in
CB AB
2
AB = CB × BD congruent triangles).
b ∠BAD = ∠ACD = 90° 5 a △ABE ⫼ △ACD (all angles equal)
∠ADB = ∠CDA (common) b 2.5
So △ABD ⫼ △CAD (AAA). c x = 7.5
AD BD 6 a ∠CAB = ∠FDE (given)
Therefore, = .
CD AD AC AB 1
= = (ratio of corresponding sides)
AD2 = CD × BD DF DE 3
c Adding the two equations: ∴ △CAB ⫼ △FDE (SAS)
AB2 + AD2 = CB × BD + CD × BD b ∠BAO = ∠CDO (alternate angles AB‖DC)
= BD(CB + CD) ∠AOB = ∠DOC (vertically opposite)
= BD × BD ∴ △ABO ⫼ △DCO (AAA)
= BD2

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 842 Answers

7 a ∠D is common Since CD = AB and E and F are midpoints (from theorem 3)

∠ABD = ∠ECD (corresponding angles equal since then CF = BE (S).
AB‖EC) Also OC = OB (radii) H
∴ △ABD ⫼ △ECD (AAA) Also ∠OFC = ∠OEB = 90° (from theorem 3) R
b 3 cm ∴ △OCF ≡ △OBE (RHS).
Answers

8 ∠A is common, ∴ OF = OE
as Q and P are both midpoints.
AP 1 AQ 1 Exercise 2F
= and =
AB 2 AC 2 1 a OF = 4 cm (using chord theorem 2)
∴ △AQP ⫼ △ACB (SAS) b AM = 3 m
QP 1 ∠AOM = 50° (using chord theorem 3)
and = (corresponding sides in the same ratio).
CB 2 2 a ∠DOC = 70° (chord theorem 1)
1 b OE = 7.2 cm (chord theorem 2)
∴ QP = CB
2 c XZ = 4 cm and ∠XOZ = 51° (chord theorem 3)
3 The perpendicular bisectors of two different chords of a circle
2F intersect at the centre of the circle.
4 a 3.5 m b 9 m c 90° d 90°
Building understanding 5 a 140
d b 40 c 19
1 a–e d 72 e 30 f 54
6 6 m
7 3 + √128 mm = 3 + 8 √2 mm
chord
Ch2 Progress quiz

8 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of

the circle are corresponding, and therefore equal.
centre minor
sector b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so chords are
radius corresponding sides, and therefore equal.
9 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so the angles formed by
the chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore
equal. Since these angles are also supplementary, they
major sector must be 90°.
b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so the angles formed by
2 a 55° b 90° the chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore
c 75° d 140° equal. Since these angles are also supplementary, they
3 a 85° each must be 90°.
b ∠AOB = ∠COD (chord theorem 1) 10 A
c 0.9 cm each
d OE = OF (chord theorem 2)
4 a 1 cm each O
b 52° each
B C
c AM = BM and ∠AOM = ∠BOM (chord theorem 3)

First, prove △OAB ≡ △OAC (AAS), which are isosceles.

Now you try
So AB = AC, corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
Example 10 11 a AD = BD (radii of same circle)
a 2 m (chord theorem 2) AC = BC (radii of same circle)
b 3 m, 60° (chord theorem 3) CD is common.
Example 11 ∴ △ACD ≡ △BCD (SSS).
b AC = BC (radii of same circle)
D
∠ACE = ∠BCE (corresponding angles in congruent
F
triangles)
C CE is common.
∴ △ACE ≡ △BCE (SAS).
O
c Using the converse of chord theorem 3 since
B ∠ACE = ∠BCE, CD ⟂ AB.

E
A

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 Answers 843

2G 13 ∠AOB = 180° − 2x° (△AOB is isosceles)

∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles)
Building understanding ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180° (supplementary angles),
therefore  (180 − 2x) + (180 − 2y) = 180
1 a ∠ADC b ∠ADC c ∠ADC
360 − 2x − 2y = 180
d ∠AFC e ∠AEC f ∠AEC

Answers
2x + 2y = 180
2 a ∠AOB b ∠ACB c 80° d 61°
2(x + y) = 180
3 a 180° b 90° c 60° d 7°
x + y = 90
Now you try
Example 12 2H
a 50 b 25 Building understanding
Example 13
60° 1 a ∠ACD b ∠ACD c ∠ACD
2 a ∠ABD and ∠ACD b 85°
Exercise 2G c ∠BAC and ∠BDC d 17°
3 a Supplementary angles sum to 180°.
1 a 70 b 30 b 117°
2 a 50 b 40 c 80 c 109°
d 60 e 250 f 112.5 d Yes, 117° + 109° + 63° + 71° = 360°
g 38 h 120 i 18
3 a 70 b 25 c 10

2G
4 a ∠ABC = 72°, ∠ABD = 22°
Now you try
b ∠ABC = 70°, ∠ABD = 45° Example 14
c ∠ABC = 72°, ∠ABD = 35° a 37 b a = 80, b = 95
5 a ∠ADC = 75°, ∠ABC = 75°
b ∠ABC = 57.5°, ∠ADC = 57.5°
c ∠AOD = 170°, ∠ABD = 85°
Exercise 2H
6 a 100° b 94.5° c 100° 1 a 60 b a = 84, b = 40
d 119° e 70° f 66° 2 a x = 37 b x = 20 c x = 110
7 a 58° b 53° c 51° d x = 40 e x = 22.5 f x = 55
d 45° e 19° f 21° 3 a x = 60 b x = 90 c x = 30
8 a 70° b 90° d x = 88 e x = 72, y = 108 f x = 123
c The angle in a semicircle is 90°. 4 a 72 b 43 c 69
d Theorem 2 is the specific case of theorem 1 when the d 57 e 52 f 48
angle at the centre is 180°. g 30 h 47 i 108
9 a i false ii true iii true iv false 5 a a = 30, b = 100 b a = 54, b = 90
b i false ii true iii true iv false c a = 105, b = 105, c = 75 d a = 55, b = 70
10 a 2x° b 360 − 2x e a = 118, b = 21 f a = 45, b = 35
11 a ∠AOC = 180° − 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) 6 a 80° b 71°
b ∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) c ∠CBE + ∠ABE = 180° (supplementary angles)
c ∠AOB = 360° − ∠AOC − ∠BOC = 2x° + 2y° ∠CBE + ∠CDE = 180° (circle theorem 4)
d ∠AOB = 2(x° + y°) = 2∠ACB ∴ ∠CBE + ∠ABE = ∠CBE + ∠CDE.
12 a ∠BOC = 180° − 2x° (△BOC is isosceles). ∴ ∠ABE = ∠CDE
∠AOB = 180° − ∠BOC = 180° − (180° − 2x°) = 2x° 7 a ∠ACD = ∠ABD = x° and ∠DAC = ∠DBC = y° (circle
b ∠AOC = 180° − 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) theorem 3)
∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) b Using angle sum of △ACD, ∠ADC = 180° − (x° + y°).
Reflex ∠AOB = 360° − ∠AOC − ∠BOC c ∠ABC and ∠ADC are supplementary.
= 360° − (180° − 2x°) − (180° − 2y°) 8 a i 80° ii 100° iii 80°
= 2x° + 2y° = 2(x + y)° = 2∠ACB. b ∠BAF + ∠DCB = 180°, therefore AF‖CD (cointerior
c ∠OBC = x° + y° (△OCB is isosceles) angles are supplementary).
∠COB = 180° − 2(x + y)° 9 a ∠PCB = 90° (circle theorem 2)
∠AOB = 180° − 2x° − (180° − 2(x + y)°) b ∠A = ∠P (circle theorem 3)
= 2y° a
c sin P =
2r
a a
d As ∠A = ∠P, sin A = , therefore 2r = .
2r sin A

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 844 Answers

2I 2J
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a Once b 90° c 5 cm 1 a 3 b 6 c 7 d 8
2 a ∠BAP b ∠BPX c ∠ABP d ∠APY 21 5 33 27
Answers

2 a b c d
3 a 180° b 360° 2 2 7 7
3 a AP × CP = BP × DP b AP × BP = DP × CP
Now you try c AP × BP = CP2

Example 15 Now you try

a 10 b 30
Example 17
Example 16
4 39 5
a 50° b 70° a b c
5 5 2

Exercise 2I Exercise 2J
1 a 20 b 20 3 83 9
1 a b c
2 a a = 19 b a = 62 c a = 70 2 6 4
3 a a = 50 b a = 28 c a = 25 112
2 a 5 b 10 c
4 a 50° b 59° 15
5 a a = 73, b = 42, c = 65 143 178 161
3 a b c
2I

b a = 26, b = 83, c = 71 8 9 9
c a = 69, b = 65, c = 46 32 16 35
4 a b c
6 a 5 cm b 11.2 cm 3 3 2
7 a a = 115 b a = 163 c a = 33 5 a √65 b √77
d a = 28 e a = 26 f a = 26 64 209 81
6 a b c
g a = 36 h a = 26 i a = 30 7 10 7
8 a a = 70 b a = 50 c a = 73 74 153
d e f √65 − 1
d a = 40 e a = 19 f a = 54 7 20
9 4 cm 7 a x(x + 5) = 7 × 8, x2 + 5x = 56, x2 + 5x − 56 = 0
10 a OA and OB are radii of the circle. b x(x + 11) = 10 × 22, x2 + 11x = 220,
b ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90° x2 + 11x − 220 = 0
c ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90° c x(x + 23) = 312, x2 + 23x = 961, x2 + 23x − 961 = 0
OP is common 8 For this diagram, the third secant rule states:
OA = OB AP2 = DP × CP and BP2 = DP × CP, so BP = AP.
∴ △OAP ≡ △OBP (RHS) 9 AP × BP = DP × CP
d AP and BP are corresponding sides in congruent AP × BP = AP × CP since AP = DP.
triangles. BP = CP
11 a ∠OPB = 90° − x°, tangent meets radii at right angles 10 a ∠A = ∠D and ∠B = ∠C (circle theorem 3)
b ∠BOP = 2x°, using angle sum in an isocles triangle b ∠P is the same for both triangles (vertically opposite), so
c ∠BAP = x°, circle theorem 1 △ABP ⫼ △DCP (AAA).

12 ∠BAP = ∠BPY (alternate segment theorem) AP BP

c =
∠BPY = ∠DPX (vertically opposite angles) DP CP
∠DPX = ∠DCP (alternate segment theorem) AP BP
d = , cross-multiplying gives AP × CP = BP × DP.
∴ ∠BAP = ∠DCP, so AB‖DC (alternate angles are equal). DP CP
11 a ∠B = ∠C (circle theorem 3)
13 AP = TP and TP = BP, hence AP = BP.
b △PBD ⫼ △PCA (AAA)
14 a Let ∠ACB = x°, therefore ∠ABC = 90° − x°.
AP CP
Construct OP. OP ⟂ PM (tangent). ∠OPC = x° c = , so AP × BP = DP × CP.
DP BP
(△OPC is isosceles). Construct OM.
12 a yes
△OAM ≡ △OPM (RHS), therefore AM = PM.
b alternate segment theorem
∠BPM = 180° − 90° − x° = 90° − x°.
c △BPC ⫼ △CPA (AAA)
Therefore, △BPM is isosceles with PM = BM. BP CP
Therefore, AM = BM. d = , so CP2 = AP × BP.
CP AP
b Answers may vary.
13 d = √4r1r2 = 2 √r1r2

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 Answers 845

Problems and challenges d ∠ABD = ∠DBC (given)

∠DAB = ∠CDB = 35° (angle sum of triangle)
1 21 units2 ∴ △ABD ⫼ △DBC (AAA)
2 BD = 5 cm, CE = 19 cm
100
3 ∠ADE = ∠ABE, ∠EFD = ∠BFA, ∠DEB = ∠DAB, x=
7
∠DFB = ∠EFA, ∠CDB = ∠CAE, ∠DAE = ∠DBE,

Answers
∠ADB = ∠AEB, ∠ABD = ∠AED = ∠CBD = ∠CEA 6 a 65 (chord theorem 1)
4 42.5% b 7 (chord theorem 2)
5 Check with your teacher. c 6 (chord theorem 3)
6 a ∠FDE = ∠DFC = ∠ABC (alternate and corresponding 7 a a = 25
angles in parallel lines) b a = 50, b = 40
∠FED = ∠EFB = ∠ACB (alternate and corresponding c a = 70
angles in parallel lines) d b = 54
∠DFE = ∠BAC (angle sum of a triangle) e a = 115
△ABC ⫼ △FDE (AAA) f a = 30, b = 30
b i 4 : 1 ii 16 : 1 8 a x = 26, y = 58, z = 64
c 4n−1 : 1 b a = 65, b = 130, c = 50, d = 8
c t = 63
40
9 a 5 b 6 c
Short-answer questions 3

1 a 65 b 120
Multiple-choice questions
c x = 62, y = 118 d 46

Ch2 Problems and challenges

2 a 148° b 112° 1 C 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B
3 a AB = DE (given) 6 A 7 E 8 C 9 D 10 B
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given)
Extended-response questions
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS).
b AB = AD (given) 1 a ∠BAC = ∠BDE = 90°
∠BAC = ∠DAC (given) ∠B is common.
AC is common. ∴ △ABC ⫼ △DBE (AAA).
∴ △ABC ≡ △ADC (SAS). b 1.2 km
c AB = CD (given) AC 3
c i =
AD = CB (given) DE 2
BD is common. AB 3 (ratio of corresponding sides in
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS). ∴ =
DB 2 similar triangles)
4 a AB = CD (given)
x+1 3
∠BAC = ∠DCA (alternate angles) =
AC is common.
x 2
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SAS). ∴ 2(x + 1) = 3x
b ∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles), therefore AD‖BC ii 2
(alternate angles are equal). d 44.4%
DE 10.5 2 a i 106.26° ii 73.74°
5 a = = 1.5
AB 7 b 12 cm c 25 cm d 70 cm
EF 14.7
= = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides)
BC 9.8
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) Chapter 3
∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEF (SAS)
x = 19.5 3A
b ∠EAB = ∠DAC (common) Building understanding
∠EBA = ∠DCA (corresponding with EB‖DC)
∴ △ABE ⫼ △ACD (AAA) 1 a irrational b root
x = 6.25 c non-recurring d rational number
c ∠BAC = ∠EDC (given) 2 a 4 b 25
∠ACB = ∠DCE (vertically opposite) c 16 d 36
∴ △ABC ⫼ △DEC (AAA)
x = 8.82

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 846 Answers

Now you try 7 a √12 b √32 c √50 d √27

e √45 f √108 g √128 h √700
Example 1 i √810 j √125 k √245 l √363
a irrational 8 a 15 √3 b 13 √7 c 19 √5 d 31 √3
b rational 9 a 4 √2 m b 2 √30 cm c 4 √15 mm
c rational
Answers

10 a radius = 2 √6 cm, diameter = 4 √6 cm

b radius = 3 √6 m, diameter = 6 √6 m
2
− 5 −40% 7 c radius = 8 √2 m, diameter = 16 √2 m
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 11 a 2 √5 cm b 3 √5 m c √145 mm
d √11 m e √11 mm f 2 √21 cm
2
−√5 ≈ −2.2, −40% = −0.4, ≈ 0.29 12 √72 = √36 × 2 (i.e. 36 is highest square factor of 72)
7
= 6 √2
Example 2
13 a 9, 25, 225 b 15 √2
5√5
a 2√5 b 20√3 c 2√3 d 14 a Draw triangle with shorter sides length 1 cm and 3 cm.
4 b Draw triangle with shorter sides length 2 cm and 5 cm.
Example 3
a √18 b √75 c d
1 2

√6 √22 1
Exercise 3A
1
1 a irrational b rational c rational 1
6 2
− 2
3A

7 150% 4
15 Check with your teacher.
−2 −1 0 1 2
6 3B
−√2 ≈ − 1.4, 150% = 1.5, ≈ 0.86
7
2 a irrational b rational
Building understanding
c rational d rational 1 a yes b no c no d yes
e rational f irrational e yes f no g yes h yes
g irrational h irrational 2 a 6x b −5x c 17a d t
−1.24 0.18 5 2 3 3 a 4 √3
−2 −1 0 2 3 4 b i 5 √3 ii −3 √3 iii 17 √3

− 2 2
1 57 π
5
Now you try
3 a yes b yes c no d no
Example 4
e no f yes g yes h no
a 5√5 b √7 + 7√3
4 a 2 √3 b 3 √5 c 2 √6 d 4 √3
e 5 √3 f 10 √5 g 7 √2 h 3 √10 Example 5
i 8 √2 j 6 √10 k 9 √2 l 4 √5 a 5√2 b 2√3
5 a 6 √2 b 6 √5 c 16 √3 d 6 √7
e 21 √2 f 20 √5 g √5 h √7 Exercise 3B
√6 √6 √5 √11
i j k l 1 a i 5√7 ii 9√3
2 4 5 6
b i 2√5 + 5√3 ii 2√5 + 8√11
2 √17
m 3 √11 n 2 √2 o 2 √2 p 2 a 6 √5 b 3 √3 c 4 √2
7
d 3 √2 e 11 √5 f √3
3 √3 2 √3 3 √3
q r 4 √6 s t g 6 √10 h 5 √2 i −2 √21
2 3 2
j −6 √11 k −√13 l −7 √30
2 √2 2 √3 3 √2 √11 3 a √3 + 5 √2 b 3 √6 + 7 √11 c 4 √5 − 7 √2
6 a b c d
3 7 5 5 d −2 √2 + √5 e 4 √3 f 0
√10 √3 √13 1 g −3 √2 − 3 √10 h −2 √5 + 3 √15
e f g h
3 6 4 √2 4 a √2 b 5 √2 c 4 √3 d √5
√5 3 √3 √5 √14 e 7 √2 f 12 √3 g 8 √11 h 3 √2
i j k l
3 2 2√2 √19 i 5 √6 j √5 k 32 √2 l 20 √2

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 Answers 847

5 a 13 √2 b 9 √6 Exercise 3C
c 2 √5 − √7 d 5 √5 + 6 √7
e √6 − 3 √2 f 2 √3 + 11 √5 − 5 √2 1 a i √42 ii √55
g 9 √3 + 2 √2 h 11 − 9 √3 b i 10√21 ii 6√35
i 9 + 18 √2 j −9 √2 + 15 √5 c i 12 ii 45
2 a √15 b √21 c √26

Answers
5 √3 7 √5 √2
6 a b c d √35 e −√30 f −√30
6 12 30
g √66 h √6 i √70
√7 −√2 13 √3 3 a √10 b √6 c −√3
d e f
6 10 14 d √5 e √3 f √10
13 √5 −7 √3 −11 √10 g √5 h −√13 i −√5
g h i
18 30 24 4 a 3 b 5 c 9
7 a 4 √3 + 2 √5 cm b 14 √2 cm d 7 √2 e 2 √11 f 3 √6
c √10 + 3 √2 cm d 2 √10 + 4 √5 cm g 5 √2 h 4 √6 i 10
e 4 √3 + √30 m f 12 √3 cm 5 a 10 √3 b 21 √2 c 12 √14
8 a √20 = 2 √5 d −50 √3 e −18 √3 f 15 √5
b 3 √72 = 18 √2, √338 = 13 √2 g 42 √6 h −60 √10 i −20 √10
9 a 5 √3 − 6 √3 + √3 = 0 j 42 √2 k 24 √30 l 216 √7
b √6 + 2 √6 − 3 √6 = 0 6 a 11 b 13 c 12
c 6 √2 − 8 √2 + 2 √2 = 0 d 125 e 147 f 162
d 2 √2 − 3 √2 + √2 = 0 √5
7 a 2 √2 b 3 √6 c
e 4 √5 − 7 √5 + 3 √5 = 0 2

3B
f 3 √2 − 6 √3 − 5 √2 + 6 √3 + 2 √2 = 0 −4 −1 2 √5
10 a 6 √3 − 3 √2, unlike surds d e f
√13 3 √7 3
b 8 √2 + 2 √5, unlike surds
8 a √6 + √15 b √14 − √10 c − √55 − √65
c 5 √2 − 6 √5, unlike surds
d −2 √15 − 2 √21 e 6 √26 − 3 √22 f 20 − 20 √2
d 10 √10 + 10 √3, unlike surds
g 30 √2 + 15 √30 h −12 √3 + 12 √2 i 42 + 63 √2
e 20 √2 + 30 √3, unlike surds
j 90 √3 − 24 √10 k −16 + 24 √10 l 42 √2 + 30
f 4 √5 − 6 √6, unlike surds
9 a 28 b 18 c −75
7 √2 2 √3 √5 −3 √2
11 a b c d d √2 − √6 e 3 √3 + 4 f − √10 + √5
15 3 12 4 g 2 h 8 √2 i √2 − 6
√3 −7 √7 29 √6 10 a 2 √6 b √30 c 6
e f g −√2 h
2 15 28 3 2
11 a cm b 2 √6 cm
6 √6 29 √5 4
i 0 j 8 √3 k l
35 42 12 a √6 × √6 = √6 × 6 = √36 = 6
b − √8 × √8 = − √8 × 8 = − √64 = −8
3C c − √5 × − √5 = + √5 × 5 = √25 = 5
Building understanding 13 a Simplify each surd before multiplying.
b Allows for the multiplication of smaller surds, which is
1 a
√153 = √5 b
√427 = √6 c
simpler.
i 3 √2 × 3 √3 = 9 √6
c √6 × 5 = √30 d √11 × 2 = √22 ii 2 √6 × 2 √5 = 4 √30
2 a 6 b 7 c 5 iii 5 √2 × 3 √5 = 15 √10
3 a 2x + 6 b 10x − 5 c 30 − 24x iv 3 √6 × 5 √3 = 45 √2
v 6 √2 × 4 √3 = 24 √6
Now you try vi 6 √3 × − 10 √5 = −60 √15
vii −12 √3 × − 2 √7 = 24 √21
Example 6
viii 7 √2 × 10 √3 = 70 √6
a √15 b 24√3 c 63
ix 12 √2 × 12 √5 = 144 √10
Example 7 14 a 3 b 2 c −9
a −√3 b 2√2 1 2
d − e f 3
Example 8 5 5
a 5√6 − √14 15 a 54 √2 b 375 √3 c 162 √3
b 30√2 − 45 d 25 e 9 f 128 √2
g −120 √5 h −108 √2 i 720

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 848 Answers

27 √2 l 81 2 √3 + √42 5 √2 + 2 √5 √30 − 5 √2
j 14 √7 k g h i
2 6 10 5
m 100 √3 n 144 o −96 √15 8 √3 − 15 √2 3 √2 + 2 √5 6 √5 + 5 √6
j k l
81 √3 5 9 √6 6 2 2
p q r
25 3 √3 2 5 √3 2 2
7 a cm b m2
Answers

16 a 19 − 2 √6 b 16 3 3
c 2 √15 − 85 d 10 √3 − 37 √10 + √15 2
c mm
e 30 − 10 √2 f 0 10
g 4 √3 − 14 h 47 √2 − 10 √30 + 11 2 √3 + 3 √2 6 √5 + 5 √2 9 √7 − 14 √3
8 a b c
6 10 21
3D 5 √3 − 2 √2 2 √2 + 5 √3 9 √5 + 4 √3
d e f
6 12 30
Building understanding −2 √14 6 √30 + 4 √6 3 √10 − 2 √42
g h i
1 15 9 9
1 a 1 b c −2 d 6
2 √x
2 a √3 b 10 c √5 d √7 9 As is equal to 1.
3 a 0.377… b 2.886… c 16.31… √x
All pairs of numbers are equal. √21 + √7a √30 + √5a
10 a b
7 5
2 √3 + √6a
Now you try c d 1 − √3a
6
Example 9 e 1 − √5a f 1 − √7a
3C

3√2 4√21 √10 2√7 − 7 4 √10a + 5 √2 √6a + √2

a b c d g h
2 7 3 7 10 2
2 √14a + 7 √2
i
Exercise 3D 14
3√5 7√6 11 a i 14 ii 2 iii 47
1 a i ii b Each question is a difference of perfect squares, and each
5 6
answer is an integer.
2√15 3√10
b i ii
5 2 4 + √2
c
√21 √30 4 + √2
c i ii
5 21 12 + 3 √2 −3 √3 − 3
d i ii
√2 − 2 4√5 − 5 14 2
d i ii
2 5 −(6 + 2 √30)
√2 √7 3 √11 4 √5 iii 2 √2 + √6 iv
2 a b c d 7
2 7 11 5 5 √3 − 5
5 √3 √15 √14 12 a b 2 √3 + 2
e f 4 √2 g h 2
3 3 7 c 3 √5 + 6 d −4 − 4 √2
√6 √35 √66 √10 −3 − 3 √3 42 + 7 √7
3 a b c d e f
3 7 11 5 2 29
√21 √42 √30 √34 g −12 − 4 √10 h −14 − 7 √5
e f g h
3 7 3 2 2 √11 + 2 √2
4 √14 5 √6 3 √10 i j 2 √5 − 2 √2
4 a b c 9
7 3 2 √14 − √2
3 √42 7 √30 2 √105 k √7 − √3 l
d e f 6
7 10 15 6 + √6
m n √14 + 2 √2
4 √21 √6 √35 2 √2 5
5 a b c d
15 3 3 5 b √a − b√b
o 10 − 4 √5 p
2 √5 10 9 √2 3 √7 a−b
e f g h
15 9 2 2 a √a + a√b a + b − 2 √ab
q r
√3 + √6 3 √7 + √35 2 √5 − √15 a−b a−b
6 a b c
3 7 5 a − √ab a √b + b√a
√6 − √10 √35 + √14 √30 − √21 s t
d e f a−b a−b
2 7 3

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 Answers 849

3E 6 a x8 b x2y2 c x6n8 d xy2

9x8y2
e m f r4s7 g h 2y4
Building understanding 2
i 2a2b2 j 27m7n14 k −45a8b5 16 3
1 a 34 b 76 c 6x3 d 8a3b2 l f
3
2

Answers
x 4 3 2 1 0 m 2m6n3 n 21y3z2 o 1 p −6m2n7
2x 24 = 16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1 7 a −27 b −27 c 81 d −81
12 105 a30
3 a 22 × 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 8 a x b a c
b15
= 25 9 a 13 b 18 c 81 d 64
x5 x × x × x × x × x e 1 f 1 g 9 h 8
b =
x3 x×x×x 10 He has not included the minus sign inside the brackets, i.e.
= x2 has only applied it afterwards. Need (−2) 4 not −24.
c (a2) 3 = a × a × a × a × a × a 11 a 3 b 4 c 1
= a6 d 3 e 4 f 1
d (2x) 0 × 2x0 = 1 × 2 12 a 9 b 2 c 162 d −18
=2 7
13 a ± 2 b 5 c 2 d
2
Now you try 14 a x = 2, y = 4 or x = 4, y = 2 or x = 16, y = 1
Example 10 b x = 8, y = 2 or x = 4, y = 3 or x = 64, y = 1,
or x = 2, y = 6
a x7 b 14a3b5
c x = 9, y = 2, or x = 3, y = 4 or x = 81, y = 1

3E
Example 11 d x = 1, y = any positive integer
1 2
a m2 b xy
2
Example 12
3F
4x6 Building understanding
a a6 b 27y9 c d 4x5y4
49y2z4
Example 13 1 a 2−2, 2−3, 2−4 b x−1, x−2, x−3
a 2 b 6 1 1 5 5 −2
2 a b c or d
32 52 42 24 33
Exercise 3E
1
3 a b ab
1 a i x7 ii x8 ab
b i 10 a3b3 ii 12 a4b5 1 1 4
4 a b c
2 a a9 b x5 c b6 25 27 49
d 14m5 e 6s7 f 2t16
p3 c7 9 2 Now you try
g h i s
5 6 25
j 6x3y3 k 15a3b6 l 18v9w2 Example 14
m 150x5y6 n 12r7s6 o 20m8n10 1 2y3
a b c 2x4
3 a x3 b a c q3 b3 x2
d b4 e y5 f d5 Example 15
g j h m6 i 2xy3 5 n8
a b
j 3r2s k 2p2 l 2m4x a 2b 4 3m7
1
m 5b3 n 4st o v2 Example 16
4
pq3 m7
1 x y2 a b
p a q − r − 2 16r5
2 3 2
4 a x10 b t6 c 4a6 d 5y15
e 64t6 f 4u4 g 27r9 h 81p16 Exercise 3F
a4 x9 x 4y 6 u16w8 1 1
i j k l 1 a i ii
b6 y12 z8 v8 b2 a5
27f 6 9a4b2 a 3t 9 256p8q12 4y3 7y2
m n o p b i ii
125g3 4p2q6 27g12 81r4 x x3
5 a 8 b 3 c 1 d 1 c i 2x2 ii 6x7
e 5 f 3 g −5 h 3

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 850 Answers

(2)
1 1 2 3 1 x
2 a b c d 13 Proof: = (2−1) x = 2−1×x = 2−x
x5 a4 m4 y7
3a2 4m3 10y5z 3z3 14 a −2 b −5 c −3 d −1
e f g h
e −2 f −3 g −3 h −4
b3 n3 x2 x 4y 2
i 0 j 0 k 1 l 2
q 3r d 2f 5 3u2w7 2b3 m −2 n 1 o −2 p 2
Answers

i j k l
3p2 5e4 8v6 5c5d2
3 a t x2 b 2y3 c 4m7 d 3b5 Progress quiz
4b4a3 5h3g3
e 2b4d3 f 3m2n4 g h 1 a 3.16227766… irrational b 3.142857 rational
3 2 c 3.141592653… irrational d 3.15 rational
2 3
4 a x b a3 c d 22
b4 y3 7 315% 10
π
1 4y2 6 18b4
e f g h
xy a3 a 5b 2 a2
x 4m q p 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17
i j k l
2y 7n3 p5 q 2r 5 √2 5 √5
2 a 7 √2 b 10 √3 c d
a2 m2 a 4r3 2 4
m n o p
b2 n b3 3s2 3 √192
4 a 3 √3 b 6 √2 + 2 √5
2x 7d2 5 4
5 a b c d c 16 √3 d 17 √5 − 6 √3
3 10 3s3 3f 2 2
5 a −√15 b 35 √6 c d 6 e 52
3F

f5 1 wx5 5c5d4 3 √5
e f g h
g5 r 6s 2 2 4 6 66 √2
16 1 2 4 3 √7 2 √15 2 √3 − 3 √10
6 a b c d 7 a b c
x4 64 m6 x21 d6 7 5 2
9 5 81 −8 1 6 3
e f g h 8 a a5 b 12x3y4 c h4 d mn
2
t8 x4 x20 x15 4p8q6
y4 h12 e a6 f 9m10 g h 6
i j k 7j8 l 2t6 49r2t4
16 81 1 2b4 4
16p4 9 a b c 7m2 d
7 a a 7b 2 b c 54x7y10 x3 a 2c 3 5d2
9q2 16 a6 12m 4d5
e f g h
324r11 2y14 k8 8 a5 3c2
d 4a8b3 e f
s x3 a4 9x10d9
10 a b
m14 27x 5b5 8c13
g a2b18 h i
n8 2y
1 1 2 −5 3G
8 a b c d
25 64 49 81
1 Building understanding
e f 1 g 98 h −48
9
1 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 3
9 −64 1
i j k l 100 2 a 103 b 107 c 10−6 d 10−3
4 125 16
3 a 4 b 5 c 3
9 0.0041 cm
d −4 e −3 f −5
3 7 y
10 a i ii iii
2 5 2x
b Now you try
b
a
Example 17
11 The negative index should only be applied to x not to 2: a 20 480 b 0.000047
2
2x−2 = Example 18
x2
a 7.94 × 106 b 2.71 × 10−4
5 5 1
12 a b c
6 18 3 Exercise 3G
7 71 106
d − e f
12 48 9 1 a i 3126 ii 5 040 000
b i 0.0028 ii 0.00000591

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 Answers 851

2 a 3120 b 54 293 Example 20

3 3 3
c 710 500 d 8 213 000 a √5 b (√11) 2 or √121
e 59 500 f −800 200 Example 21
g −10 120 h 9 990 000 1
a 5 b 3 c
i 210 500 000 j −55 000 2

Answers
k 2 350 000 000 l 1 237 000 000 000
3 a 0.0045 b 0.0272 c 0.0003085 Exercise 3H
d 0.00783 e −0.000092 f 0.265 1 1
1 a i 132 ii 192
g 0.0001002 h −0.000006235 1 3 1 7
i 0.98 j −0.000000000545 b i 62 x2 ii 112 x2
k 0.000000000003285 l 0.000000875 5 2
c i 4x4 ii 7x3
4 a 6.24 × 103 b −5.73 × 105 c 3.02 × 104
3 3
d 4.24 × 105 e −1.01 × 104 f 3.50 × 107 d i 62 ii 132
g 7.25 × 104 h 3.56 × 105 i 1.10 × 108 1 1 2 3
j 9.09 × 105 k −4.56 × 10 6 l 9.83 × 109 2 a 292 b 353 c x5 d b4
5 a 2.42 × 10−3 b −1.88 × 10 −2 c 1.25 × 10−4 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1
e 22 a2 f 43 t3 g 105 t5 h 88 m2
d 7.87 × 10−3 e −7.08 × 10−4 f 1.14 × 10−1
5 7
g 6.40 × 10−6 h 7.89 × 10−5 i 1.30 × 10−4 3 a 7x2 b 6n3 c 3y3
j 7.01 × 10−7 k 9.89 × 10 −9 l −5.00 × 10−4 2 1 4 2 3 5
6 a −2.4 × 104 b 5.71 × 10 6 c 7.0 × 108 d 5p3 r3 e 2a3 b3 f 2g4 h4
d 4.88 × 103 e 1.9 × 10−3 f −7.05 × 10−4 3 1 3 1 4 1
g 52 or 1252 h 72 or 3432 i 43 or 2563
g 9.8 × 10−6 h −3.571 × 10−1 i 5.00 × 10−5

3G
5 7 3 10
7 a 7.7 × 106 km2 b 6
2.5 × 10 c 7.4 × 109 km 4 a √2 b √8 c √6 d √11
3 3 5 7
d 1 × 10−2 cm e 1.675 × 10 kg f 9.5 × 10−13 g
−27 e √9 f √49 g √8 h √81
8 a 2.85 × 10−3 b 1.55 × 10−3 c 4.41 × 10−8 5 a 6 b 3 c 4 d 7
d 6.38 × 10−3 e 8.00 × 107 f 3.63 × 108 e 2 f 5 g
1
h
1
g 1.80 × 10−3 h 3.42 × 10 15 i 8.31 × 10−2 3 2
9 328 minutes 1 1 1 1
i j k l
10 38 is larger than 10. 3 10 20 10
11 a 2.1 × 104 b 3.94 × 109 c 6.004 × 101 6 a 4 b 8 c 216 d 32
d 1.79 × 10−4 e 2 × 103 f 7 × 10−1 1 1 1 1
e f g h
g 1 × 107 h 6 × 106 i 4 × 10−3 8 9 16 125
j 3.1 × 10−14 k 2.103 × 10−4 l 9.164 × 10−21 i 125 j
1
k
1
l
1
12 a 9 × 104 b 8 × 109 c 6.4 × 109 16 81 100
d 1.44 × 10−8 e 4 × 104 f 6.25 × 10−12 1
7 a a2 b m3 c x d b2
g 2.25 × 10−6 h 1.25 × 107 i 1 × 10−5
1
j 1.275 × 10−4 k 1.8 × 10−1 l 2 × 102 6 1
a2
e s7 f y9 g 1 h
m 8 × 10−1 n 4 × 10−14 o 2.5 × 104 b
13 3 × 10−4 = 3 ÷ 10 000 8 a 5s2 b 3t2 c 2t2 d 5t4
14 a i 9 × 1017 J ii 2.34 × 1021 J e x f b4 g t3 h m2
iii 2.7 × 1015 J iv 9 × 1011 J i 4ab4 j 6m2n k 2x2y3 l 7r3t2
b i 1.11 × 108 kg ii 4.22 × 10−1 kg 5 2x 2
m n o p 10x
iii 9.69 × 10−13 kg iv 1.89 × 10−19 kg 7 3 x2
c 5.4 × 1041 J 9 a Method B
b i 32 ii 216 iii 128
3H 1
iv 81 v 625 vi
Building understanding 27
32 81
vii viii
1 a 3, 2 b 5, 5 c 4, 4 d 5, 5 3125 10 000
2 a 3 b 11 c 3 d 4 10 It equals 2 since 26 = 64.
e 2 f 3 g 2 i h 10 11 a i −3 ii −10
3 a 1.91, 1.91 b 1.58, 1.58 c 1.43, 1.43 iii −2 iv −3
b i no ii yes
Now you try iii yes iv no
c y is a real number when n is odd, for x < 0.
Example 19
1 1 7 9 3
a 112 b 32 x2 c 2x4 d 72

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 852 Answers

3I 10 a i 0.25 ii 0.125
iii 0.001 iv 0.0016
Building understanding b i 5−2 ii 2−4
iii 2−1 iv 5−4
1 a i 4 ii 8 iii 16 iv 32
11 a −4 b −6 c −5
b i 3 ii 5 iii 6
Answers

1 3 3
2 a 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 d e − f −
b 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561 2 2 4
c 64, 256, 1024, 4096 3
12 a 1 b −1 c 8 d −
d 125, 625, 3125 2
e 216, 1296 5 2
e − f −2 g 3 h
3 a 32 b 53 c 35 2 3
d 2 7 e 36 1
i j 2 k 0 l −2
5

Now you try

3J
Example 22
3 Building understanding
a x = 3 b x = −3 c x =
2 1 a
Example 23 x −2 −1 0 1 2
x=1 1 1
y 1 3 9
9 3
3I

Exercise 3I b y
1 a i x = 2 ii x = 3 10
b i x = −2 ii x = −3 8
3 3 6 y = 3x
c i x = ii x =
2 2 4
2 a 3 b 3 c 2 d 2 2
e 3 f 3 g 4 h 3 x
i 4 j 5 k 4 l 3 −2 −1 O 1 2
3 a −2 b −2 c −2
d −4 e −5 f 3 2 a asymptote b 1
g 2 h 6 i 3 c y - axis d x - axis
3 4 3 3
4 a b c d 1 1
2 3 2 2 3 a a−2 = ≠ − a2 b False since 3−2 = .
1 1 1 1 a2 32
e f g h 1
2 3 5 4 c 5−3, 3−2, 2−1 d −9, −125, −
4
3 3
i −2 j −4 k − l −
2 2
5 a 1
Now you try
b i 2 ii 32 iii 260 iv 21440 Example 24
c i 3 min ii 8 min iii 10 min y (1, 5) b y = 5x
1
6 a b 1 c 3 d 1
2
3 6
e f 2 g 9 h
4 7
15 11 3 (1, 2) a y = 2x
i j − k 4 l − 1
4 2 2
7 1 cent doubled every second for 30 seconds. Receive x
O
230 cents, which is more than 1 million dollars.
8 a i 1 ii 1 iii 1
b No solutions. If a = 1, then ax = 1 for all values of x.
2 3
9 a 2 b 1 c d
3 4
5 1 3 1
e f g h −
4 3 10 2

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 Answers 853

Example 25 4 y
y
O x
a y = 2x −1
(1, −2)

Answers
(−1, 2) (1, 2) (1, −3) a
1 c y = 2−x c
x (1, −5)
O b
−1
(1, −2) b y = −2x 5 y
b c
a
(1, 12 )
1 (1, 13 )
x
Example 26 O
(3, 27) (1, 16 )
Exercise 3J

( 3)
1 y 1
6 a i (0, 1) ii −1,

3J
(1, 6) iii (0, 1) iv (2, 9)
b a
( 2)
1
b i (4, −16) ii −1, −

(1, 2) iii (0, −1) iv (2, −4)

1

( 4)
1
x c i 1, ii (−3, 64)
O

( 4)
1
iii (0, 1) iv 1,
2 y
7 a (2, 4) b (2, 9) c (1, −4)
d (−3, 8)
c
(1, 5) 8 a 1000
(1, 4) a b i 2000 ii 8000
b c i 2 years ii 4 years
(1, 2) 9 a N = 2t b N = 210 = 1024 c 14 seconds
1 10 x = 2.322
x 11 a C b A c D
O d E e F f B
12 Substitute (2, 5) into the equation y = 22 = 4 ≠ 5.

y 13 y = 1
3
y
c a
(–1, 2) 1 y=1
(1, 2)

1 (1, 12 ) O
x
x

–1
b 14 It is the asymptote.
(1, –2)
15 a y

8
6
4
2
x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
They are the same graph.

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 854 Answers

(3) (5) (10 )

1 x 1 x 1 x 5 a V = 15 000 × 0.94t
b i y = ii iii y =
b i 12 459 L ii 9727 L
c i y = 4−x ii y = 7−x iii y = 11−x c 769.53 L d 55.0 hours

(a)
1 1 x 6 a V = 50 000 × 1.11n
d = a−1, thus = (a−1) x = a−x as required (or b i $75 903.52 ii $403 115.58
a
similar)
Answers

c 6.64 years
7 a 3000
b i 7800 ii 20 280 iii 243 220
3K c 10 hours 11 minutes
8 a D = 10 × 0.875t, where t = number of 10 000 km
Building understanding
travelled
1 a $50 b $1050 c $52.50 b 90 000 c yes
d $55.13 e $1276.28 9 a T = 90 × 0.92t
2 b i 79.4°C ii 76.2°C
2 a 4.9 kg b , 0.98 c 4.52 kg
100 c 3.22 minutes ≈ 3 minutes 13 seconds
3 a growth b decay c growth d decay 10 a i $1610.51 ii $2143.59 iii $4177.25
b i $1645.31 ii $2218.18 iii $4453.92
11 a $2805.10 b $2835.25 c $2837.47
Now you try
12 a i 90 g ii 72.9 g iii 53.1 g
Example 27 b 66 years
a A = 50 000(1.16) n b P = 10 000(0.91) n 13 a 60 L b 22.8 minutes
14 0.7%
Example 28
3J

a V = 400 000(1.07) n
3L
b i $428 000 ii $490 017.20
c 3.3 years Building understanding
Exercise 3K 1 a $50 b $550 c $55 d $605 e $605
2
1 a V = 6000(1.12) n b P = 20 000(0.92) n 2 4200 210 4410
2 a A = amount of money at any time, n = number of years of 3 4410 220.50 4630.50
investment 4 4630.50 231.53 4862.03
A = 200 000 × 1.17n
5 4862.03 243.10 5105.13
b A = house value at any time, n = number of years since
initial valuation 3 a $1102.50 b $1102.50
A = 530 000 × 0.95n c $1157.63 d $1157.63
c A = car value at any time, n = number of years since 4 a 700(1.08) 2 b 1000(1.15) 6 c 850(1.06) 4
purchase
A = 14 200 × 0.97n Now you try
d A = size of oil spill at any time, n = number of minutes
Example 29
elapsed
$4502.19
A = 2 × 1.05n
e A =  litres in tank at any time, n = number of hours elapsed Example 30
A = 1200 × 0.9n 5
a n = 60, r = b n = 12, r = 3.5
f A = cell area at any time, n = number of minutes elapsed 12
A = 0.01 × 2n Example 31
g A = population at any time, n = number of years since $8964.49
initial census
A = 172 500 × 1.15n Exercise 3L
h A = mass of substance at any time, n = number of hours 1 $6312.38
elapsed 2 a $5105.13 b $11 946.33
A = 30 × 0.92n c $13 652.22 d $9550.63
3 a 1.1 3 a $106 000 b $112 360 c $119 101.60
b i $665 500 ii $1 296 871.23 iii $3 363 749.97 d $133 822.56 e $179 084.77 f $239 655.82
c 7.3 years 4 a 6, 3% b 60, 1% c 52, 0.173%
4 a 300 000 d 14, 2.625% e 32, 3.75% f 120, 0.8%
b i $216 750 ii $96 173.13 iii $42 672.53 5 a $2254.32 b $87 960.39 c $1461.53
c 3.1 years d $789.84 e $591.63 f $1407.76

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 Answers 855

6 a $5075 b $5228.39 c $5386.42 b i interest is doubled

7 $11 651.92 ii no change
8 a i $3239.42 ii $3348.15 iii $3446.15 iii interest is doubled
iv $3461.88 v $3465.96 6
Overall
b $226.54 Principal Rate Period Interest Amount
time

Answers
9 a P = 300, n = 12, r = 7%, R = 14%, t = 6 years
b P = 5000, n = 24, r = 2.5%, R = 30%, t = 2 years $7000 4.56% annually 5 years $1750 $8750
c P = 1000, n = 65, r = 0.036%, R = 0.936%, t = 2.5 years $7000 8.45% annually 5 years $3500 $10 500
d P = 3500, n = 30, r = 0.0053%, R = 1.9345%, t = 30 days 8% fornightly 2 years $1559.00 $10 559.00
$9000
e P = 10 000, n = 10, r = 7.8%, R = 7.8%, t = 10 years
f P = 6000, n = 91, r = 0.22%, R = 5.72%, t = 3.5 years $18 000 8% fornightly 2 years $3118.01 $21 118.01
10 5.3% compounded bi-annually 7 a 8.45% b 8.19% c 8.12%
11 a i approx. 6 years ii approx. 12 years The more frequently the interest is calculated, the lower
iii approx. 9 years iv approx. 5 years the required rate.
v approx. 7 years vi approx. 4 years 8 a i 4.2% ii 8.7%
b same answer as part a c yes b It increases by more than the factor.

3M Problems and challenges

Building understanding 1 3n

(9)
4 x
1 B 2 a 5 b

3L
2 P = 750, r = 7.5, n = 5 1
3
3 I = 225, P = 300, r = 3, t = 25 5
4 $240 4 a −8 b 22−a
5 length = 10 √2 cm, width = 10 cm
Now you try −3 − √2 + 7 √3
6
Example 32 7
x−y
a $4764.06 b $4720 7 a b √xy(x − y)
xy

Exercise 3M 8 12 + 8 √2
9 x = 3.5
1 a $8516.57 b $8400
2 a i $7146.10 ii $6955.64 iii $6858.57 Short-answer questions
iv $7260 v $7916.37
b $6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 1 a 2 √6 b 6 √2 c 30 √2 d 12 √6
3 a i $7080 ii $7080 iii $7428 2 2 √2 2 √5
e f g 5 √7 h
iv $7200 v $7710 7 3 5
b 6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 2 a 4 + 7 √3 b 2 √5 + 2 √7 c 5 √2
4 a i I $240, $240 II $480, $494.40 d 4 √3 + 2 √2 e 2 √30 f −12 √5
III $1200, $1352.90 IV $2400, $3163.39
√7
ii I $240, $243.60 II $480, $502.04 g 2 √5 h i 0
3
III $1200, $1375.67 IV $2400, $3224.44
3 a 2 √6 + 4 √2 b 12 √5 − 6
iii I $240, $246.71 II $480, $508.64 c 11 d 48
III $1200, $1395.40 IV $2400, $3277.59
√6
b compound interest c compound interest 4 a b 5 √2 c 3 √6
6
5 a 3 √2 5 √2
Principal Rate Overall Interest Amount d 2 √14 e f
time 4 8
√10 + 2 √2 4 √6 − 3
$7000 5% 5 years $1750 $8750 g h
2 3
$7000 10% 5 years $3500 $10 500 5 a 25y6 b 6 c 20x7y10
$3300 10% 3 years $990 $4290 3x2 3y4 27
d e f
$8000 10% 3 years $2400 $10 400 y4 2x3 4b8
1 1 5 2
$9000 8% 2 years $1440 $10 440 6 a 212 b x3 c m3 d a5
8% 2 years 1 3 1 1 3 4
$18 000 $2880 $20 880
e 102 x2 f 23 a3b3 g 72 h 43

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 856 Answers

7 a 5 b 4 c
1 Chapter 4
2
d
1
e
1
f
1 4A
7 10 5
8 a i 3210 ii 4 024 000 Building understanding
Answers

iii 0.00759 iv 0.0000981 1 a 0.799 b 0.951 c 1.192 d 0.931

b i 3.08 × 10−4 ii 7.18 × 10−6 2 a sin θ b cos θ c tan θ
iii 5.68 × 106 iv 1.20 × 108 3 a 1.80 b 2.94 c 3.42
9 a V = 800 × 1.07t b V = 3000 × 0.82t d 2.38 e 22.33 f 12.47
10 a $1215.51 b $3519.60 c $5637.46
11 a 3 b 2 c 1 d 6
3 2 Now you try
e −2 f −3 g h
2 3 Example 1
i 4 j 3 k −4 l 0 a 2.74 b 25.03
12 a y
Example 2
a 11.65 b 26.27
(1, 4)

Exercise 4A
1
x 1 a 7.71 b 44.94
O 2 a 1.15 b 3.86 c 13.74 d 5.07
Ch3 Review

e 2.25 f 2.79 g 1.97 h 13.52

b y i 37.02 j 9.30 k 10.17 l 13.11
3 a 8.55 b 4.26 c 13.06 d 10.04
e 5.55 f 1.52 g 22.38 h 6.28
x
O i 0.06 j 12.12 k 9.80 l 15.20
−1 4 a x = 2.5 cm, y = 4.33 cm
(1, −3) b x = 12.26 cm, y = 6.11 cm
c x = 0.20 m, y = 0.11 m
5 a 125 m b 327 m
6 1.85 m
c y
7 22.3 m
8 7.54 m
9 28.5 m
10 26.4 cm
1 (1, 15 ) 11 a 4.5 cm b 8.5 mm
x 12 The student rounded tan 65° too early.
O
13 a 3.7 b 6.5 c 7.7
14 a i a = c sin θ ii b = c cos θ
a c sin θ sin θ
iii tan θ = iv tan θ = =
Multiple-choice questions b c cos θ cos θ
v Answers may vary
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 E 5 A b i a = c sin θ
6 D 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 D ii b = c cos θ
11 C 12 D 13 C 14 D 15 B iii c2 = a2 + b2
iv c2 = (c sin θ ) 2 + (c cos θ ) 2
Extended-response questions c2 = c2 (sin θ ) 2 + c2 (cos θ ) 2
∴ 1 = (sin θ ) 2 + (cos θ ) 2
1 a 36 √15 + 3 √45 = 36 √15 + 9 √5 cm2
b 360 √3 + 144 √15 + 90 + 36 √5 cm3
4B
c 4 √3 + 1
d i 10000 cm2 ii 1.6% Building understanding
2 a V = 10 000 × 1.065n
1
b i $11 342.25 ii $13 700.87 1 a 60° b c 0.75
2
c 11.0 years
2 a 23.58° b 60° c 11.31° d 5.74°
d i $14 591 ii V = 14 591 × 0.97t
3 a tangent b cosine c sine
iii $12 917; profit of $2917

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 Answers 857

Now you try Exercise 4C

Example 3 1 1866.03 m
a 30° b 38.94° 2 320 m
Example 4 3 1509.53 m
4 32°

Answers
38.7°
5 a 1.17 m b 1.50 m
6 8.69 cm
Exercise 4B 7 299 m
1 a 30° b 54.31° 8 a 1.45° b 3.44° c 1.99°
2 a 60° b 45° c 48.59° 9 yes
d 30° e 52.12° f 32.74° 10 89.12 m
3 a α = 60°, θ = 30° b α = 45°, θ = 45° 11 a i 8.7 cm ii 5 cm
c α = 53.1°, θ = 36.9° d α = 22.6°, θ = 67.4° b i 17.3 cm ii 20 cm
e α = 28.1°, θ = 61.9° f α = 53.1°, θ = 36.9° c Answers may vary.
4 a 44.4°, 45.6° b 74.7°, 15.3° 12 321.1 km/h
c 58.3°, 31.7° d 23.9°, 66.1° 13 a i 18° ii 72° iii 36° iv 54°
e 82.9°, 7.1° f 42.4°,47.6° b i 0.77 m ii 2.38 m
5 70.02° iii 2.02 m iv 1.47 m
6 31.1° c 3.85 m d 4.05 m e Proof
7 47.1°
8 a 66.4° b 114.1° c 32.0° 4D

4B
9 a i 45° ii 33.7° b 11.3°
10 a Once one angle is known, the other can be determined by Building understanding
subtracting the known angle from 90°.
1 a 0°T b 45°T c 90°T d 135°T
b α = 63.4°, β = 26.6°
e 180°T f 225°T g 270°T h 315°T
11 a
2 a 050°T b 060°T c 139°T
45°
d 162°T e 227°T f 289°T
3 a 200°T b 082°T c 335°T d 164°T
45°
Now you try
x
b tan 45° = = 1
x Example 7
c √2x a A is 060°T
x 1 1 B is 140°T
d sin 45° = = , cos 45° also equals  .
√2x √2 √2 C is 250°T
12 a θ = 30° b α = 60° c √3 D is 310°T
1 1 √3 b i 240°T ii 130°T
d i ii iii
2 2 2
Example 8
√3 √3
iv v vi √3 a 4.10 km b 19.28 km
2 3

( 2 )
1 √3 √3 + 1
e AB = x + x= x Exercise 4D
2 2
1 a A is 050°T
4C B is 150°T
C is 215°T
Building understanding D is 320°T
b i 230°T ii 140°T
1 ∠ABC and ∠DCB
2 a 220°T b 305°T c 075°T d 150°T
2 a B b C c A
3 a 1.7 km b 3.6 km
4 a 121°T b 301°T
Now you try 5 a 3.83 km b 6.21 km
6 a 14.77 cm b 2.6 cm
Example 5
7 a 217°T b 37°T
70.02 m
8 a 1.414 km b 1.414 km c 2.914 km
Example 6 9 a 1.62 km b 5.92 km c 2.16 km
27.98° 10 10.032 km

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 858 Answers

11 a i 045°T ii 236.3°T iii 26.6°T iv 315°T Now you try

b i 296.6°T ii 116.6°T iii 101.3°T iv 246.8°T
12 a i 2.5 km ii 2.82 km iii 5.32 km Example 10
b i 4.33 km ii 1.03 km    iii  5.36 km 7.3
c i 45.2°T ii 7.6 km Example 11
Answers

13 a 229.7°, 18.2 km b 55.1°,12.3 km a 36.2° b 121.0°

14 a 212.98 m
b i 99.32 m ii 69.20 m Exercise 4F
c 30.11 m
15 a 38.30 km b 57.86 km c 33.50° 1 3.8
16 a 4.34 km b 2.07 km c 4.81 km 2 a 7.9 b 16.5 c 19.1
d 9.2 e 8.4 f 22.7
3 a 38.0° b 51.5° c 28.8°
4E
d 44.3° e 47.5° f 48.1°
Building understanding 4 a 1.367 km b 74° c 2.089 km
5 27.0°
1 3 6 131.0 m
2 a C b D
7 a ∠ABC = 80°, ∠ACB = 40°  b  122 km
2√2 2√3 8 a ∠ABC = 80° b 61.3 km c 53.9 km
2 2 9 a 147.5° b 102.8° c 126.1°
d 100.5° e 123.9° f 137.7°
A C 10 Impossible to find θ as such a triangle does not exist.
4D

A 2 B 2√2
11 37.6° or 142.4°
c 35.3° d 45° 12 a 59.4° or 120.6°
b B B
Now You try
35° 3 35°
Example 9 3
a 31.896 m b 47.72° 120.6°
59.4° C
A 2 C A 2
Exercise 4E c 31.3°
d A triangle can only have one obtuse angle.
1 a 37.609 m b 45.47° e C
2 a 1.888 m b 43.35°
3 a 57.409 m b 57.91° 31.3°
4 a i 26.57° ii 11.18 cm 10
b 10.14° 120°
5 a 7.31 m b 6.87 m B
A 6
6 138.56 m
7 a i 2.25 m ii 2.59 m Progress quiz
b 49.03° c   3.43 m
1 a 12.58 b 38.14 c 15.44 d 6.59
8 a i 1.331 km ii 1.677 km
2 a 39° b 58° c 52°
b 0.346 km
8 2√5
9 a camera C b 609.07 m 3 a i √80 or 4√5 ii or
√80 5
10 a 5.5 m b 34.5° c 34.7° d 0.2°
4 √5
11 a 45° b 1.41 units c 35.26° d 1.73 units iii or
√80 5
12 a i 1.55 ii 1.27 iii 2.82
b 26.6°
b 34.34°
4 63°
13 22°
5 23.84 m
6 A 060° B 150° C 288°
4F 7 a 13.65 km b 048.4°
8 a 36.77 m b 61°
Building understanding
9 a √8 cm b 35°
a b c 10 a 8.7
1 = =
sin A sin B sin C b 66.7°
2 a 1.9 b 2.5
3 a 50.3° b 29.2°

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 Answers 859

4G 4 a x = 5.7 b x = 7.9 c x = 9.1

d x = 18.2 e x = 10.6 f x = 1.3
Building understanding 5 a 59.09 cm2 b 1.56 mm2 c 361.25 km2
6 a 35.03 cm2 b 51.68 m2 c 6.37 km2
1 a c2 = 32 + 42 − 2 × 3 × 4 × cos 105°
7 a 965.88 m2 b 214.66 m2 c 0.72 km2
b 72 = 52 + 92 − 2 × 5 × 9 × cos θ

Answers
8 a 17.3 m2 b 47.2 cm2 c 151.4 km2
2 a 9.6 b 1.5 c 100.3° d 36.2°
9 a Area = ab sin θ
Now you try 1 √3 2
b Area = a2 sin 60° = a
2 4
Example 12 1 1
c Area = a2 sin(180° − 2 θ ) = a2 sin 2 θ
4.29 m 2 2
10 a i 129.9 cm2 ii 129.9 cm2
Example 13
b They are equal because sin 60° and sin 120° are equal.
26.53°
c Same side lengths with included angle 140°.
Exercise 4G 11 a 65.4°, 114.6°
b B B
1 9.08 m
2 a 16.07 cm b 8.85 m c 14.78 cm 11 m
11 m
d 4.56 m e 2.86 km f 8.14 m 65.4° 114.6°
3 a 81.79° b 104.48° c 64.62° A 8m C
A 8m C
d 61.20° e 92.20° f 46.83°
4 310 m 12 a i 540° ii 108° iii 11.89 cm2
vi 19.24 cm2

4G
5 32.2°, 49.6°, 98.2° iv 8.09 cm v 72°, 36°
6 a 145.9° b 208.2° vii 43.0 cm2
7 383 km b 65.0 cm2 c Answers may vary.
8 7.76 m
9 a cosine rule b sine rule c sine rule 4I
d cosine rule e sine rule f cosine rule
Building understanding
a2 + b2 − c2
10 a cos c = b 121.9°
2ab 1 a quadrant 1 b quadrant 3
11 Obtuse, as cos of an obtuse angle gives a negative result. c quadrant 4 d quadrant 2
12 a AP = b − x b a2 = x2 + h2 2 a quadrants 1 and 2 b quadrants 2 and 4
2 2
c c = h + (b − x) 2
c quadrants 2 and 3 d quadrants 1 and 4
d c2 = a2 − x2 + (b − x) 2 = a2 + b2 − 2bx e quadrants 1 and 3 f quadrants 3 and 4
x
e cos C =
a 3
θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
f x = a cos C substitute into part d.
sin θ 0 1 0 −1 0
4H cos θ 1 0 −1 0 1

Building understanding tan θ 0 undefined 0 undefined 0

1 a 3.7 b 48.0 4 a 0.139 b −0.530 c −0.799

2 a α b θ c β d −0.259 e 0.900 f −1.036
3 a 56.44° or 123.56° b 45.58° or 134.42°
Now you try
Now you try
Example 16
Example 14 a 140° b 106° c 133°
30.1 cm2 Example 17
Example 15 a quadrant 4, s in θ is negative
18.64 cos θ is positive
tan θ is negative
Exercise 4H b quadrant 3, sin θ is negative
cos θ is negative
1 5.4 m2
tan θ is positive
2 a 4.4 cm2 b 26.4 m2 c 0.9 km2
d 13.7 m2 e 318.4 m2 f 76.2 cm2 Example 18
3 a 11.9 cm2 b 105.6 m2 c 1.6 km2 a −sin 50° b −cos 54° c tan 80°

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 860 Answers

Exercise 4I b i sin 60° = cos 30° = 0.866,

sin 80° = cos 10° = 0.985,
1 a i 160° ii 105° sin 110° = cos (−20°) = 0.940,
b i 110° ii 138° sin 195° = cos (−105°) = −0.259
c i 145° ii 101° ii Their values are the same.
2 a 140° b 115° c 155° iii They add to 90°.
Answers

d 99° e 143° f 172° iv sin θ = cos (90° − θ )

3 a 30° b 86° c 70° v True for these values.
d 9° e 21° f 37° c Answers may vary.
4 a quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative
b quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative 4J
c quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive
Building understanding
d quadrant 1, sin θ positive, cos θ positive, tan θ positive
e quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative 1 Degrees 360° 180° 90° 60° 45° 30° 15°
f quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative
πc πc πc πc πc
g quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive Radians 2πc πc
h quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive
2 3 4 6 12
i quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive π 180
2 a b
j quadrant 1, sin θ positive, cos θ positive, tan θ positive 180 π
k quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative 1 1 √3 1
3 a b c 1 d e
l quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative √2 √2 2 2
5 a −sin 80° b cos 60° c tan 40° d sin 40° 1 1 √3
f g √3 h i
4I

e −cos 55° f −tan 45° g −sin 15° h −cos 58° √3 2 2

i tan 47° j sin 68° k cos 66° l −tan 57° 4 θ° 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
6 a 30° b 60° c 24°
π π π π 3π
d 40° e 71° f 76° θc 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
g 50° h 25° i 82°
7 a 42° b 47° c 34° d 9° 1 √2 √3
sin θ 0 1 0 −1 0
e 33° f 62° g 14° h 58° 2 2 2
8 a 0 < θ < 90° b 90° < θ < 180° 1
√3 √2
c 270° < θ < 360° d 180° < θ < 270° cos θ 1 0 −1 0 1
2 2 2
9
θ 2 150° 315° 350° 195° 235° 140° 100° 35° 55° √3
tan θ 0 1 √3 undefined 0 undefined 0
10 a quadrant 4 b quadrant 1 c quadrant 2 3
d quadrant 2 e quadrant 1 f quadrant 3
11 As tan θ =
sin θ
and both sin θ and cos θ are negative over
Now you try
cos θ
this range, tan θ is positive in the third quadrant. Example 19
3πc b 150°
sin θ a
12 As tan θ = and cos θ = 0 at 90° and 270°, the value of 4
cos θ
sin θ Example 20
and, hence, tan θ is undefined at these values.
cos θ √3 √2 √3
a b c −
13 a true b true c false d true 2 2 3
e true f false g true h false
Exercise 4J
i false j true k true l false
14 a i 0.17 ii 0.17 iii 0.59 iv 0.59 πc 5πc
1 a i ii
v 0.99 vi 0.99 vii 0.37 viii 0.37 2 4
b i 135° ii 210°
b sin a = cos b when a + b = 90°.
πc 5πc 5πc 11πc
c i 90° − θ ii 90° − θ 2 a b c d
d i 70° ii 5° iii 19° iv 38° 3 6 4 6
e 135° f 210° g 300° h 165°
b b
e i 90° − θ ii iii
c c √3 √2 √2
3 a b c √3 d
2√5 2 2 2
f
5 √3 √2 √2
e − f −√3 g h −
15 a i Proof 2 2 2
ii True for these values. √3 √3 1 1
i j − k − l
2 3 2 2
m −1 n 1 o 0 p undefined

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 Answers 861

4 a 45° 4K
√2 √2
b i − ii − iii 1 Building understanding
2 2
c 30°
1 √3 √3
1 a θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
d i − ii iii −

Answers
2 2 3 sin θ 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5
e 60°
√3 1 θ 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
f i ii − iii −√3
2 2 sin θ 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0
√2 √3 √3
5 a b 0 c − d −
2 2 2 b sin θ
√3 1
e −1 f − g − h −√3
2 2 1
√2 √3 1
i − j −1 k − l
2 3 2
m 0 n undefined o 1 p −1 θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
πc πc πc πc
6 a b c d
3 4 6 3
πc πc πc πc −1
e f g h
3 6 12 12
√3 √2 1 √2 2 a θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
7 a b − c − d −
2 2 2 2 cos θ 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87

4J
1 1 √3
e − f g − h √3
2 2 3 θ 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
20√3 cos θ −1 −0.87 −0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
8 a 3√2 b 3√2 c
3
b cos θ
d 14 e 5√3 f 3
πc πc πc 1
9 a b c
4 6 3
π 5π
10 a is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with sin θ
6 6 θ
positive. O 90° 180° 270° 360°
π 2π
b is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with cos θ
3 3 −1
negative.
π 11π 3 a i maximum = 1, minimum = −1
c is the reference angle and is in quadrant 4 with
6 6 ii 0°, 180°, 360°
cos θ positive. b i maximum = 1, minimum = −1 ii 90°, 270°
π 3π c i 90° < θ < 270° ii 180° < θ < 360°
d is the reference angle and is in quadrant 2 with tan θ
4 4
negative.
π 5π Now you try
e is the reference angle and is in quadrant 3 with tan θ
4 4 Example 21
positive
a ≈ −0.17 b ≈ 127° and 233°
π 4π Example 22
f is the reference angle and is in quadrant 3 with sin θ
3 3 a false b true
negative.
11 a 13
5 12 5
Exercise 4K
b i ii iii
13 13 12 1 a ≈ − 0.77
12 a i 60°, 120° ii 45°, 135° iii 60°, 300° b ≈ 66° and 294°
iv 150°, 210° v 45°, 225° vi 120°, 300° 2 a i 0.82 ii −0.98 iii 0.87 iv −0.77
πc 2πc 5πc 7πc 3πc 5πc v −0.17 vi 0.26 vii −0.42 viii 0.57
b i , ii , iii ,
3 3 4 4 4 4 b i 37°, 323° ii 53°, 307° iii 73°, 287°
πc 11πc πc 7πc 3πc 7πc
iv , v , vi , iv 84°, 276° v 114°, 246° vi 102°, 258°
6 6 6 6 4 4
vii 143°, 217° viii 127°,233°

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 862 Answers

3 a i 0.42 ii 0.91 iii −0.64 iv −0.77 Short-answer questions

v 0.34 vi −0.82 vii −0.64 viii 0.94
b i 37°, 143° ii 12°, 168° iii 17°, 163° 1 a 14.74 b 13.17 c x = 11.55, y = 5.42
iv 64°, 116° v 204°, 336° vi 233°, 307° 2 a 45.6° b 64.8°
vii 224°, 316° viii 186°,354° 3 6.1 m
4 a A = 115°, B = 315°, C = 250°, D = 030°
Answers

4 a true b false c false d true

e false f true g true h true b i 295° ii 070°
i true j false k true l true 5 a 98.3 km b 228.8 km c 336.8°
5 a 110° b 60° c 350° d 260° 6 a 15.43 m b 52°
e 27° f 326° g 233° h 357° 7 a i 15.5 cm ii 135.0 cm2
6 a 280° b 350° c 195° d 75° b i 14.9 cm ii 111.3 cm2
e 136° f 213° g 24° h 161° 8 28.1 m
7 a 30° b 60° c 15° d 70° 9 a 52.6° b 105.4°
e 55° f 80° g 55° h 25° 10 a 12.5 b 42.8°
i 36° j 72° k 63° l 14° 11 a i sin 60° ii −cos 30°
8 a 17.5°, 162.5° b 44.4°, 135.6° iii −tan 45° iv −sin 45°
c 53.1°, 306.9° d 36.9°, 323.1° √3 √3 √2
b i ii − iii −1 iv −
e 191.5°, 348.5° f 233.1°, 306.9° 2 2 2
g 113.6°, 246.4° h 49.5°, 310.5° c i negative ii positive
i 28.7°,151.3° iii negative iv positive
9 a 0, the maximum value of sin θ is 1. πc 5π c
12 a b c 150° d 300°
b 0, the minimum value of cos θ is −1. 3 4
4K

10 a 13 a 4 b 5√3
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
14 a i 0.77 ii −0.97
1 √2 √3 b i 53°, 127 ii 197°, 343° iii no value
sin θ 0 1
2 2 2 c i true ii true iii false

√3 √2 1
cos θ 1 0
2 2 2 Multiple-choice questions
1 1 √2 1 D 2 B 3 E 4 D 5 A
b i ii − iii − iv 0
2 2 2 6 C 7 A 8 D 9 C 10 C
1 √3 √2
v vi − vii 0 viii
2 2 2 Extended-response questions
√3 1 √2 1
ix − x − xi − xii −
2 2 2 2 1 a waterfall
√2 √3 √3 √3 N
xiii − xiv xv − xvi 3 km
2 2 2 2
11 a 45°, 315° b 60°, 120° c 30°, 150°
d 210°, 330° e 120°, 240° f 150°, 210°
12 a Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
b Graph is reflected in the x-axis. 5 km
c Graph is dilated and constricted from the x-axis.
d Graph is dilated and constricted from the y-axis.
e Graph is translated up and down from the x-axis.
entrance
f Graph is translated left and right from the y-axis.

325°
Problems and challenges
1 a 120°, 60° b 8.7 cm b 2.9 km west
2 225° c 7.7 km
3 Use the cosine rule. d i 21.9 m ii 38.0°
4 514 m 2 a 33.646° b 3177.54 m2 c 41.00 m d 61.60 m
5 a 2 hours 9 minutes b 308° e i 65.66°, 114.34°
6 17.93° ii 80.1 m, 43.1 m
7 4.33 cm

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 Answers 863

Chapter 5 7 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 8 e 1 f 2
8 a 2x2 + 14x + 24 b 3x2 + 27x + 42
5A c −2x2 − 20x − 32 d −4x2 − 44x − 72
e 5x2 + 5x − 60 f 3x2 + 6x − 45
Building understanding g −3a2 + 15a + 42 h −5a2 + 30a + 80

Answers
2
i 4a − 36a + 72 j 3y2 − 27y + 60
1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 4x + 3 c x2 + 8x + 16
x 2
k −2y + 22y − 48 l −6y2 + 42y − 72
2 a 6x b −20x c −4x2 d
2 m 12x2 + 48x + 45 n 18x2 + 12x − 48
e −3x f −18x g 5x h −13x o −6x2 − 10x + 56 p 2x2 + 12x + 18
2
q 4m + 40m + 100 r 2a2 − 28a + 98
Now you try 2
s −3y + 30y − 75 t 12b2 − 12b + 3
Example 1 u −12y2 + 72y − 108
3 9 a 2x2 + 10x + 11 b 2x2 + 20x + 44
a −2x + 8 b 20x − 5x2 c 6x + d 8x2 − 3x
5 2
c 2y − 4y + 5 d 2y2 − y − 43
Example 2 e −24a − 45 f b2 + 54b + 5
a x2 + 7x + 10 b x2 − 4x + 4 c 9x2 − 4 g x2 + 10x + 18 h x2 − 14x + 40
i −4x2 + 36x − 78 j −25x2 − 30x + 5
Example 3 2 2
10 a x − 12x + 36 cm b x2 + 10x − 200 cm2
a 6x2 + 19x − 7 b 3x2 − 15x + 12 c 11x − 9
11 a (a + b) (a − b) = a − ab + ba − b2 = a2 − b2
2

Exercise 5A b (a + b) 2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a2 + ab + ba + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
1 a i −4x + 4 ii −2x + 12 c (a − b) 2 = (a − b) (a − b) = a2 − ab − ba + b2

5A
b i 6x − 3x2 ii 35x − 7x2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
8 7 d (a + b) 2 − (a − b) 2 =
c i 12x + ii 14x − a2 + ab + ba + b2 − (a2 − ab − ba + b2) =
5 9
2ab + 2ab = 4ab
2 a 2x + 10 b 3x − 12 c −5x − 15
d −4x + 8 e 6x − 3 f 12x + 4 12 a 618 b 220 c 567 d 1664
g −10x + 6 h −20x − 15 i 2x2 + 5x e 1386 f 891 g 3960 h 3480
j 3x2 − x k 2x − 2x2 l 6x − 3x2 13 a −x2 + 7x b 10a − 28
m −6x2 − 4x n −18x2 + 6x o −10x + 10x2 c 4x2 + 12x + 9 d 4x + 8
8 15 14 a x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 b x3 + 11x2 + 38x + 40
p −4x + 16x2 q 4x + r 6x − 3 2
c x + 2x − 15x − 36 d 2x3 − 13x2 + 17x + 12
5 4
1 3 3 e 2x3 − x2 − 63x + 90 f 6x3 − 35x2 + 47x − 12
s −2x − t −2x + u −9x + 15 a 2ab b (a + b) 2 − c2
3 2 8
14 9 2 14 6 2 c (a + b) 2 − c2 = 2ab
v −2x − w x + 6x x x− x c2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 − 2ab
9 4 5 5
c2 = a2 + b2
3 a 2x2 + 3x b 6x2 − 3x c 2x2 + 7x
d 8x2 + 7x e 2x2 − 2x f 25x − 12x2
4 a x2 + 10x + 16 b x2 + 7x + 12 5B
c x2 + 12x + 35 d x2 + 5x − 24
Building understanding
e x2 + x − 30 f x2 + x − 6
g x2 − 4x − 21 h x2 − 10x + 24 1 a 7 b −5 c 3a d −3xy
i x2 − 13x + 40 2 a If x(x − 1) = x2 − x, then x2 − x = x(x − 1).
5 a x2 + 10x + 25 b x2 + 14x + 49 b If 2(1 − x) = 2 − 2x, then 2 − 2x = 2(1 − x).
c x2 + 12x + 36 d x2 − 6x + 9 c If (x + 2) (x − 2) = x2 − 4, then x2 − 4 = (x + 2) (x − 2).
e x2 − 16x + 64 f x2 − 20x + 100 d If (3x − 7) (3x + 7) = 9x2 − 49, then
g x2 − 16 h x2 − 81 9x2 − 49 = (3x − 7) (3x + 7).
i 4x2 − 9 j 9x2 − 16
k 16x2 − 25 l 64x2 − 49
Now you try
6 a 6x2 + 13x + 5 b 12x2 + 23x + 10
c 10x2 + 41x + 21 d 9x2 − 9x − 10 Example 4
e 20x2 + 2x − 6 f 6x2 + 5x − 25 a −2(x + 4) b 5a(3a + 4) c (x + 2) (3 − a)
g 16x2 − 25 h 4x2 − 81
Example 5
i 25x2 − 49 j 14x2 − 34x + 12
a (x + 5) (x − 5) b (4a + 3b) (4a − 3b)
k 25x2 − 45x + 18 l 56x2 − 30x + 4
c 2(y + 7) (y − 7) d (x + 8) (x − 4)
m 4x2 + 20x + 25 n 25x2 + 60x + 36
o 49x2 − 14x + 1

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 864 Answers

( 3 )( 3) ( 2 )( 2)
Example 6 √2 √2 √3 √3
8 a x+ x− b x + x−
a (x + √7) (x − √7) b (x + 4√2) (x − 4√2)

( 4 )( 4) ( 6 )( 6)
c (x − 5 + √2) (x − 5 − √2) √7 √7 √5 √5
c x + x− d x + x−
Example 7
(x − 2) (x + a) e (x − 2 + 2√5) (x − 2 − 2√5)
Answers

f (x + 4 + 3√3) (x + 4 − 3√3)
Exercise 5B g (x + 1 + 5√3) (x + 1 − 5√3)
h (x − 7 + 2√10) (x − 7 − 2√10)
1 a i −4(x + 3) ii −9(x + 4)
i (√3x + 2) (√3x − 2)
b i 10a(a + 4) ii 17a(a + 2)
j (√5x + 3) (√5x − 3)
c i (x + 2) (4 − a) ii (x + 5) (11 − a)
k (√7x + √5) (√7x − √5)
2 a 3(x − 6) b 4(x + 5) c 7(a + b)
l (√6x + √11) (√6x − √11)
d 3(3a − 5) e −5(x + 6) f −2(2y + 1)
m (√2x + 3) (√2x − 3)
g −3(4a + 1) h −b(2a + c) i x(4x + 1)
n (√5x + 4) (√5x − 4)
j x(5x − 2) k 6b(b − 3) l 7a(2a − 3)
o (√3x + √10) (√3x − √10)
m 5a(2 − a) n 6x(2 − 5x) o −x(2 + x)
p (√13x + √7) (√13x − √7)
p −4y(1 + 2y) q ab(b − a) r 2xy(xz − 2)
9 a (x + 2) (y − 3) b (a − 4) (x + 3)
s −12mn(m + n) t 3z2 (2xy − 1)
c (a + 5) (x − 2) d (y − 4) (x − 3)
3 a (x − 1) (5 − a) b (x + 2) (b + 3)
e (a − 3) (2x − 1) f (2a − 5) (x + 4)
c (x + 5) (a − 4) d (x + 2) (x + 5)
10 a 5(x + 2√6) (x − 2√6)
e (x − 4) (x − 2) f (x + 1) (3 − x)
b 3(x + 3√6) (x − 3√6)
g (x + 3) (a + 1) h (x − 2) (x − 1)
c 7(x + 3√2) (x − 3√2)
5B

i (x − 6) (1 − x)
d 2(x + 4√3) (x − 4√3)
4 a (x + 3) (x − 3) b (x + 5) (x − 5)
e 2(x + 3 + √5) (x + 3 − √5)
c (y + 7) (y − 7) d (y + 1) (y − 1)
f 3(x − 1 + √7) (x − 1 − √7)
e (2x − 3) (2x + 3) f (6a − 5) (6a + 5)
g 4(x − 4 + 2√3) (x − 4 − 2√3)
g (1 + 9y) (1 − 9y) h (10 − 3x) (10 + 3x)
h 5(x + 6 + 3√2) (x + 6 − 3√2)
i (5x − 2y) (5x + 2y) j (8x − 5y) (8x + 5y)
11 a 60 b 35 c 69 d 104
k (3a + 7b) (3a − 7b) l (12a − 7b) (12a + 7b)
e 64 f 40 g 153 h 1260
5 a 2(x + 4) (x − 4) b 5(x + 3) (x − 3)
c 6(y + 2) (y − 2) d 3(y + 4) (y − 4) 12 a 4 − (x + 2) 2 = (2 − (x + 2)) (2 + (x + 2)) = −x(x + 4)
e 3(x + 5y) (x − 5y) f 3(a + 10b) (a − 10b) b i −x(x + 6) ii −x(x + 8)
g 3(2x + 3y) (2x − 3y) h 7(3a + 4b) (3a − 4b) iii x(10 − x) iv (3 − x) (7 + x)
i (x + 9) (x + 1) j (x − 7) (x − 1) v (8 − x) (6 + x) vi (6 − x) (14 + x)
k (a + 5) (a − 11) l (a − 8) (a − 6) 13 a (x + a) 2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 ≠ x2 + a2
m (4x + 5) (2x + 5) n (y + 7) (3y + 7) b If x = 0, then (x + a) 2 = x2 + a2. Or if a = 0, then
o (3x + 11) (7x + 11) p 3x(3x − 10y) (x + a) 2 = x2 + a2 is true for all real values of x.
6 a (x + √7) (x − √7) b (x + √5) (x − √5) 4 1 1
14 x2 − = (9x2 − 4) = (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
c (x + √19) (x − √19) d (x + √21) (x − √21) 9 9 9

9 ( 3 )( 3)
e (x + √14) (x − √14) f (x + √30) (x − √30) 2 − 4 = x + 2 x−
2
or: x
g (x + √15) (x − √15) h (x + √11) (x − √11)
i (x + 2√2) (x − 2√2) j (x + 3√2) (x − 3√2) 1 1
= (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
k (x + 3√5) (x − 3√5) l (x + 2√5) (x − 2√5) 3 3
m (x + 4√2) (x − 4√2) n (x + 4√3) (x − 4√3) 1
= (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
o (x + 5√2) (x − 5√2) p (x + 10√2) (x − 10√2) 9
q (x + 2 + √6) (x + 2 − √6) 15 a −(2x + 5) b −11(2y − 3)
r (x + 5 + √10) (x + 5 − √10) c 16(a − 1) d 20b
s (x − 3 + √11) (x − 3 − √11) e −12s f −28y
t (x − 1 + √7) (x − 1 − √7) g (5w + 7x) (−w − x) h (4d + 3e) (−2d + 7e)
u (x − 6 + √15) (x − 6 − √15) i 6f(2f + 6j) j 0
v (x + 4 + √21) (x + 4 − √21) 16 a x2 + 5y − y2 + 5x
w (x + 1 + √19) (x + 1 − √19) = x2 − y2 + 5x + 5y
= (x − y) (x + y) + 5(x + y)
x (x − 7 + √26) (x − 7 − √26)
= (x + y) (x − y + 5)
7 a (x + 4) (x + a) b (x + 7) (x + b)
b i (x + y) (x − y + 7)
c (x − 3) (x + a) d (x + 2) (x − a)
ii (x + y) (x − y − 2)
e (x + 5) (x − b) f (x + 3) (x − 4a)
iii (2x + 3y) (2x − 3y + 2)
g (x − a) (x − 4) h (x − 2b) (x − 5)
iv (5y + 2x) (5y − 2x + 3)
i (x − 2a) (3x − 7)

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 Answers 865

5C 5 a x + 6 b x − 3 c x−3
1 1 1
d e f
Building understanding x+7 x−5 x−6
2 x+4 x−7
1 a 9, 2 b 10, 2 c 5, −3 d 4, −3 g h i
x−8 3 5
e −8, 3 f −10, 3 g −2, −5 h −12, −3 5 x−3 2(x − 1) 4

Answers
6 a b c d
x − 10 x+6 3 x+5 x+5
2 a Possible answer: =1
x − 10 4 6 x+2 x−4
e f g h
3(x − 7) x+7 x−2 x−1 x+6
b Possible answer: =3
x−7 7 a x − √7 b x + √10 c x − 2√3
−5(x + 3) 1 1
c Possible answer: = −5 d e f √7x − √5
x+3 √5x − 3 √3x + 4
x+4 1 g x + 1 − √2 h x − 3 + √5 i x − 6 − √6
d Possible answer: =
3(x + 4) 3 2(x + 3) x−3 3
8 a b c
x 1 1 3(x − 5) 4 x−3
3 a b 3 c d
2 3 4 3 x−2 x+3
d e f
2 x−3 2 x+3 x−1
e f x + 1 g x − 2 h
3 2 t2 − 49 t2 − 5t − 24
9 × =
5t − 40 2t2 − 8t − 42
Now you try (t − 7) (t + 7) (t − 8) (t + 3) t+7
× =
Example 8 5(t − 8) 2(t − 7) (t + 3) 10

5C
a (x + 3) (x + 4) b (x − 6) (x − 4) 10 a x − 3 b x + 1 c x − 8
c 2(x − 3) (x + 2) d (x − 3) 2 6 4 x−7
d e f
Example 9 x−2 x+5 5
x+4 a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 − ab
a x − 4 b 11 a ×
2 a2 + ab a2 − b2
(a + b) 2 a(a − b)
Exercise 5C = ×
a(a + b) (a + b) (a − b)
1 a i (x + 1) (x + 2) ii (x + 1) (x + 5) =1
b Answers will vary.
b i (x − 1) (x − 3) ii (x − 6) (x − 5)
a−b
c i 2(x − 5) (x + 1) ii 3(x − 5) (x + 2) 12 a b 1
a
d i (x − 2) 2 ii (x − 5) 2 (a + b) 2 (a + b) (a − b)
2 a (x + 6) (x + 1) b (x + 3) (x + 2) c d
(a − b) 2 a2
c (x + 3) 2 d (x + 5) (x + 2)
3x − 8 7x − 36
e (x + 4) (x + 3) f (x + 9) (x + 2) 13 a b
(x + 3) (x − 4) (x + 2) (x − 9)
g (x − 1) (x + 6) h (x + 3) (x − 2)
x − 12 3x − 23
i (x + 4) (x − 2) j (x − 1) (x + 4) c d
(x + 4) (x − 4) (x + 3) (x − 3) (x − 5)
k (x + 10) (x − 3) l (x + 11) (x − 2)
x − 14 14x + 9
m (x − 2) (x − 5) n (x − 4) (x − 2) e f
o (x − 4) (x − 3) p (x − 1) 2 (x − 3) (x + 2) (x − 6) (x + 3) (x + 4) (x − 8)
q (x − 6) (x − 3) r (x − 2) (x − 9) 9 − 3x 4x + 11
g h
s (x − 6) (x + 2) t (x − 5) (x + 4) (x + 5) (x − 5) (x − 1) (x − 1) 2 (x + 4)
u (x − 7) (x + 2) v (x − 4) (x + 3)
w (x + 8) (x − 4) x (x − 5) (x + 2) 5D
3 a 2(x + 5) (x + 2) b 3(x + 4) (x + 3)
c 2(x + 9) (x + 2) d 5(x − 2) (x + 1)
Building understanding
e 4(x − 5) (x + 1) f 3(x − 5) (x + 2) 1 Two numbers which multiply to
g −2(x + 4) (x + 3) h −3(x − 2) (x − 1)
ax2 + bx + c a ×c give a × c and add to give b
i −2(x − 7) (x + 2) j −4(x − 2) (x + 1)
k −5(x + 3) (x + 1) l −7(x − 6) (x − 1) 6x2 + 13x + 6    36 9 and 4
4 a (x − 2) 2 b (x + 3) 2 8x2 + 18x + 4    32 16 and 2
c (x + 6) 2 d (x − 7) 2
12x2 + x − 6 −72 −8 and 9
e (x − 9) 2 f (x − 10) 2
g 2(x + 11) 2 h 3(x − 4) 2 10x2 − 11x − 6 −60 −15 and 4
i 5(x − 5) 2 j −3(x − 6) 2 21x2 − 20x + 4    84 −6 and −14
k −2(x − 7) 2 l −4(x + 9) 2
15x2 − 13x + 2    30 −3 and −10

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 866 Answers

2
2 a (x + 2) (x + 5) b (x − 7) (x − 2) 8 −12x − 5x + 3
c (3x − 4) (2x + 1) d (2x − 1) (4x + 3) = −(12x2 + 5x − 3)
e (x + 4) (5x − 2) f (2x − 1) (6x − 5) = −(3x − 1) (4x + 3)
= (1 − 3x) (4x + 3)
a (3 − 2x) (4x + 5) b (5 − 2x) (3x + 2)
Now you try c (4 − 3x) (4x + 1) d (3 − 4x) (2x − 3)
Answers

Example 10 e (2 − 7x) (2x − 5) f (3 − 5x) (3x + 2)

a (2x + 3) (3x + 1) b (4x − 1) (2x + 3) 9 Answers will vary.
9x + 2 5x + 15
Example 11 10 a b
(2x − 3) (4x + 1) (3x − 1) (2x + 5)
1
16x2 + 5x 7x − 12x2
c d
(2x − 5) (4x + 1) (3x − 2) (4x − 1)
Exercise 5D 8x − 5 11 − 3x
e f
1 a i (4x + 1) (2x + 3) ii (5x + 2) (2x + 3) (2x + 1) (2x − 1) (3x − 2) (3x + 5) (3x − 5) (3x − 2)
b i (2x + 5) (3x − 1) ii (4x + 3) (2x − 1) 2 12x + 3
g h
2 a (3x + 1) (x + 3) b (2x + 1) (x + 1) (2x − 5) (3x − 2) (5x − 2) (2x − 3) (2x + 7)
c (3x + 2) (x + 2) d (3x − 2) (x − 1)
e (2x − 1) (x − 5) f (5x − 3) (x + 1) 5E
g (3x + 1) (x − 4) h (3x + 1) (x − 1)
i (7x − 5) (x + 1) j (2x − 7) (x − 1) Building understanding
k (3x − 4) (x + 2) l (2x − 3) (x + 4)
m (2x + 1) (x − 5) n (13x + 6) (x − 1) 1 a 9 b 1 c 4
5D

o (5x − 2) (x − 4) p (4x − 5) (2x − 1) 25 81

d 16 e f
q (3x − 4) (2x + 3) r (5x − 2) (2x + 3) 4 4
s (3x + 2) (2x + 3) t (4x − 1) (x − 1) 2 a (x + 2) 2 b (x + 4) 2 c (x + 5) 2
u (4x − 5) (2x − 1) v (2x − 5) (4x − 3) d (x − 6) 2 e (x − 3) 2 f (x − 9) 2
w (3x − 2) (2x − 3) x (3x − 2) (3x + 5) 3 a (x + 1+ √5) (x + 1 − √5)
3 a (6x + 5) (3x + 2) b (4x + 3) (5x + 6) b (x + 4+ √10) (x + 4 − √10)
c (7x − 2) (3x + 4) d (5x − 2) (6x + 5) c (x − 3+ √11) (x − 3 − √11)
e (8x + 3) (5x − 2) f (7x + 2) (4x − 3)
g (6x − 5) (4x − 3) h (9x − 2) (5x − 4) Now you try
i (5x − 2) (5x − 8)
4 a 2(3x + 4) (x + 5) b 3(2x + 3) (x − 4) Example 12

( 2)
c 3(8x + 1) (2x − 1) d 4(4x − 5) (2x − 3) 81 9 2
a 36, (x + 6) 2 b , x−
e 8(2x − 1) (x − 1) f 10(3x − 2) (3x + 5) 4
g −5(5x + 4) (2x + 3) h 3(2x − 3) 2 Example 13
i 5(4x − 1) (x − 1) a (x + 3 + √10) (x + 3 − √10)
5 a 2x − 5 b 4x − 1 c 3x − 2 b (x − 2) 2 + 3 cannot be factorised.
2 2 4
d e f Example 14
3x + 2 7x − 2 2x − 3
( )( )
5 + √23 5 − √23
x+4 3x − 1 5x + 4 x+ x+
g h i 2 2
3x + 1 2x + 3 7x − 2
3x − 2 2x + 3 2x − 3
j k l
5x − 2 7x + 1 4x − 5 Exercise 5E
6 a (3x − 4) (x − 5)
1 a i 16, (x + 4) 2 ii 49, (x + 7) 2
b −10 m; the cable is 10 m below the water.

4 ( 2) 4 ( 2)
25 5 2 121 11
4 b i , x− ii , x−
c x = or x = 5
3
3x + 4 3x + 2 1−x 2 a 9, (x + 3) 2 b 36, (x + 6) 2
7 a b c
x−3 4 3 c 4, (x + 2) 2 d 16, (x + 4) 2
4x − 3 x+2 e 25, (x − 5) 2 f 1, (x − 1) 2
d e 125 f
5x + 1 5 g 16, (x − 4) 2 h 36, (x − 6) 2
(4x − 5) 2

4 ( 2) 4 ( 2)
g 1 h 25 5 2 81 9 2
i , x+ j , x+
(x − 3) 2

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 Answers 867

4 ( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2 )( 2 )
49 7 2 121 11 2 3 + √5 3 − √5
k , x+ l , x+ 7 a 3 x + x+

( 2) ( 2) ( )( )
9 3 2 49 7 2 3 + √37 3 − √37
m , x − n , x− b 5 x + x+
4 4 2 2

( 2) ( 2) ( )( )
1 1 2 81 9 2 5 + √17 5 − √17

Answers
o , x− p , x− c 2 x − x−
4 4 2 2

( )( )
3 a (x + 2 + √3) (x + 2 − √3) 7 + √37 7 − √37
d 4 x − x−
b (x + 3 + √7) (x + 3 − √7) 2 2

( )( )
c (x + 1 + √5) (x + 1 − √5) 7 + √57 7 − √57
e −3 x + x+
d (x + 5 + √29) (x + 5 − √29) 2 2
(x − 4 + √3) (x − 4 − √3)
( )( )
e 7 + √65 7 − √65
f (x − 6 + √26) (x − 6 − √26) f −2 x + x+
2 2
g (x − 2 + √7) (x − 2 − √7)
( )( )
3 + √29 3 − √29
h (x − 4 + √21) (x − 4 − √21) g −4 x − x−
2 2
i (x + 7 + √43) (x + 7 − √43)

( )( )
4 a not possible 3 + √17 3 − √17
h −3 x − x−
b not possible 2 2

( )( )
c (x + 4 + √15) (x + 4 − √15) 5 + √41 5 − √41
i −2 x − x−
d (x + 2 + √2) (x + 2 − √2) 2 2
e (x + 5 + √22) (x + 5 − √22) 8 a x2 − 2x − 24
f (x + 2 + √10) (x + 2 − √10) = x2 − 2x + (−1) 2 − (−1) 2 − 24

5E
g not possible = (x − 1) 2 − 25
= (x − 1 + 5) (x − 1 − 5)
h (x − 3 + √3) (x − 3 − √3)
= (x + 4) (x − 6)
i (x − 6 + √34) (x − 6 − √34)
b Using a quadratic trinomial and finding two numbers that
j not possible
multiply to −24 and add to −2.
k (x − 4 + √17) (x − 4 − √17)
9 a If the difference of perfect squares is taken, it involves the
l not possible
square root of a negative number.

( 2 )( 2 )
3 + √5 3 − √5 b i yes ii yes iii no iv no
5 a x+ x+
v no vi yes vii yes viii no

( )( )
7 + √41 7 − √41 c i m ⩽ 4 ii m ⩽ 9 iii m ⩽ 25
b x+ x+

( 2)
2 2 3
10 a 2(x + 4) x −

( )( )
5 + √33 5 − √33
c x + x+

( )( )
2 2 2 + √13 2 − √13
b 3 x + x+

( )( )
9 + √93 9 − √93 3 3
d x + x+

( )( )
2 2 7 + √305 7 − √305
c 4 x − x−

( 2 )( 2 )
3 + √7 3 − √7 8 8
e x − x−
d Unable to be factorised.

( )( )
5 + √23 5 − √23
( )( )
f x− x− 3 + √41 3 − √41
2 2 e −2 x + x+
4 4

( )( )
5 + √31 5 − √31
( )( )
g x− x− 7 + √13 7 − √13
2 2 f −3 x + x+
6 6

( )( )
9 + √91 9 − √91
h x− x− g Unable to be factorised.
2 2

( )( )
6 a 2(x + 3 + √5) (x + 3 − √5) 3 + √41 3 − √41
h −2 x − x−
b 3(x + 2 + √5) (x + 2 − √5) 4 4

( 2)
c 4(x − 1 + √5) (x − 1 − √5) 7
i 2(x − 1) x +
d 3(x − 4 + √14) (x − 4 − √14)

( )( )
e −2(x + 1 + √6) (x + 1 − √6) 2 + √19 2 − √19
j 3 x + x+
f −3(x + 5 + 2√6) (x + 5 − 2√6) 3 3
g −4(x + 2 + √7) (x + 2 − √7)
( 2)
5
h −2(x − 4 + 3√2) (x − 4 − 3√2) k −2 x + (x − 1)
i −3(x − 4 + √11) (x − 4 − √11)
( 3)
4
l −3 x + (x + 1)

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 868 Answers

Progress quiz 2 a x = 0, 4 b x =
0, 3
c x = 0, −2 d x =
0, 4
10x b 4a2 − 7a e x = 0, 5 f x =
0, −2
1 a −8x2 +
3 g x = √7, −√7 h x √11, −√11
=
c m2 + 7m + 10 d k2 − 6k + 9 i x = √5, −√5 j x =
0, 2
e 9m2 − 4 f 8h2 − 6h − 35
Answers

1
g 5x2 − 35x + 60 h 19p + 4 k x = 0, −5 l x = 0, −
7
2 a 4(a − 5) b −6m(2m − 3) m x = 2, −2 n x = 3, −3
c (x + 5) (4 − x) d (a − 9) (a + 9) o x = 6, −6
e (4a − 11b) (4a + 11b) f 5(m − 5) (m + 5) 3 a x = −2, −1 b x = −3, −2
g (k − 5) (k + 9) h (x − 3) (x + 1) c x = 2, 4 d x = 5, 2
i (x − 2√5) (x + 2√5) j (h + 3 − √7) (h + 3 + √7) e x = −6, 2 f x = −5, 3
k (x + 5) (x + a) l (x − 2m) (4x − 5) g x = 5, −4 h x = 8, −3
3 a (x − 4) (x + 5) b (a − 3) (a − 7) i x = 4, 8 j x = −2
c 3(k − 9) (k + 2) d (m − 6) 2 k x = −5 l x = 4
x+5 m x = 7 n x = 12
4 a x−3 b
2 o x = −9
5 a (x + 4 + √13) (x + 4 − √13) 3 1 7 7
4 a x = − , −4 b x = − , − c x = 5,
b (x − 6 + √10) (x − 6 − √10) 2 2 2 2
c not possible 1 5 3
d x = , 11 e x = − , 3 f x = − ,2
( )( )
5 + 3√3 5 − 3√3 2 3 5
d x+ x+
2 2 4 5 3 5 2
g x = ,− h x = , −4 i x = ,
Ch5 Progress quiz

6 a (3a + 2) (2a + 5) b (2m − 3) (4m + 3) 3 2 7 4 5

c (3x − 2) (5x − 4) d (2k − 7) (3k + 5) 5 a x = −2, −6 b x = −1, 11 c x = 3
2x + 5 3 2 5
7 d x = 2 e x = , −2 f x = ,
2x − 3 2 3 2
6 a x = 6, −4 b x = 8, −4 c x = 3
d x = −2, −5 e x = 5, 3 f x = 3, −3
5F
g x = 4, −4 h x = −1, −9 i x = 5, −1
Building understanding j x = −5 k x = 8 l x = 8, −8
2 1 3
1 a 0, −1 b 0, 4 c 3, −2 m x = 3, −1 n x = − , −4 o x = − ,−
3 4 2
1 7 3 3 7 a x = 12, −7 b x = −5, 14 c x = −9, 2
d √3, −√3 e , − f − , −
2 3 8 4 5 4 5
d x = , −4 e x = − , 2 f x = 2, −
2 a x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 b x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 2 5 6
c 4x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 d 2x2 − 6x − 5 = 0 1
g x = −3, 1 h x = 1, i x = 3, −2
e x2 − 4x + 12 = 0 f 3x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 2
3 a 2 b 1 c 2 d 2 e 1 f 1 8 a i x = 1, −2
ii x = 1, −2
b no difference
Now you try
c 3x2 − 15x − 18 = 3(x2 − 5x − 6) and, as seen in part a,
Example 15 the coefficient of 3 makes no difference when solving.
a x = 0, x = 3 b x = ±√11 c x = ±3 9 This is a perfect square (x + 8) 2, which only has 1 solution;
Example 16 i.e. x = −8.
a x = −3 or x = 4 10 The student has applied the null factor law incorrectly; i.e.
b x = −3 when the product does not equal zero. Correct solution is:
2 1 x2 − 2x − 8 = 7
c x = − or x = x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
3 2
(x − 5) (x + 3) = 0
Example 17 x = 5 or x = −3
a x = −6 or x = 8 1
b x = −4 or x = 5 11 a x = −2, −1 b x = 1 c x = , 5
2
3
d x = 8, −6 e x = −6, −2 f x = , −4
Exercise 5F 2
g x = 8, −3 h x = 5, −3 i x = 2
1 a i x = 0, 5 ii x = 0, 12
j x = 4, −3 k x = 5, −2 l x = −5, 3
b i x = ±√13 ii x = ±√19
c i x = ±3 ii x = ±4

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 Answers 869

5G 3 a x = √2, −√2
b x = √7, −√7
Building understanding c x = 3 − √5, 3 + √5
d x = −5 − √14, −5 + √14
1 a Let x m be the width of the rectangle.
b x+5

Answers
c x(x + 5) = 24 Now you try
d x2 + 5x − 24 = 0, x = −8, 3
Example 19
e width = 3 m, length = 8 m
5 ± √17
2 a width = 6 m, length = 10 m a x = 3 ± √7 b x = −2 ± 3√2 c x =
2
b width = 9 m, length = 7 m

Now you try Exercise 5H

Example 18 1 a i x = 4 ± √13 ii x = 6 ± √29

width = 6 m, length = 8 m b i x = −2 ± 2√2 ii x = −5 ± 4√2
2 a x = −3 − √6, −3 + √6
b x = −2 − √2, −2 + √2
Exercise 5G
c x = −5 − √10, −5 + √10
1 width = 3 m, length = 4 m d x = −2 − √6, −2 + √6
2 width = 6 m, length = 9 m e x = −4 − √19, −4 + √19
3 height = 8 cm, base = 6 cm f x = −3 − √14, −3 + √14
4 height = 2 m, base = 7 m g x = 4 − √17, 4 + √17

5G
5 8 and 9 or −9 and −8 h x = 6 − √39, 6 + √39
6 12 and 14 i x = 1 − √17, 1 + √17
7 15 m j x = 5 − √7, 5 + √7
8 a 6 b 13 c 14 k x = 3 − √5, 3 + √5
9 1 m l x = 4 − √7, 4 + √7
10 father 64, son 8 m x = −3 − √13, −3 + √13
11 5 cm n x = −10 − √87, −10 + √87
12 a 55 o x = 7 − √55, 7 + √55
b i 7 ii 13 iii 23 3 a x = −4 − 2√3, −4 + 2√3
13 a 3.75 m b x = −3 − 2√2, −3 + 2√2
b t = 1 second, 3 seconds c x = 5 − 2√5, 5 + 2√5
c The ball will reach this height both on the way up and on d x = 2 − 3√2, 2 + 3√2
the way down. e x = 5 − 2√7, 5 + 2√7
d t = 0 seconds, 4 seconds f x = −4 − 2√6, −4 + 2√6
e t = 2 seconds g x = 1 − 4√2, 1 + 4√2
f The ball reaches a maximum height of 4 m. h x = −6 − 3√6, −6 + 3√6
g No, 4 metres is the maximum height. When h = 5, there is i x = −3 − 5√2, −3 + 5√2
no solution. −5 + √17 −5 − √17
4 a x = ,
14 a x = 0, 100 2 2
b The ball starts at the tee (i.e. at ground level) and hits the −3 + √5 −3 − √5
b x = ,
ground again 100 metres from the tee. 2 2
c x = 2 m or 98 m
−7 + √29 −7 − √29
15 5 m × 45 m c x = ,
2 2
16 150 m × 200 m
3 + √17 3 − √17
d x = ,
5H 2 2
1 + √13 1 − √13
e x = ,
Building understanding 2 2
25 −5 + √33 −5 − √33
1 a 1 b 100 c 4 d f x = ,
4 2 2
2 a (x + √3) (x − √3) = 0
7 + √41 7 − √41
b (x + √10) (x − √10) = 0 g x = ,
c (x + 1 + √5) (x + 1 − √5) = 0 2 2
9 + √61 9 − √61
h x = ,
2 2

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 870 Answers

i x =
−1 + √17 −1 − √17
, Now you try
2 2
Example 20
−9 + 3√5 −9 − 3√5
j x = , a 2 solutions b no solutions c 1 solution
2 2
Example 21
3 3
Answers

k x = + √3, − √3 −3 ± √5 1 ± √13
2 2 a x = b x =
2 4
5 5
l x = − + √5, − − √5
2 2 Exercise 5I
5 a 2 b 2 c 0 d 0
e 0 f 2 g 2 h 0 1 a 2 b 0 c 1
i 0 j 2 k 2 l 0 2 a 2 b 0 c 1 d 2
−5 ± √17 e 2 f 2 g 0 h 0
6 a No real solution. b x = i 2 j 1 k 0 l 2
2
5 ± √17 −9 ± √69 −3 ± √17 −7 ± √65
c x = d x = 3 a x = b x =
2 2 2 2
−5 ± √21 7 ± √29
e x = f x = 3 ± √5 c x = d x = 4
2 2
−3 ± √29 −5 ± √61 e x = −1, −4 f x = −1, −7
7 a x = b x =
2 2 −7 ± √65 −5 ± √37
g x = h x =
c No real solutions. d x = 4 ± √5 8 6
5H

e x = −5 ± 2√5 f No real solutions. 2 ± √22 5 ± √65

i x = j x =
−3 + √89 3 + √89 3 4
8 width = cm, length = cm 4 −3 ± √19
2 2 k x = − , 1 l x =
9 a i 1.5 km ii 1.5 km 3 5
b i 0 km or 400 km iii 200 km 4 a x = −2 ± √3 b x = 3 ± √5
c 200 ± 100√2 km −3 ± 3√5
c x = −3 ± √11 d x =
10 a x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 2
(x + 2) 2 + 1 = 0, no real solutions 4 ± √10
e x = 2 ± 2√2 f x =
( 2)
3 2 3
b x − + = 0, no real solutions 3
4
1 ± √7 3 ± 2√3
11 Factorise by quadratic trinomial; i.e. (x + 6) (x − 5) = 0, g x = h x =
2 3
6 × (−5) = −30, and 6 + (−5) = −1.
Therefore, x = −6, 5. 4 ± √31
i x =
12 a Use the dimensions of rectangle BCDE and ACDF and 5
the corresponding side lengths in similar rectangles. −5 + √105
5
1 + √5 2
b a =
2 3 ± 2√3 −2 ± √10
6 a x = b x =
√6 3 2
13 a x = −1 ± b x = −1 ± √5
2 −5 ± √57 5 ± √17
3 ± √5 c x = d x =
c x = 4 ± √11 d x = 8 4
2 −2 ± √13
e x = f x = 1 ± √6
−5 ± √17 −1 ± √13 3
e x = f x =
2 2 1 ± √11 3 ± √41
g x = h x =
5 4
5I 5 ± √19
i x =
6
Building understanding
3 + √53 −3 + √53
7 ,
1 a a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 b a = 5, b = 3, c = −2 2 2
c a = 2, b = −1, c = −5 d a = −3, b = 4, c = −5 8 6√2 + 10 units
2 a −8 b 49 9 63 cm
c 41 d −44 −b
10 When b2 − 4ac = 0, the solution reduces to x = ; i.e. a
3 a 1 b 0 c 2 2a
single solution.
11 Answers will vary.

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 Answers 871

12 k = 6 or −6 8 a x = 0, −4 b x = 0, 3
13 a i k > 4 ii k = 4 iii k < 4 c x = 5, −5 d x = 3, 7
9 9 9 e x = 4 f x = −9, 4
b i k > ii k = iii k <
8 8 8 1 2 5
g x = −2, h x = , −
c i −2 < k < 2 2 3 2

Answers
ii ± 2 1 3
i x = , −
iii k > 2, k < −2 9 2
d i no values 9 a x = 3, −3 b x = 5, −1
ii no values c x = 4, −7 d x = −3, 6
iii all values of k 10 length = 8 m, width = 6 m
11 a x = −2 ± √7 b x = 3 ± 2√2
3 ± √17 −5 ± 3√5
Problems and challenges c x = d x =
2 2
1 b = −4, c = 1 12 a 1 solution b 2 solutions
2 47 c 0 solutions d 2 solutions
3 a ± 2, ± 1 b ± 3 −3 ± √33
13 a x = b x = 1 ± √5
4 a x = 0, 1 b x = 1, −2 2
5 144 cm2 2 ± √14 1 ± √37
6 25 km/h c x = d x =
2 6
7 1.6 units
8 x2 − 2x + 2 = (x − 1) 2 + 1, as
(x − 1) 2 ⩾ 0, (x − 1) 2 + 1 > 0 Multiple-choice questions

5I
(x − y) 2
9 Square area − rectangle area = > 0 for all x and y; 1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A
4 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 C
hence, square area is greater than rectangle area. 9 E 10 C 11 A 12 B
10 w : p = 1 : 3; t : q = 1 : 9

Extended-response questions
Short-answer questions
1 a i 15 + 2x m
1 a −2x + 26 b 3x2 + 11x − 20 ii 12 + 2x m
c 25x2 − 4 d x2 − 12x + 36 b overall area = 4x2 + 54x + 180 m2
e 7x + 22 f 12x2 − 23x + 10 c trench area = 4x2 + 54x m2
2 a x2 + 4x + 4 d Minimum width is 1 m.
b 4x2 + 18x 2 a S = 63π m2
c x2 + 3x + 21 b 0.46 m
3 a (x + 7) (x − 7) b (3x + 4) (3x − 4) c i 420 = 3πr2 + 12πr
c (2x + 1) (2x − 1) d 3(x + 5) (x − 5) ii 3πr2 + 12πr − 420 = 0
e 2(x + 3) (x − 3) f (x + √11) (x − √11) iii r = 4.97 m; i.e. πr2 + 4πr − 140 = 0.
g −2(x + 2√5) (x − 2√5) h (x + 5) (x − 3)
i (x − 3 + √10) (x − 3 − √10)
4 a (x − 6) (x − 2) b (x + 12) (x − 2) Semester review 1
c −3(x − 6) (x − 1)
5 a (3x + 2) (x + 5) b (2x − 3) (2x + 5)
c (6x + 1) (2x − 3) d (3x − 2) (4x − 5) Linear relations
2x x−4
6 a b
x+3 4 Short-answer questions
7 a (x + 4 + √6) (x + 4 − √6)
1 a 3 − 2x b 20
b (x + 5 + √29) (x + 5 − √29)
3a − 8 9x − 2
c (x − 3 + 2√3) (x − 3 − 2√3) c d
4a (x + 2) (x − 3)
( )( )
3 + √17 3 − √17
d x+ x+ 2 a i x = −4 ii x = 2
2 2 iii x = 13 iv x = 2

( )( )
5 + √13 5 − √13
e x + x+ b i x ⩽ 6, x
2 2 3 4 5 6 7

( )( )
7 + √31 7 − √31 ii x < 3,
f x+ x+ x
2 2 0 1 2 3 4

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3 a i m = 3, c = −2
4
ii m = − , c = 2 Extended-response question
3
y y a x = 3, y = 4
b, c y
intersecting
(1, 1) 2 region
1 8.5
Answers

x y = 4x − 8
O 1 x
O 3 (3, 4)
−2 −2 (3,−2)
x
O 2 17
3
3x + 2y = 17
b i y ii y

−8
x 3
O 3
x
O 5 d 167 500 m2
−6
Geometry

iii y iv y Short-answer questions

Semester review 1

1 a AB = DE (given)  AC = DF (given)
x ∠BAC = 60° = ∠EDF (given).
O 1
x ∴ △ ABC = △DEF (SAS).
O 3 −2 (1, −2) a = 35 (corresponding angles in congruent triangles)
b BC = DC (given)
AC is common.
8 9 ∠ABC = 90° = ∠ADC (given)
4 a y = −x + 3 b y = x − ∴ △ ABC = △ADC (RHS).
5 5
5 a a = −3 b a = −4 x = 3 (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c a = 1 or a = 7 d a = −4 2 A D
6 a x = −3, y = −7 b x = −2, y = −4
c x = −1, y = 4 d x = 3, y = −5
7 A hot dog costs $3.50 a and soft drink $2.
8 a y b y B C

x ∠DBC = ∠BDA (alternate angles in parallel lines)

3 O 3 ∠BDC = ∠DBA (alternate angles in parallel lines)
BD is common.
−4.5 ∴ △ BAD = △DCB (AAS).
x
O 3 Using congruence, BC = AD and AB = DC,
2 corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
3 a x = 6.75 b x = 2
c y 4 a x = 8 b x = 5
c a = 32, b = 65 d x = 40
x
O e a = 55 f a = 90, b = 60, c = 70
5 a x = 20 b x = 8
−3
c a = 63, b = 55
47 29 39
6 a x = b x = c x =
Multiple-choice questions 5 3 5

1 A 2 C 3 D
Multiple-choice questions
4 E 5 C
1 D 2 B 3 C
4 E 5 C

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 Answers 873

Extended-response question Extended-response question

a CD = 6 cm, chord theorem 2 a V = 80 000(1.08) n
b OA = OD (radii of circle) b i $86 400 ii $108 839
OB = OC (radii of circle) c 11.91 years
AB = DC (chord theorem 2) d 6% per year

Answers
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCD (SSS).
c OM = 4 cm, area = 12 cm2 Trigonometry
d 30.6%
e ∠BOD = 106.2° Short-answer questions
1 a x = 19.5 b θ = 43.8°, y = 9.4
Indices and surds 2 a i 150°T ii 330°T
b i 310°T ii 130°T
Short-answer questions
3 a 32.174 m b 52.2°
1 a 3 √6 b 20 √3 c 3 √6 4 a x = 9.8 b θ = 125.3°
d √10 e 21 f 48 √3 5 95.1°
√5 10 √2 5π°
g √3 h i 6 a b 135°
3 7 18
7 a tan θ
2 a 7 √5 − √7 b 0 c −√2 − 4
b i θ = 155° ii θ = 35° iii θ = 42°
3 a 2 √15 − 4 √3 b 45
1 √2 √3
3 √2 √2 2 √5 − 5 c i ii iii −
4 a b c

Semester review 1
2 2 3
2 5 5
8 a ≈ 0.34 b θ ≈ 233°, 307° c yes
3b2 2x2
5 a 24x10y2 b 3a2b2 c d
a5 5y3
6 a i 37 200 ii 0.0000049 Multiple-choice questions
b i 7.30 × 10−5 ii 4.73 × 109
1 1 1 E 2 B 3 A
7 a i 102 ii 72 x3, when x > 0 4 D 5 C
3 3
iii 4x5 iv 152
b i √6 ii √5 20 Extended-response question
iii √4 73 or (√4 7) 3 a 104.3 m
1 1 1 b 8 km
8 a b c 3 d
5 16 2
9 a x = 3 b x = 2 20°
3 1 108°
c x = d −
2 2
10 a y b y
13 km
52°
Start
1 1
x x
O O
c 17.242 km
d 206°T
c y
Quadratic expressions and equations

O
x Short-answer questions
–1
1 a 9x2 − 1 b 4x2 − 20x + 25
c −x2 + 30x − 5
2 a (2x − y) (2x + y) b (x + 2 + √7) (x + 2 − √7)
c 3(x − 4) (x + 4) d (x − 2) (x + 7)
11 a $2382.03 b $7658.36 e (x − 5) 2 f 2(x − 6) (x − 2)
3 a (3x + 4) (x − 2)
Multiple-choice questions b (3x − 1) (2x + 3)
c (5x − 4) (2x − 3)
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 E 5 C

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 874 Answers

1 C
4 a x = 0, 3 b x = −4, c x = 0, −5 4 a 75.40 m b r = c 5.57 m
2 2π
d x = 4, −4 e x = √7, −√7 f x = 2 5 a i 8 + 4π m ii 20.6 m
1 b i 4 + π m ii 7.1 m
g x = 8, −3 h x = −2,
3 π
c i 2 + km ii 3.0 km
5 a x = −8, 5 b x = 3, 7 c x = −4, 5 3
Answers

6 a i (x − 3 + √5) (x − 3 − √5) d i 12 + 10π cm ii 43.4 cm

70π
ii (x + 2) 2 + 3, does not factorise further e i 10 + mm ii 34.4 mm
9
( 2 )( 2)
3 √5 3 √5
iii x + − x+ + 31π
2 2 f i 6 + cm ii 14.1 cm
12
b i x = 3 ± √5 ii no solutions 6 a 3 b 8.8 c 0.009
−3 ± √5 d 2.65 e 3.87 f 2.4
iii x =
2 7 57.6 m
−3 ± √57 8 a 12.25 b 53.03 c 1.37
7 a x = b x = 2 ± √10
4 d 62.83 e 19.77 f 61.70
5π
9 a 6π m b 10 + m c π + 1 km
Multiple-choice questions 2
10 a i 201 cm ii 1005 cm
1 C 2 B 3 D b 4974
4 B 5 D 1 000 000
c
πd
2n
11 r =
Semester review 1

Extended-response question π
12 π √2x
a 4x2 + 40x b 44 m2
P − 2w 1
c x = 3 d x = 2.2 13 a l = or P − w b l = 5 − w
2 2
c 0 < w < 5 d 0 < l < 5
14 a 720° b 1080° c 540° d 1440°
Chapter 6
6A 6B
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a 40 mm b 9.6 cm c 1 m 1 a √55 b √77
d 8 m e 0.297 km f 510.2 cm c √2 d √50 = 5√2
1 1 3 2 a x2 + y2 = z2 b a2 + d2 = b2 c 2x2 = c2
2 a b c
4 2 4
1 7 11 Now you try
d e f
9 24 12 Example 4
3 a 810 m b 9.4 km c 180 cm a 8.06 cm b 1.92 m

Now you try Example 5

a √61 b 10.49
Example 1
a 20.2 m b 8.1 c x = P − 13.2 Exercise 6B
Example 2 1 a i 2.24 cm ii 10.77 m
C b i 1.70 m ii 16.10 m
a 21.99 cm b r = c 1.91 cm
2π 2 a 5 cm b 11.18 m c 16.55 km
Example 3 d 1.81 mm e 0.43 km f 77.10 cm
70π 3 a 4.58 m b 7.94 m c 0.63 m
a 10 + cm b 34.4 cm
9 d 1.11 cm e 14.60 cm f 0.09 cm
4 a i √34 ii 6.16
Exercise 6A
b i √80(or 4√5)  ii   16.61
1 a 36.6 cm b 5.1 cm c x = P − 28.6 c i √10 ii 7.68
2 a 21.8 m b 3.2 m c x = P − 16.8 d i √89 ii 13.04
3 a 43.98 cm b 7.54 m 5 a no b yes c no
c 89.22 mm d 3.46 km d no e yes f yes

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 Answers 875

6 a 2.86 m b 2.11 cm c 26.38 m g 230 cm2 h 53 700 mm2 i 2700 m2

d 4.59 cm e 0.58 km f 1.81 km j 10 000 000 mm2 k 2 200 000 cm2 l 0.000 145 km2
7 8.3 cm 3 a 25 cm2 b 54.6 m2 c 1.82 km2
8 a 13.19 mm b 13.62 m c 4.53 cm d 0.025 mm2 e 153.94 m2 f 75 cm2
d 2.61 m e 12.27 km f 5.23 cm g 1472 m2 h 0.05 mm2 i 0.17 km2

Answers
9 a 2√13 b 4√2 c √181 j 2.36 km2 k 1.1234 m2 l 3.97 cm2
10 a i 22.4 cm ii 24.5 cm 4 a 2.88 b 14.35 c 1.44
b Investigation required. d 1.05 e 1.91 f 8.89
√5 g 1.26 h 0.52 i 5753.63
11 cm, using Pythagoras’ theorem given that an angle in a
2 5 a 9π cm2, 28.27 cm2
semicircle is 90°.
25
12 a 4√5 cm by 2√5 cm b 3√10 cm by √10 cm b π m2, 39.27 m2
2
c √ cm by 10√
100 100 49
cm = c π m2, 51.31 m2
101 101 3
10√101 100√101 26
cm by cm d π m2, 9.08 m2
101 101 9
13 a i 5.41 m ii 4.61 m iii 5.70 m e 21π km2, 65.97 km2
iv 8.70 m v 8.91 m vi 6.44 m
7
b 7.91 m f π mm2, 2.75 mm2
8
14 Research required
6 43.2 m2

6B
6C 7 a
25
π + 25 cm2, 34.82 cm2
8
Building understanding
b 49 m2
θ
1 a πr2 b × πr2 c l 2 289 104 2
360° c π+ m , 8.70 m2
d l × w 200 25
1 (3969 − 441π)
e xy, where x and y are the diagonals. d mm2, 103.34 mm2
2 25
1 1 1 e 81π + 324 km2, 578.47 km2
f (b + l)h g bh h xy
2 2 2 49 99 2
f π− m , 0.52 m2
1 2 1 200 400
i bh j πr k πr2
2 4 8 a 66 m2 b 27 bags
2 a i 10 ii 100 9 a 100 ha b 200 000 m2
b i 100 ii 10 000 c 0.4 ha d 2.5 acres
c i 1000 ii 1 000 000 2A
10 a a= −b
d 10 000 h
1
b i 3 ii 4.7 iii 0
Now you try 3
c a triangle
Example 6
a 35 000 cm2 b 0.05 m2
Example 7 11 a
a 12 m2 b 1.43 cm2 c 12.01 km2
Example 8
h
a 2.7 b 2.16
Example 9
26π 9π
a ≈ 9.08 cm2 b 60 − ≈ 45.86 m2
9 2 b

Exercise 6C Let x be the base of each triangle.

1 1
A = (b − x) × h + xh + xh
1 a i 150 mm2 ii 50 000 cm2 iii 200 000 m2 2 2
b i 0.000 7 km2 ii 0.45 m2 iii 0.006 km2 (i.e. rectangle and two triangles)
2 a 30 cm2 b 2.98 m2 c 0.205 km2 A = bh − xh + xh
d 5000 cm2 e 5 000 000 m2 f 100 m2 A = bh

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 876 Answers

b C 2 a

D B
E
4 cm
Answers

10 cm
b
2 cm
A
Let x = AC and y = BD.
1
AC bisects BD, hence DE = EB = y.
2
1 1 1 1
A= ×x× y+ ×x× y
2 2 2 2
(i.e. area of △ ACD plus area of △ ABC )
1 1
A = xy + xy
4 4
c
1
A = xy
2
c Consider the following trapezium.
6C

1
2
3 cm
a
A = Area ➀ + Area ➁
1 1 1 cm
A = ×a×h+ ×a×h
2 2
2 cm
1
A = (a + b)h
2
Now you try
12 a 63.7% b 78.5% c 50% d 53.9%
Example 10
6D a 94 m2 b 95.06 cm2
Example 11
Building understanding
101.7 m2
1 a
Exercise 6D
1 a 144 m2 b 72.57 cm2
2 a 90 cm2 b 47.82 mm2 c 111.3 cm2
b d 920 m2 e 502.91 m2 f 168.89 m2
3 a 8.64 cm2 b 96 mm2 c 836.6 m2
d 688 mm2 e 4.74 cm2 f 43.99 m2
4 24.03 m2
5 3880 cm2
c 6 a 121.3 cm2 b 10.2 m2
c 236.5 m2 d 2437.8 cm2
7 a 66.2 b 17.9 c 243.1
d 207.3 e 2308.7 f 65.0
8 a 144.5 cm2 b 851.3 m2
c 1192.7 cm2 d 4170.8 m2
9 33.5 m2

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 Answers 877

10 a 6x2 b 2(ab + ac + bc) Now you try

(2 )
1 2 1 1 1
c π d + πdh + dh d πr2 + 2rh + πrh Example 12
2 2 2
11π a 81.05 m2 b 1160 mm2
11 a 6π b
2 Example 13

Answers
12 a 0.79 m b 7.71 m a 12.7 cm b 12.6 cm
13 1 cm
14 a 4πr2 b 2x(x + 2y) Exercise 6E
θ
c 2rh + πr(h + r) d 2rh + πr(h + r) 1 a 144.51 m2 b 2100 mm2
180° 2 a 593.76 mm 2 b 0.82 m2 c 435.90 km2
3 a 64 m2 b 105 cm2 c 0.16 m2
6E 4 a 62.83 m2 b 5.18 cm2 c 1960.35 mm2
5 a 10.44 cm b 126.7 cm2
Building understanding 6 a 25.5 cm b 25.0 cm
1 7 a 18.9 cm b 17.8 cm
1 a bh b πr2 c πrs
2 8 hat B
2 a √29 cm b √221 m c √109 cm 9 a 6.3 m b 66.6 m2
10 a 105 cm 2 b 63 cm2
3 a
c 163.3 cm2 d 299.4 m2
e 502.8 mm2 f 76.6 m2
11 Slant height, s = √r2 + h2,

6D
so πr(r + s) = πr(r + √r2 + h2)
12 Substitute h = r into the equation given in Question 11.
πr(r + √r2 + h2) = πr(r + √r2 + r2)
= πr(r + √2r2)
2 cm
= πr(r + √2r)
= πr2 (1 + √2) as required
13 182.3 cm2
14 a 4√26 cm b 306.57 cm2 c 4√2 cm
d 20.199 cm e 260.53 cm2 f 85%

b Progress quiz
1 a 36 cm b 26.85 cm c 30 cm
2 a i 5 ii 30 cm iii 30 cm2
b i 41 ii 90 cm iii 180 cm2
c i 6.40 ii 31.40 cm iii 50 cm2
2 cm 3 a C = 25.13 mm A = 50.27 mm2
4 cm b C = 55.29 mm A = 243.28 mm2
4 a 17.45 cm2 b 29.32 cm2
5 a 450 b 0.00045
6 a 3.86 cm2 b 42.06 cm2 c 28.54 cm2
7 a 158 cm2 b 2.12 m2
c 434.29 cm2 d 175.18 cm2
8 a 58.90 cm 2 b 2.5 cm c 7.07 cm
c
9 13.75 cm

6F
Building understanding
1 a 80 cm3 b 32 m3 c 108 mm3
3 cm
2 a V = abc b V = y2h c V = πr2h

Now you try

Example 14
a 240 cm3 b 50.27 m3

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 878 Answers

Example 15 2
7
67.5 cm3 3
Example 16 Wood wasted = volume of cylinder − volume of cone
393.1 cm3 1
Wood wasted = πr2h − πr2h
Exercise 6F 3
Answers

2
Wood wasted = πr2h
1 a 32 m3 b 141.37 cm3 3
2 a 2000 mm 3 b 200 000 cm3 c 15 000 000 m3 2
Wood wasted = of the volume of cylinder
d 5.7 cm3 e 0.0283 km3 f 0.762 m3 3
g 130 000 cm3 h 1000 m3 i 2094 mm3 1 2 1
8 a i V = x h ii V = πx2h
j 2700 mL k 0.342 ML l 0.035 kL 3 12
π
m 5720 kL n 74.25 L o 18 440 L b
3 a 40 cm3 b 10 500 m3 c 259.7 mm3 4
4 a 785.40 m3 b 18.85 cm3 c 1583.36 m3 9 a 3.7 cm
ii r = √
5 a 12 cm3 b 1570.8 m3 c 2.448 mm3 3V 3V
b i h =
6 a 30 km 3 b 196 cm 3 c 30 m3 πr2 πh
d 10 cm3 e 0.002 m3 f 4752.51 cm3 10 a Similar triangles are formed so corresponding sides are in
g 0.157 m3 h 1357.168 cm3 i 24 m3 the same ratio.
7 1000 1
b π(r21h1 − r22h2)
8 480 L 3
9 a 379.33 cm3 b 223.17 m3 c 6.808 m3 c i 18.3 cm3 ii 14.7 cm3
d 716.46 mm3 e 142.36 cm3 f 42.85 cm3
6F

6H
10 a 27 cm3 b 3√3 m3
11 0.5 cm Building understanding
12 He needs to use the perpendicular height of the oblique prism
instead of 5. 1 a 314.16 b 3.14
θ c 91.95 d 1436.76
13 V = πr2h
360°
2 r = √
3
14 yes; 69.3 m3 π
1
3 r = √
3 6
15 a m b 5.8 m3
√2 π
1 1 1
6G 4 a b c
2 8 4
Building understanding Now you try
1 4 cm3 Example 18
2 15 m3 TSA = 314.16 cm2  V = 523.60 cm3
8 1
3 a 10 m3 b cm3 c 58 mm3
3 3 Example 19
1.13 m
Now you try
Example 20
Example 17 a TSA = 128.33 cm2
a 19.25 m3 b 1119.19 mm3 b V = 122.52 cm3

Exercise 6G Exercise 6H
1 a 77 m3 b 1588.86 mm3 1 TSA = 201.06 cm2  V = 268.08 cm3
2 a 4 cm3 b 585 m3 c 50 km3 2 a 50.27 cm2, 33.51 cm3
8 b 3.14 m2, 0.52 m3
d cm3 e 8 cm3 f 0.336 mm3
3 c 18145.84 mm2, 229 847.30 mm3
3 a 0.82 m3 b 9.38 mm3 c 25 132.74 m3 d 1017.88 cm2, 3053.63 cm3
d 25.13 m3 e 0.12 m3 f 523.60 cm3 e 2.66 km2, 0.41 km3
4 47 mL f 5.81 m2, 1.32 m3
5 a 282.74 m3 b 276 cm3 c 48 m3 3 a 113.10 cm2, 113.10 cm3 b 201.06 m2, 268.08 m3
d 56.88 mm3 e 10.3488 m3 f 70.79 m3 c 688.13 m2, 1697.40 m3 d 15.71 mm2, 5.85 mm3
6 4.76 cm 2
e 21.99 m , 9.70 m 3 f 15.21 km2, 5.58 km3

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 Answers 879

4 a i 1.53 cm ii 3.50 cm iii 0.50 km Example 22

b i 0.89 m ii 3.09 cm iii 0.18 mm a 8.5 cm to 9.5 cm
5 a 113.10 cm3 b 5654.9 cm3 c 21 345.1 cm3 b 34 cm to 38 cm
6 11.5 cm c 72.25 cm2 to 90.25 cm2
7 52%

Answers
8 a 32.72 cm3 b 67.02 cm3 c 0.52 m3
9 1570.8 cm2 Exercise 6I
10 a 4 m b 234.6 m3 1 a i 54.5 cm to 55.5 cm
11 a 235.62 m2 b 5.94 cm2 c 138.23 mm2 ii 31.5 cm to 32.5 cm
d 94.25 m2 e 27.14 m2 f 26.85 cm2 b i 32.25 mm to 32.35 mm
12 a 5.24 m3 b 942.48 m3 c 10.09 cm3 ii 108.35 mm to 108.45 mm
d 1273.39 cm3 e 4.76 m3 f 0.74 cm3 2 a i 1 cm ii 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm
13 a i 523.60 cm3 ii 4188.79 cm3 b i 0.1 mm ii 6.75 mm to 6.85 mm
iii 14 137.17 cm3
c i 1 m ii 11.5 m to 12.5 m
b 61.2 cm
d i 0.1 kg ii 15.55 kg to 15.65 kg
14 a 5 cm b 5√5 cm c 332.7 cm2
e i 0.1 g ii 56.75 g to 56.85 g
15 a r = √ b r = √
S 3 3V
f i 1 m ii 9.5 m to 10.5 m
4π 4π g i 1 h ii 672.5 h to 673.5 h
16 a 4 times b 8 times h i 0.01 m ii 9.835 m to 9.845 m
4 i i 0.01 km ii 12.335 km to 12.345 km
17 V = × πr3
3 j i 0.001 km ii 0.9865 km to 0.9875 km
d

6H
Substitute into r, giving: k i 0.01 L ii 1.645 L to 1.655 L
2
l i 0.01 mL ii 9.025 mL to 9.035 mL
( 2)
4 d 3
V= ×π 3 a 4.5 m to 5.5 m b 7.5 cm to 8.5 cm
3
c 77.5 mm to 78.5 mm d 4.5 mL to 5.5 mL
4 πd 3 1 πd 3
V= × = × e 1.5 km to 2.5 km f 34.15 cm to 34.25 cm
3 8 3 2
g 3.85 kg to 3.95 kg h 19.35 kg to 19.45 kg
1
V = πd 3 i 457.85 L to 457.95 L j 18.645 m to 18.655 m
6
k 7.875 km to 7.885 km l 5.045 s to 5.055 s
4
18 h = r 4 a $4450 to $4550
3 b $4495 to $4505
19 a i √
3 3 3
ii √36π iii 1 c $4499.50 to $4500.50
4π 5 a 30 m b 15 g
iv 6 v 80.6% c 4.6 km d 9.0 km

(3)
4π 23 2
ii x = √
3 4π e 990 g f 990 g (nearest whole)
b i 4πr2 r iii 6 r
3 6 a 149.5 cm to 150.5 cm b 145 cm to 155 cm
c Proof required. Example: c 149.95 cm to 150.05 cm
1
7 a 24.5 cm to 25.5 cm b 245 cm
4πr2
√6, as required.
2π 2π3 3π
= = = c 255 cm

(3)
2 1 2 1 1
4π 3 r2 8 a 9.15 cm
6 33 (4π) 3 83 × 63
b 9.25 cm
d They are the same. c 36.6 cm to 37 cm
d 83.7225 cm2 to 85.5625 cm2
6I 9 a 9.195 cm
b 9.205 cm
Building understanding c 36.78 cm to 36.82 cm
d 84.548025 cm2 to 84.732025 cm2
1 Some examples are 3.35, 3.37, 3.40 and 3.42.
e Increasing the level of accuracy lowers the difference
2 a 347 cm b 3 m
between the upper and lower limits of any subsequent
3 6.65
working.
Now you try 10 a Different rounding (level of accuracy being used)
b Cody used to the nearest kg, Jacinta used to the nearest
Example 21 100 g and Luke used to the nearest 10 g.
a 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm c yes
b 15.65 mm to 15.75 mm

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11 a D
 istances on rural outback properties, distances between Multiple-choice questions
towns, length of wires and pipes along roadways
b building plans, measuring carpet and wood 1 D 2 E 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 A
c giving medicine at home to children, paint mixtures, 7 B 8 D 9 E 10 C 11 D 12 E
chemical mixtures by students
Answers

d buying paint, filling a pool, recording water use Extended-response questions

12 a ± 1.8% b ± 5.6% c ± 0.56%
d ± 0.056% e ± 0.28% f ± 0.056% 1 a 72 m3 b √37 m
g ± 0.12% h ± 0.071% c 138.7 m2 d 6 L, $120
2 a 100 m b 50√2 m
c 5000 m2 d 36%
Problems and challenges e Athlete A, 0.01 seconds
1 6
2 1.3 m
3 a As the sphere touches the top, bottom and curved surface, Chapter 7
the height of the cylinder is 2r, and the radius of the base
is r. So the curved surface area = 2 × π × r × h and
7A
h = 2r, therefore this equals 4πr2, which is equal to the Building understanding
surface area of the sphere.
b 67% 1 a maximum b (−2, 4) c 2
4 h = 4r d −5, 1 e x = −2
5 (4 − π)r2 2 a minimum b (1, −3) c −2
6I

6 √2 : 1 d −1, 3 e x=1

Now you try

Short-answer questions
Example 1
1 a 23 cm b 2.7 cm2 c 2 600 000 cm3 a i minimum at (−1, −3) ii x = −1
d 8372 mL e 0.63825 m2 f 3 000 000 cm2 iii −3 and 1 iv −2
2 a 32 m b 28.6 m c 20.4 cm b i maximum at (2, 0) ii x=2
7 b 15.60 m2 iii 2 iv −2
3 a m
π
Example 2
4 a √65 b 8.31
5 a 16.12 m2 b 216 m2 c 38.5 m2 Reflecfed y- Wider or
d 78.54 cm2 e 100.43 m2 f 46.69 m2 Maximum in the value narrower
6 a 4.8 m b 25.48 m or x-axis Turning when than
7 a i 236 m2 ii 240 m3 Formula minimum (yes/no) point x = 1 y = x 2
b i 184 cm2 ii 120 cm3 1 2 1
a y = x minimum no (0, 0) wider
c i 1407.43 cm2 ii 4021.24 cm3 2 2
d i 360 cm2 ii 400 cm3
b y = (x − 2) 2 minimum no (2, 0) 1 same
e i 201.06 m2 ii 268.08 m3
f i 282.74 cm2 ii 314.16 cm3 c y = −x2 − 1 maximum yes (0, −1) −2 same
175
8 a cm b 17.6 cm
3π
9 a 18 cm b 3√61 cm c 2305.8 cm2 Exercise 7A
10 12 m
1 a i (2, −5), min ii x= 2
11 a i 414.25 cm2 ii 535.62 cm3
iii −1, 5 iv −3
b i 124 m2 ii 88 m3
b i (2, 0), max ii x= 2
c i 19.67 mm2 ii 6.11 mm3
iii 2 iv −1
12 a i 117.27 cm2 ii 84.94 cm3
c i (2, 5), min ii x= 2
b i 104 cm2 ii 75 cm3
iii no x-intercept iv 7
c i 25.73 cm2 ii 9.67 cm3
d i (−3, 0), min ii x= −3
13 a 4950π cm3 b 1035π cm2
iii −3 iv 4
14 a 7.5 m to 8.5 m
e i (2, −2), min ii x= 2
b 10.25 kg to 10.35 kg
iii 1, 3 iv 6
c 4.745 L to 4.755 L
f i (0, 3), max ii x= 0
iii −3, 3 iv 3

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 Answers 881

2 Reflected in the y-value when Wider or narrower

Formula Max or min x-axis (yes/no) Turning point x=1 than y = x2
a y = 3x2 min no (0, 0) y=3 narrower
1 1
b y = x2 min no (0, 0) y= wider
2

Answers
2
c y = 2x2 min no (0, 0) y=2 narrower
d y= −4x2 max yes (0, 0) y = −4 narrower
1 1
e y = − x2 max yes (0, 0) y=− wider
3 3
f y = −2x2 max yes (0, 0) y = −2 narrower

3 Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry y-intercept x-intercept

a y = (x + 3) 2 (−3, 0) x = −3 9 −3
b y = (x − 1) 2 (1, 0) x=1 1 1
c y = (x − 2) 2 (2, 0) x=2 4 2
d y = (x + 4) 2 (−4, 0) x = −4 16 −4

4 Formula Turning point y-intercept y-value when x = 1

a y= x2 +3 (0, 3) 3 y=4

7A
b y= x2 −1 (0, −1) −1 y=0
c y = x2 + 2 (0, 2) 2 y=3
d y = x2 − 4 (0, −4) −4 y = −3

5 a x=0 b x=0 c x=0 ii y

d x=0 e x=0 f x=2 22
g x = −1 h x = −3 i x=0 20
j x=0 k x=0 l x = −4
18
6 a (0, 0) b (0, 7) c (0, 0)
16
d (0, 0) e (0, −4) f (2, 0)
14
g (−1, 0) h (−3, 0) i (0, −3)
12
j (0, 2) k (0, −16) l (−4, 0)
10
7 a 0 b 7 c 0
8
d 0 e −4 f 4
6
g 1 h −9 i −3
4
j 2 k −16 l −16
2
8 a H b C c G
x
d D e A f E −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
g B h F
9 a i y
iii y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5

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 882 Answers

iv y 10 a i y
22 20
20 18
18 16
16 14
Answers

14 12
12 10
10 8
8 6
6 4
4 2
2 x
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5

ii y
v y
20
22 18
20 16
18 14
16 12
7A

14 10
12 8
10 6
8 4
6 2
4 x
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
b The constant h determines whether the graph moves left or
right from y = x2.
11 a i y
vi y
11
22 10
20 9
18 8
16 7
14 6
12 5
10 4
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5

b The constant a determines the narrowness of the graph.

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 Answers 883

ii y Now you try

8 Example 3
7 a y
6
5

Answers
4 (1, 2)
3
x
2 O
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 b y
−3
−4 3
−5 (1, 2)

b The constant k determines whether the graph moves up or x

O
down from y = x2.
12 Answers could be:
a y = x2 − 4 b y = (x − 5) 2 c y = x2 + 3
13 a y = x2 + 2 b y = −x2 + 2 c y = (x + 1) 2

7A
d y = (x − 2) 2 e y = 2x2 f y = −3x2 c y
2 1 2
g y = (x + 1) + 2 h y = (x − 4) − 2
8
14 Parabola on its side.
y
1
4 x
3 –1 O
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
Example 4
−2 a y
−3
−4

x
7B O
–1
Building understanding (–1, –2)
1 a (0, 0) b (0, 3) c (0, −4)
d (2, 0) e (−5, 0) f (0, 0) b y
2 a 5 b −3 c 4 d 2
(2, 3)
3 a up b right c left d down
e down f left g right h up

x
O
–1

Example 5
y = 2x2 − 1

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 884 Answers

Exercise 7B b y

1 a y 1
O x
(1,4) −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
Answers

−3 (1, 3)
−4
x
O −5
−6
−7
−8
−9

b y c y

10
2 9
(1, 1) 8
x 7
O
6
5
4
7B

3
c 2
y 1 (1, 1 )
2
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4

16 d y

1 (1, − 1)
3
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1
x
O 4 −2
−3
−4
−5
2 a y −6
7 −7
6 −8
5 −9
4 −10
3
2 (1, 2) e y
1 10
x 9
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
8
−2 7
6
5
4
3 (1, 3)
2
1
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4

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 Answers 885

f y i y
8 10
7 9
6 8
5 7

Answers
4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
x 2
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
1
−2 x
O
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1
−3 (1, −3)
−4
j y
g y
10
1 9
O (1, 0)
x 8
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
7
−2 6

7B
−3 5
−4 4
−5 3
−6 2
−7 1
−8 x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5
−9
−10
k y
h y 1
1 x
O −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 −2
−2 −3
−3 −4
(1, −4) −5
−4
−5 −6
−6 −7
−7 −8
−8 −9
−9 −10
−10

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 886 Answers

l y c y

1
x 11
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
−2 9
Answers

−3 8
−4 7
−5 6
−6 5
−7 4
−8 3
−9 2
(−3, 2)
1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
3 a (−3, 1) b (−2, −4) c (1, 3)
d (4, −2) e (3, −5) f (2, 2)
g (3, 3) h (2, 6) i (−1, 4) d y
j (2, −5) k (−1, −1) l (4, −10) 11
4 a y 10
9
10
7B

8
9
7
8
6
7
5
6
4
5
3
4
2
3 (1, 2)
1
2
x
(−1, 1)
1 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
e y

b y 18
16
9
14
8
12
7
10
6
8
5
6
4
4
3 (4, 1)
2
2
x
1 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2
(−2, −1)

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 Answers 887

f y i y

7 1
6 x
5 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
(−3, −2)
4 −2

Answers
3 −3
2 −4
1 −5
x −6
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −7
−2 −8
−3 −9
−4 −10
(1, − 4)
−11
g y
(1, 3)
3
j y
2
(2, 1)
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 −2

7B
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5 −5
−6 −6
−7 −7
−8
h y −9
(2, 1)
1
y
x k
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 x
−3 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−4 −4 (4, −2)
−5 −6
−6 −8
−7 −10
−8 −12
−9 −14
−16
−18
−20

l y
(−2, 2)
2
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2 O 1 2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
−14

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 888 Answers

5 a y =−x2 b y
b y =(x + 2) 2
24
c y =x2 − 5
22
d y =x2 + 4
20
e y =(x − 1) 2
18
Answers

f y =−x2 + 2 17
16
g y =−(x + 3) 2
h y =(x + 5) 2 − 3 14
i y =(x − 6) 2 + 1 12
6 a y =6x2 10
b y =x2 + 4 8
c y =(x − 3) 2 6
d y =−(x + 2) 2 (−2, 5) 4
1 2
e y = x2
2 x
f y = −x2 + 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1
g y = x2 − 1
h y = (x − 1) 2
c y
i y = −7x2
(3, 4)
7 a maximum b (5, 25) 4
c 0 d 25 m 2
e i 21 m ii 21 m iii 0 m x
−1−2O
7B

8 a (1, 0) b (−2, 0) c (−3, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

d (0, −4) e (0, −2) f (0, 5) −4
g (−4, −1) h (−2, 3) i (5, 4) −6
j (−2, 3) k (−3, −5) l (3, −3) −8
9 a translate 3 units right −10
b translate 2 units left −12
c translate 3 units down −14
d translate 7 units up −16
e reflect in x-axis −18
f translate 2 units left and 4 units down
g translate 5 units right and 8 units up
h reflect in x-axis, translate 3 units left d y
i reflect in x-axis, translate 6 units up 2
10 a (h, k) b ah2 + k x
11 a y −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2
(−3,−4)
24 −4
22 −6
20 −8
18 −10
16 −12
14 −14
12 −16
10 −18
8 −20
6 −22
4
(3, 4)
2
x
−1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 Answers 889

e y i y

20 6
5
18 4
(1, 3)
16 2
14 x

Answers
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
12 −2
10 −4
8 8.5 −6
6 −8
4 −10
(3, 4)
2 −12
x −14
−3 −2−2O 2 4 6 8

j y

f y 18
(3, 4) 16
4
2 14
x 12
O
−4 −2−2 2 4 6 8 10 10
−4 −0.5 8

7B
−6 6
−8 4 2.5
−10 2
(1, 2)
−12 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−14 −2

g k y
y
(−2, 1) 2
4
(1, 3) x
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1O 1 2 3
x −2
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 −4
−2
−6
−4 −7
−8
−6
−10
−8
−12
−10
−12 −14

y l y
h
4 (2, 3)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 2
−2 −3 1 2 3 4
−4 (1, − 4) x
−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−6 −2
−8 −4
−10 −6
−12 −8
−14 −10
−16 −12
−13
−18 −14

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 890 Answers

7C Example 8
y = (x + 3) (x − 7)
Building understanding Turning point is (2, −25)

1 a x = −1, x = 2 b x = 0, x = 3
c x = 0, x = −2 Exercise 7C
Answers

2 a x = 0, x = 4 b x = −4, x = 2
1 a y
c x=4 d x = ±5
3 a 0
b −8
c 16
d −25
x
4 a (4, −4) b (−1, 9) O 8

Now you try

Example 6 (4,–16)
a y
b y

3
7C

x
O
6

x
O 1 3

(3, –9)
(2, –1)

b y

2 a y

x
O
1 7

x
(4, –9) −2 O
(−1, −1)

Example 7 y
b
y

16

x
−6 O
x
–4 O

(−3, −9)

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 Answers 891

c y b y

12

Answers
x
O 4

x
(2, −4) O 2 6

d y
(4, −4)

c y

x 15
O 5

(2.5, −6.25)

7C
e y

x
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)

d y

x
−3 O
(−1.5, −2.25)
x
−2 O 8
f y

−16

x (3, −25)
−7 O
e y

(−3.5, −12.25)

3 a y x
−2 O 4

8 −8
(1, −9)

x
O 2 4
(3, −1)

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 892 Answers

f y b y

x
−3 O
Answers

x
O 2 3
−21 (2.5, −0.25)
(2, −25)

g y y
c

7
12

x
O1 12
x
−7 −1 O
7C

(−4, −9)
(6.5, −30.25)
h y
d y

20
30

x
O 2 10

x
−6 −5 O
(6, −16) (−5.5, −0.25)

4 a y e y

20 4

x x
O 4 5 −4 −1 O
(4.5, −0.25)

(−2.5, −2.25)

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 Answers 893

f y j y

12

Answers
−12 −1 O

O x
−4 −4 1
(−1.5, −6.25)
(−6.5, −30.25)
k y
g y
x
−10 O 3

x
−2 O 6
−30

7C
−12
(2, −16) (−3.5, −42.25)

h y l y

x
−11 O 2

−22

x
−1 O 2
−2
(0.5, −2.25) (−4.5, −42.25)

y 5 a y
i

x x
−2 O 7 −2 O

−14

(2.5, −20.25)

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 894 Answers

b y b y

16
x
−4 O 4
Answers

x
−4 O
−16

c y c y

25 x
−2 O 2

−4
7C

x
O 5

7 a (3.5, −4.5) b (3.5, −6.75) c (−3, −3)

d (−3, −4) e (0, −196) f (0, 196)
d y
g (1, 0) h (1, 0) i (1, 8)
8 a a = −1, b = −3, TP (2, −1)
100 b a = 5, b = −1, TP (−2, −9)
c a = 2, b = −6, TP (2, −16)
9 a x-intercepts: √2, −√2; TP (0, −2)
b x-intercepts: √11, −√11; TP (0, −11)
c x-intercepts: 5 √2, −5 √2; TP (0, −50)
x 10 a y
−10 O

6 a y

x
−3 O 3

x
−3 O 3

b y

−9 1
x
−1 O 1

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 Answers 895

c y 14 a x = 4, x = −2
(2, 4) b (1, −9), (1, 9)
c Same x-coordinate, y-coordinate is reflected in the x-axis.
15 a 0
x
O 4 b 0, −b

( 2 4)

Answers
b b2
c − ,−
16 a y = x(x − 4) b y = x(x − 2)
c y = x(x + 6) d y = (x + 3) (x − 3)
e y = (x + 2) (x − 2) f y = (x + √5) (x − √5)
g y = (x + 4) (x − 2) h y = (x − 1) (x − 5)
i y = (x + 1) (x − 3) j y = −x(x − 4)
d y k y = −(x + 2) (x − 6) l y = −(x − √10) (x + √10)

(1.5, 2.25)
7D
x
O 3 Building understanding
1 a y = x2 + 2x − 5

(2) (2)
2 2 2 2
= x2 + 2x + − −5
2
= (x + 1) − 6

7C
TP = (−1, −6)
b y = x2 − 6x + 10
e
(2) (2)
y 6 2 6 2
= x2 − 6x + − + 10
(1, 9)
8 2
= (x − 3) + 1
TP = (3, 1)
2 a x = ±3 b x = ±√3
c x = 5, x = −3 d x = −4 ± √2
x
−2 O 4 Now you try
Example 9
a maximum at (−1, 18)
b 16
c −4 and 2

f y Example 10
(4, 25) a y

9 (1, 1)
x
O
x
−1 O 9

b y

11 a = −2, TP (1, 18) 5 + √21

12 The coefficient does not change the x-intercepts. 2
13 a y = x2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1) 2 1
Only one x-intercept, which is the turning point.
b Graph has a minimum (0, 2), therefore its lowest point is x
2 units above the x-axis.
5 – √21
2
) 52 , −214)

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 896 Answers

Exercise 7D d y

1 a maximum at (2, 3)
b −9 5
c 1 and 3
2 a min (3, 5) b max (1, 3)
Answers

c max (−1, −2) d min (−2, −5) x

O1 5
e min (−5, 10) f max (7, 2)
g max (3, 8) h min (3, −7)
(3, −4)
3 a 6 b −2 c 7 d 9
e −16 f −55 g 3 h 1
i −5 j −8 k 13 l −5 e y
4 a x = 5, x = 1 b x = −7, x = −1
80
c x = 9, x = −3 d x = −2 ± √5
e x = 1 ± √10 f x = 5 ± √3
g x=4 h x = −6
i no x-intercept j no x-intercept
k x = 2 ± √5 l x = 3 ± √10 (−8, 16)
x
5 a x = −1, x = −5 b x = −3 ± √7 O
c x = −4 ± √21 d x = −1 ± √7
e no x-intercept f x = 6 ± √41 f y
6 a y
7D

51

x x
O (−7, 2) O
4
g y

5
(2, −4)

b y

(2, 1)
7 x
O

x h y
−7 −1 O

15

(3, 6)
(−4, −9) x
O

c y
i y
15
O
x
(5, −4)

x −29
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)

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 Answers 897

j y d y

16
O
x
(−4, −9)

Answers
−25 x
O 4

e y
k (−9, 25) y
x
x −2 O 4
−14 −4 O

−8
−56
(1, −9)

f y
l y
(2, 4)

x
−3 O 5

7D
x −15
O 4 (1, −16)

g y
7 a y
7

x
−7 −1 O
O x
−3 −1
(−2, −1)

b y (−4, −9)

h y

x
−1 O 3
5

−3 x
−5 −1 O
(1, −4)

c y (−3, −4)

i y
9

x
−12 O

x
−3 O
(−6, −36)

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 898 Answers

8 a y g y

−5 + √17 2
2
x
1 −5 − √17 O
Answers

x 2
−2 − √3 O −2 + √3
5 , − 17
−
2 4
(−2, −3)
h y
b y

O x
−3 − √14 −3 + √14
−5
x
−1 O 2
−2 1
,−9
(−3, −14) 2 4

c y i y

6
3, 3
3
7D

(1, 5) −
2 4

x
x O
O

y 9 a 2 b 1 c 1
d
d 0 e 0 f 2
20 10 a x = −1 ± √6 b x = 3, x = 1
c x = 7, x = −1 d x = −2 ± √10
3 ± √5
e x = −2 ± √11 f x =
(4, 4) 2
x
O 11 a y = −(x − 12) 2 + 7

e y (−2, 7)

3
x −2 − √7 −2 + √7
O x
−2 − 2√2 −2 + 2√2 O
−4

(−2, −8)
b y = −(x − 1) 2 + 3
f y
y
(1, 3)

1 3 − √5 3 + √5 x
2 2 O
x 1 − √3 1 + √3
O
3,−5
2 4

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 Answers 899

c y = −(x − 3) 2 + 5 14 a y = 4(x + 1) 2 − 1
y y
(3, 5)

Answers
x
O 3 − √5 3 + √5 −1
−3 2
2
−4 x
O
(−1, −1)
d y = −(x − 4) 2 + 8
y b y = 3(x − 2) 2 − 2
(4, 8) y

10

4 + 2√2
4 − 2√2
x
O 2 + √3
2

x
O

−8 (2, −2)
2 −√ 3
2

7D
( 2)
3 2 11 c y = 2(x + 3) 2 − 17
e y = − x + −
4 y
y
−3, −√ 2
17
−3 + √ 2
17
1
x x
O
(− 32 , − 114) O
−5

( 2)
5 2 33
f y = − x + +
4
y
− 5 , 33
2 4 (−3, −17)

( 4)
1 2 25
d y = 2 x + −
8
−5 − √33 2 −5 + √33
2 2 y
x
O

x
−3 O 1
12 a k > 0 2

b k = 0
c k < 0 –3
− 1 , − 25

(2) (2)
2 2
b b 4 8
13 x2 + bx + c = x2 + bx + − +c

( 2)
2
b b2 4c
= x+ − +
4 4

( 2)
2
b b2 − 4c
= x+ −
4

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 900 Answers

( 4) ( 5)
7 2 25 6 2 36
e y = 2 x − − i 5 x + −
8 5
y y
Answers

x
− 12 O
x 5
O 1 3
2

− 6 , − 36
(74 , − 258) 5 5

( 7)
5 2 25
j y = 7 x + −
f y = 4(x − 1) 2 + 16 7
y y

20
− 10
(1, 16) 7
x
7D

x
O
− 5 , − 25
7 7

( 12 ) ( 2)
5 2 191 3 2 35
g y = 6 x + + k y = −3 x + +
24 4
y y
− 3 , 35
2 4

9
3 √105 3 √105
− − − +
2 6 2 6
2
5 , 191
−
12 24 x
O

x
O

( 10 ) ( 4)
3 2 131 5 2 21
h y = 5 x − + l y = −4 x − +
20 4
y y 5 21
4 4

7
(103 , 131
20 ) 5 − √21
4
5 + √21
4
x
O
−1
x
O

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 Answers 901

7E c y

Building understanding
1 a 2 intercepts b 0 intercepts c 1 intercept O x
2 a −1 ± √2 b 2.5, −1 −0.65 1.15

Answers
−3
−1 ± √17 (0.25, −3.25)
c
4
3 a zero b positive c negative d y

Now you try

x
−1.35 O 3.35
Example 11
a 2 b 1 c (1, −1)
Example 12
y −9

(1, −11)
1.82 y
1 e

x
x

7E
0.18 −1.08 O 5.08
(1, –2)

−11
Exercise 7E
1 a 0 intercepts b 9 c (2, 1) (2, −19)
2 a 1 intercept b 0 intercepts c 2 intercepts
f y
d 2 intercepts e 0 intercepts f 1 intercept
g 2 intercepts h 2 intercepts i 2 intercepts
j 0 intercepts k 2 intercepts l 2 intercepts x
3 a 3 b 5 c −2 −3.86 O 0.86
d −4 e 8 f −10
g 0 h 0 i −7 −10
4 a (−1, 3) b (−2, −5) c (2, −1)

( 2 4) (2 4)
3 1 7 1 (−1.5, −16.75)
d (1, −5) e − ,6 f ,5
g y

( 4 8) (8 16 )
3 1 3 9
g − , −5 h , − i (0, −9) (1, 11)

8
(4 4) ( 3 3)
1 3 1 1
j , −2 k − , l (0, 2)
x
5 a y −0.91 O 2.91
x
− 4.55 O 0.55
−5 h y
(−1, 9)

7
(−2, −13)

b y
x
O 0.29 −3.12 O 1.12
x
−2.29
−2

(−1, −5)

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 902 Answers

i y c y
(1, 7)
x
−
5 O
2
3

x
Answers

−0.32 O 2.32

−25
j y
1 1 d y
− , 12
4 8 x
12 O 5
3

−25
x
−2.71 O 2.21
e y

x
k y O (2, −3)
1, 1
7E

−
3 3
−11
x
−0.67 O

f y

x
O (2, −4)
l y
(−1, 1)
O −16
x
−1.45 −0.55
g y

−4
3
1, 2
−
2
y x
6 a O

9
h y

x −
2, 2 2
−
3 O 3 3
2 x
O

b y 2 √3 √10
7 a x = 1 ± b x = −1 ±
3 2
√10 −3 ± √15
c x = 1 ± d x =
2 2
√6 √30
e x = 2 ± f x = 1 ±
2 5
1
x
O 1 8 y = (x + 1) 2 − 6 = x2 + 2x − 5
3

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 Answers 903

9 a Anything with b2 − 4ac > 0 Now you try

b Anything with b2 − 4ac = 0
c Anything with b2 − 4ac < 0 Example 13
−b a 40 − x b A = x(40 − x) c 0 < x < 40
10 Number under square root = 0, therefore x = (one
2a d A
solution) (20, 400)

Answers
−b ± √b2 − 4c
11 x =
2
b2
12 y = − + c
4a

(a)
b c x
2
13 x + x+ =0 O 40
a

(a) 4a2 4a2 a

b b2 b2 c
x2 + + − + =0 e 400 cm2 f square with side length 20 cm

( 2a )
b 2 b2 c
x+ = − Exercise 7F
4a2 a

( 2a )
b 2 b2 − 4ac 1 a 2 × length = 20 − 2x
x+ =
length = 10 − x
4a2
b A = x(10 − x)
√
b 2
b − 4ac
x+ = ± c 0 < x < 10
2a 4a2
d y
b √b2 − 4ac (5, 25)
x+ = ±

7E
2a 2a
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x= as required
2a

7F
x
O 10
Building understanding
1 a h
(2, 20) e 25 cm2 f 5 cm by 5 cm
2 a d

x
−9 O 9

t
O 4
−27
b 20 m
b 18 cm c 27 cm
c 4 seconds
3 a (100, 20) b 0 and 200
2 a h c h
(10, 9) (100, 20)

2.75
x
d O 200
O 22

d 200 m e 20 m
b 9 m
c 22 m

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 904 Answers

4 a 100 − 2x b A = x(100 − 2x) c 0 < x < 50 9 a 1 m

d A b No, 1 metre is the minimum height the kite falls to.
10 P = x(64 − x) so maximum occurs at x = 32.
(25, 1250) Maximum product = 32(64 − 32) = 1024
11 a A = (20 − 2x) (10 − 2x)
Answers

b min x = 0, max x = 5
c A

x 200
O 50
e 1250 m2 f width = 25 m, length = 50 m
5 a 20 − x
b P = x(20 − x) x
c P O 5

(10, 100) d Turning point occurs for an x-value greater than 5.

e 1 cm
12 a 6m
x b No, the maximum height reached is 4.5 m.
0 20 13 a y
d i x = 0 or 20 ii x = 10
e 100 x
O 100
6 a (20, 0)
7F

b h
x
O 20 40
−10 (50, −250)
b i 2
c 40 m d 10 m ii none
7 a √6 seconds c i (27.6, −200) and (72.4, −200)
b h ii (1.0, −10) and (99.0, −10)
d The highway meets the edge of the river (50 metres along).
1
30 14 5 m
24

t Progress quiz
O
√6
1 a y
c √2 seconds
8 a h 5
4
3
7
2 (1, 2)
1
x
(0, 0) 1 2
−2 −1−1
t
O1 7

b y

5
4
(4, −9) (0, 3)
3
b i 1 second 2
ii 7 seconds 1
iii 4 seconds x
c 9 m below sea level −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
d at 3 and 5 seconds −2

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 Answers 905

c y 6 a y = (x − 2) 2 − 1
10 y
9 (0, 9) 5
8 4
7 3

Answers
6 2
5 1
4 x
3 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
2 (2, −1)
−2
1 (3, 0)
x b y = (x − 1) 2 − 7
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 y

d y 3
− −
1 1 − √7 1 + √7 x
x −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 −3
−2 −6
(−2, −1)
−3
−4 −9 (1, −7)

Ch7 Progress quiz

(0, −5)
−5
−6 7 iii Turning
i x-intercepts ii y-intercepts point
2 y = 3x2 + 2 a △ < 0; no x-intercepts (0, 5) (2, 1)
3 a y
b △ > 0; two x-intercepts (0, −7) (−3, −16)
3
c △ = 0; one x-intercept (0, −16) (−4, 0)
2
1 8 y
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
x 6
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 (0, 5)
4
−2 3
(0, −3)
−3 2
−4 (1, −4) 1
0.78 3.22 x
−5 −1 O
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
b y −3
(2, −3)
−4
6
5 9 a A = x(44 − 2x) or A = 44x − 2x2
4 (0, 4)
b A
3 (11, 242)
2
1 (2, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5

x
4 a = 2, b = −4; y = (x + 2) (x − 4); Turning point is at O 22
(1, −9).
c 242 m2; 11 m by 22 m
5 a Turning point is a maximum at (3, 8).
b y-intercept is at (0, −10).
c x-intercepts at 5 and 1.

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 906 Answers

7G b i x =
−1 ± √21
,y =
−1 ± √21
2 2
Building understanding 3 ± √13
ii x = , y = 3 ± √13
1 a (2, 12) b (−1, −3) 2
2 a x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 b x2 − 5x + 3 = 0 −1 ± √13
iii x = , y = 1 ± √13
Answers

c x2 + 3x − 12 = 0 2
3 a b2 − 4ac < 0 b b2 − 4ac > 0 c b2 − 4ac = 0 −1 ± √17
iv x = , y = ± √17
2
Now you try 6 a 2 b 0 c 2 d 0 e 1 f 2
Example 14 7 Yes, the ball will hit the roof. This can be explained in a
a (−1, 2) and (2, 2) b no intersection points number of ways. Using the discriminant, we can see that the
path of the ball intersects the equation of roof y = 10.6.
Example 15 1 7
a (0, 0) and (4, 16) b (1, 12) 8 a x = −1, y = −2 and x = − , y = −
2 4
(2 4)
1 3 5 15
c (−2, 3) and , − b x = , y = − and x = 2, y = −4
2 4
Example 16 c x = 1, y = 8 and x = 2, y = 7
(−0.62, −1.85) and (1.62, 4. 85) d x = −6, y = −14 and x = 2, y = 2

(2 2)
Example 17 1 1
9 a (−1, 4) and ,5 b 212 m
a 2 solutions b 0 solutions

10 a (3, −4)
7G

Exercise 7G
b i c > −4 ii c = −4 iii c < −4
1 a (−2, 8) and (4, 8) b no intersection points 11 a 1 + 4k
2 a (−3, 6) and (2, 6) b (−2, 12) and (6, 12) 1 1 1
b i k > − ii k = − iii k < −

( 2 )
1 4 4 4
c no solutions d (−3, −2) and − , −2
12 a Discriminant from resulting equation is less than 0.

(2 )
3 b k ⩾ 2
e ,0 f no solutions
13 a m = 2 or m = −6
3 a x = 0, y = 0 and x = 3, y = 9 b The tangents are on different sides of the parabola, where
b x = 0, y = 0 and x = −2, y = 4 one has a positive gradient and the other has a negative
c x = −3, y = 9 and x = 6, y = 36 gradient.
d x = 0, y = 5 and x = 3, y = 8 c m > 2 or m < −6
e x = −6, y = 34 and x = −2, y = 22
f x = −2, y = −3 and x = 3, y = 17
7H
g no solutions
h no solutions Building understanding
9 65
i x = − ,y = and x = −1, y = 8
2 2 1 a f(x) = 8x b f(x) = 9 − x2 c f(x) = 2x
5 25 2 a true b true c false d false e true
j x = − , y = − and x = 3, y = 1
3 3 3 a y ⩾ 0 b y > 0 c y > 9
k x = −3, y = 6 d 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 1 e y ⩾ 0
l x = −1, y = 2
4 a x = −4, y = 16 and x = 2, y = 4
b x = −1, y = 1 and x = 2, y = 4
Now you try
1 1 Example 18
c x = −1, y = 1 and x = , y =
3 9 a 2 b 16 c k2 − 5k + 2
1 13
d x = −2, y = 7 and x = − , y = Example 19
2 4
a function b function c not a function
2 16
e x = −2, y = 0 and x = , y =
3 9 Example 20
f x = −8, y = −55 and x = 2, y = 5 a Domain: all real x b Domain: all real x
5 a i no solutions Range: all real y Range: y ⩽ 2
ii x = −0.7, y = 1.5 and x = 2.7, y = 8.5
iii x = −1.4, y = −2.1 and x = 0.4, y = 3.1
iv x = −2.6, y = 8.2 and x = −0.4, y = 3.8

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 Answers 907

Exercise 7H 16 a i y

1 a 3 b 11 c c2 − 2c + 3
2 a 4 b 10 c 124 (−1, 2) (1, 2)
d 4 e 14 f 2a2 − a + 4
3 a function b function c not a function

Answers
x
O
d function e function f function
4 a function b function c function
d function e not a function f function
g not a function h function i not a function
ii y
5 a 0 b 2 c −4
d 230 e 0.176 f 2k3 − k2 + k 4
6 a f(0) = 0, f(2) = 8, f(−4) = −16, f(a) = 4a,
f(a + 1) = 4a + 4 2
b f(0) = 1, f(2) = −3, f(−4) = −15, f(a) = 1 − a2,
f(a + 1) = −a2 − 2a
x
c f(0) = −12, f(2) = 0, f(−4) = −12, f(a) = a2 + 4a − 12, −2
O
2
f(a + 1) = a2 + 6a − 7
d f(0) = 9, f(2) = 25, f(−4) = 73, f(a) = 4a2 − 9, −2
f(a + 1) = 4a2 + 8a + 13
7 a all real x b all real x c all real x d all real x iii y
8 a all real y b y ⩾ 0 c y ⩾ 0 d y ⩽ 2 6 (1, 6)

7H
9 a i 5 ii −2 iii 3
iv −15 v 5 vi −4
4
5
b a = represents the x-value of the point where the line
3
graphs intersect. 2
10 a i false ii false
b i false ii true x
O
c i false ii false −4 −2 2 4
11 4x + 2h − 3 −2
12 a They all pass the vertical line test, as each x-value has only
one y-value.
−4
b Vertical lines in the form x = a, since a single x-value has
multiple y-values
b iii
c The y-value of the vertex is the maximum or minimum
c i y ⩾ 0
value of the parabola and therefore is essential when
ii 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 4
finding the range.
iii y ⩾ −4
1
d i y ⩾ −4 ii y ⩾ −12 d i 8, 8, 2
4
ii 34, 18, −2
1
iii y ⩽ 1 iv y ⩾ 1
8
13 a x ≠ 1 b x ≠ −
1
c x ≠ 1 7I
2
14 a x ⩾ 0 b x ⩾ 2 c x ⩾ −2 d x ⩽ 2 Building understanding
2 1 1 y
15 a f(a) = f(−a) = a +
a2
2
b y
6
x
4 −2 O 2

2
−2
x
−4 −2 O 2 4 2 a x = ±√5 b x = ±4 c y = ±√11
−2 3 a (0, 0) b r

c The y-axis is the axis of symmetry for the function.

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 908 Answers

Now you try 3 a r=6 b r=9

c r = 12 d r = √5
Example 21 e r = √14 f r = √20 = 2 √5
a (0, 0) b r = 4 4 a x2 + y2 = 4 b x2 + y2 = 49
√63 3√7 c x2 + y2 = 10 000 d x2 + y2 = 2601
c y = ±√15 d x = ± =±
Answers

2 2 e x2 + y2 = 6 f x2 + y2 = 10
e y g x2 + y2 = 1.21 h x2 + y2 = 0.25
4 5 a (1, √3), (1, −√3)
b (−1, √3), (−1, −√3)

(2 2 ) (2 2 )
1 √15 1 √15
c , , ,−
x

( 2 2) ( 2 2)
–4 O 4 √15 1 √15 1
d ,− , − ,−

e (0, −2)
–4 f (2, 0), (−2, 0)
6 a x-intercepts: ±1, y-intercepts: ±1
Example 22 b x-intercepts: ±4, y-intercepts: ±4
y
c x-intercepts: ±√3, y-intercepts: ±√3
5 d x-intercepts: ±√11, y-intercepts: ±√11
7 a r = 2 √2 b r = 2 c r = 3
)√52 , √52) d r = √10 e r = 2 √3 f r = 2 √5
7I

8 y
x 3
–5 O 5
( 3
√2
, 3
√2 )
x
−3 O 3
) 5
− ,−
5
√2 √2
) –5
− 3 ,− 3
√2 √2
−3
Exercise 7I
9 y
1 a (0, 0) b r = 3 c y = ±√5
√27 ±3 √3 √10
d x = ± = (1, 3)
2 2
e y

3
x
−√10 O √10
x
−3 O 3
(−1, −3)
−√10
−3
√19
2 a (0, 0) b r = 5 c y = ± d x = ± 3 10 y
2
e y √6
5
2√6 √30
−
√5 5
x
−√6 O √6
x
−5 O 5
2√6 − √30
−√6 √5 5

−5

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 Answers 909

11 y f y g y
6
√7
√5

(2, 1)
x x x

Answers
O −6 O O
−√5 √5 −√7
(−1, −2)
−√5 −√7
−6

Chord length = 3√2 units h y i y

12 a m = ±√3
b m > √3 or m < −√3 √5 2√3
c −√3 < m < √3
13 a D b A c E d C e F f B √5
x
14 a y = ±√16 − x2 = ±√42 − x2 O
x
O
b x = ±√3 − y2 = ± √(√3) 2 − y2 2√3
15 a Radius of graph is 2, so points are 2 units from (0, 0); −√5
i.e. < 2.
−2√3
b Radius of graph is 1, so points are 1 unit from (0, 0);
i.e. −1 is the leftmost point, which is not as far as −2.
16 a y 17 a y = √25 − x2 b y = −√16 − x2 c x = √4 − y2

7I
d x = −√1 − y2 e y = √3 − x2 f y = −√5 − x2
2 g x = √10 − y2 h x = −√8 − y2 i y = −√18 − x2

x
7J
−2 O 2
Building understanding
1 a C b A c B
2 a 1 ÷ 0.1, 1 ÷ 0.01, 1 ÷ 0.001, 1 ÷ 0.00001
b y 1
b x = c 0.099 d 998
100
5
Now you try

x Example 23
−5 O 5 a y

c y

x O (1, 1)
−1 O 1 (–1, –1)
x

−1

d y

b y
x
O
−√10 √10
−√10 (1, 3)
e y
O x
4

x (–1, –3)
−4 O 4

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 910 Answers

c y b y

(–1, 2) (1, 2)
Answers

O x x
O
(−1, −2)
(1, –2)

Example 24 c y

(4 )
1
a , 4

( √3 ) (√3 )
1 1 (1, 3)
b − , −√3 , , √3
x
O
(−1, −3)
Exercise 7J
1 a y

d y
7J

O (1, 1) x (−1, 1)
(–1, –1)
x
O
(1, −1)

b y e y
(1, 4)

O x (−1, 2)

x
O
(1, −2)
(–1, –4)

c y
(–1, 4)
f y

O x
(−1, 3)

x
O
(1, –4) (1, −3)

2 a y

( 2) ( 3)
1 1
(1, 1) 3 a (2, 1) b 4, c (−1, −2) d −6, −

( 2) ( 4)
x 1 5
O 4 a 10, − b −4,
(−1, −1)

( 7) ( 9)
5 5
c −7, d 9, −

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 Answers 911

( 2 ) ( 2 )
3 1 Example 26
5 a (1, 3) b (3, 1) c − , −2 d − , −6
60
a k = 60, n = b 5 c 2
6 a yes b yes c no d no m

(2 ) (6 )
1 1 Example 27
7 a ,2 b ,6
Increasing distance from home

Answers
( 10 )
1 Constant then varying gradient
c (−1, −1) d − , −10
Constant then decreasing speed, decelerating

( 2 ) (2 )
1 1
e (1, 1), (−1, −1) f − , −2 , ,2
Exercise 7K

(√2 ) ( √2 )
1 1 8
g , √2 , − , −√2 1 a i m = 5h ii 30 iii
5
24
(√5 ) ( √5 )
1 1 b i k = 24, y = ii 3 iii 2
h , √5 , − , −√5 x
2 a i p = 4q ii p = 60 iii q = 25
(3 ) ( 2 )
2 1
8 a , −3 b − ,4 b i p = 50q ii p = 750 iii q = 4
72
( 2) ( 3)
1 1 3 a i k = 72, y = ii y = 2 iii x = 24
c 4, − d −6, x
50
(2 ) ( 2 )
1 1 b i k = 50, y = ii y = 0.5 iii x = 0.5
e (1, −2), (−1, 2) f , −4 , − , 4 x
4 a Fixed distance from home, zero gradient, stationary.
g (2, −1), (−2, 1) h (√2, −√2), (−√2, √2) b Decreasing distance from home, negative constant
9 a E b C c D d B e A f F gradient, lower constant speed.

7J
10 Yes, x = 0 or y = 0. c Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
11 a zero b zero increasing speed, accelerating.
c infinity d negative infinity d Increasing distance from home, positive varying gradient,
12 Greater the coefficient, the closer the graph is to the decreasing speed, decelerating.
asymptote. e Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
1 ± √5 −1 ± √5 decreasing speed, decelerating.
13 a i x = ,y = f Decreasing distance from home, negative varying gradient,
2 2
increasing speed, accelerating.
ii x = 1 ± √2, y = −1 ± √2
5 A Positive variable rate of change, increasing speed,
iii x = −1 ± √2, y = 1 ± √2 accelerating.
b No intersection, △ < 0. B Positive constant rate of change, constant speed.
c y = −x + 2, y = −x − 2 C Positive varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
decelerating.
7K D Zero rate of change, stationary.
Building understanding E Negative varying rate of change, increasing speed,
accelerating.
1 a direct proportion b inverse proportion F Negative constant rate of change, constant speed.
c inverse proportion d direct proportion G Negative varying rate of change, decreasing speed,
e neither f inverse proportion decelerating.
2 a Straight line with y-intercept; neither direct nor inverse 6 a k = $244/tonne b P = 244n
(indirect) proportion. c $33 184 d 1175 tonnes
b Straight line starting at (0, 0); direct proportion. 74
7 a C= b $4.93 c $2.47
c Upward sloping curve so as x increases, y increases; s
neither direct nor inverse (indirect) proportion. 8 a y (km/h)
d Hyperbola shape so as x increases, y decreases; inverse y=x (100, 100)
100
(indirect) proportion.
3 a y is increasing at an increasing rate. 80
b y is increasing at a decreasing rate.
c y is decreasing at an increasing rate. 60
d y is decreasing at a decreasing rate.
40
Now you try
20
Example 25
3 x (km)
a a = b b 60 c 8
2 0 20 40 60 80 100

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 912 Answers

b c P
320
200 y= x

(2, 160)
150
Cost per person
Answers

100 t

d P
50
(8, 40)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of people
c y (lbs) t
(100, 220)
10 a
200 y = 2.2x

Depth
150
7K

100
Time
50
b

x (kg)
0
Depth

20 40 60 80 100

d y= 800
x

80 (10, 80)
Time
60 c
Time (min)

40
Depth

20
(80, 10)

0 20 40 60 80 Time
Words/min
d
9 a P
Depth

Time
t
e
b P
Depth

t Time

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 Answers 913

f C & c: Motor bike; distance increases at a constant rate (steady

speed), then at an increasing rate (acceleration), and then at a
decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate (stopped).
Depth

D & b: Rocket booster; distance increases at an increasing rate

(upward acceleration), then a decreasing rate (deceleration

Answers
when detached) becoming zero (fleetingly stopped). Distance
then decreases at an increasing rate (acceleration towards
Time
Earth) and finally distance decreases at a constant rate (steady
11 Corrected graphs are shown with a dashed line. fall to Earth with parachute).
a 13 Various solutions; check with your teacher.

7L
Distance

Building understanding
1 a down b right c left
Time d down e left f up
2 a k=3 b k = −1 c k = 4
Vertical line incorrect. Can’t change distance 3 a h = 0, k = 2
instantaneously. b h = 3, k = 0
b c h = −2, k = −1

Now you try

7K
Distance

Example 28
a y

−2 + √8 = –2 + 2√2
Time x
Graph correct. O
−1 + √5
c −1 − √5
(−1, −2)
Distance

−2 − √8 = –2 – 2 √2

b y
Time
Can’t be in two places simultaneously. Curve must increase
in gradient, turn, decrease in gradient.
d

x
Distance

O –1
2
y = –1

Time
Continuous motion means that no breaks in the curve are
possible. c y
Final deceleration segment needs a curve becoming flatter,
showing a decreasing gradient.
12 A & d: School bus; distance increases at an increasing rate
(acceleration), then a constant rate (steady speed) and then a 3
decreasing rate (deceleration) becoming a zero rate (stopped). 2
x
O
B & a: Soccer player; distance increases at a constant rate
(steady speed), then a zero rate (stopped) and then at an
increasing rate (acceleration). y = –2
–3

x=1

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 914 Answers

Exercise 7L d y

1 a y
6
Answers

(–2, 1) (−3, 2)
1 x
O
x −2
–2 – √3 √21 − 3
–2 + √3 −√21 − 3

e y
b y
1 + √5

(−2, 1) 2√2 − 2
1
x x
O O
y = −1 1 − √5
−2√2 − 2

f y
c y 10
7L

4
x
O 3 x
−2√5 O
y=−1 2√5
− 32 −2
x=2
g y
2√2
2 a y

3 x
O x
−1 −4 −1 O 2
(3, −1)

b y −2√2

(−2, 3) h y

3 5 + 2√15

x
−2 O
2 − √39 (2, 5) 2 + √39
x
O
c y 5 − 2√15

2√6 − 3
x i y
−3 O 5
(1, −3)

(−3, 1)
−2√6 − 3
x
−5 −1 O

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 Answers 915

3 a y f y

x x

Answers
O O y=0
−1
−2 y = −2

b y g y

2 3
y=1 2
y=1
1
x 1
O x
O

c y
h y

7L
x 1
O
x
O

−3 y = −3
−4
y = −5

i y
d y

1
2 x
x O
O y=0
−378
y = −4
4

4 a y
e y

8
2 y=2

x x
O y=0 −1 O
2

x=0

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 916 Answers

b y f y

4
Answers

1 3
x
x O
O
−1 y = −1

y = −3
x=0 −4
x=1

c x = −3 y
g y x=3

2
1
3 5 y=2
3
x
O y=0 x
O 5 3
2
7L

d y
h x = −4 y

3
O x
−4
2 y=0 x
− 4 −3 O
−1
2
y = −1

x=2

y i y
e

6
29 y=6
2 5

1 y=1
x
−2−1 O

x
O 29 5
6

x = −1
x=5

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 Answers 917

5 a y 6 a x = −1 y

y=1

Answers
O 2 y=2
1
O x
−1 −1
2
b y

b x = −2 y
x
O
−3
y = −3
−4

−4
x
−2 O y = −1
c y −1
−2
y=0

7L
x
O

c y

−8
x
O 2 3
d −4
y 3
y = −2
2

O y=0
x
−1
4 x=3

1 1
7 a y = −1 b y = +3
x−2 x+1
1 3
e y c y = +
x−1 2

( 2 ) ( 2 )
−3 − √5 1 − √5 −3 + √5 1 + √5
8 a , , ,
x 2 2
O
y = −1 b (√5, 3 + √5), (−√5, 3 − √5)

( ) ( )
−1 − √11 −1 + √11
−3 c , √11 , , − √11
2 2

( 5 5)
3 6
d (1, 2), − , −
f y e (−6, 3), (−2, −1)
f (3, 0), (−3, −2)
5 y=5 9 a max x = 5, min x = 1 b max y = 0, min y = −4
10 a (x − 2) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 8 b (x + 2) 2 + y2 = 25
1
c (x + 5) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 18 d y = +1
1 x−1
x 1 −1
O e y = −1 f y =
x+2 x+3

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 918 Answers

1 7 a y = −(x + 1) (x − 3)
11 a Solving = −x would require x2 = −1, which is not
x 3
possible. b y = (x + 2) 2 − 3
4
b Circle has centre (1, −2) and radius 2, so maximum
y-value on the circle is 0, which is less than 1. c y = x2 − 2x − 3

(4 8)
c Exponential graph rises more quickly than the straight line 3 73
Answers

8 a = 2, b = −3, c = −8; TP ,−
and this line sits below the curve.
2 1 9 20
d Solving −1= gives a quadaratic with △ < 0,
x+3 3x 10 4 √3
thus no points of intersection. 11 y
12 a (x + 2) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 4, C(−2, 1), r = 2
b (x + 4) 2 + (y + 5) 2 = 36, C(−4, −5), r = 6
c (x − 3) 2 + (y − 2) 2 = 16, C(3, 2), r = 4 (0, 8)
d (x − 1) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 15, C(1, −3), r = √15 y5 = 8x − 8
e (x + 5) 2 + (y + 4) 2 = 24, C(−5, −4), r = 2 √6
f (x + 3) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 18, C(−3, −3), r = 3 √2

(2) 4 ( 2 )
3 2 29 3 √29
g + (y − 3) 2 = , C − , 3 , r =
x+
2 x
O (1, 0)
( 2) 4 ( 2 )
5 2 49 5 7
h x + + (y − 2) 2 = , C − , 2 , r =
2

( 2) ( 2) 2 (2 2) √
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 3
i x− + y+ = ,C , − ,r = y5 = 8 − 8x
2
7L

( 2) ( 2) 2 (2 2)
3 2 5 2 25 3 5 5 (0, −8)
j x− + y− = ,C , ,r =
√2
13 (x + 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = −2; radius can’t be negative.

Problems and challenges Short-answer questions

2 1 1 a minimum at (1, −4) b x = 1
1 a − ⩽ x ⩽
3 2 c −1 and 3 d −3
3 1
b x < − or x > 2 a minimum at (2, 0)
4 3 b maximum at (0, 5)
7 − √41 7 + √41
c <x< c maximum at (−1, −2)
2 2 d minimum at (3, 4)
2 (x − 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 ⩽ 16 3 a y
y

3 + 2√3

(2, 3)
x
2 − √7 −2 O 2
x
O −4
2 + √7
3 − 2√3
b y
3 a b2 − 4ac < 0
16
b b2 − 4ac = 0
c b2 − 4ac > 0
4 (x − 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = −15 + 9 + 4 = −2, which is
impossible. x
1 1 1 −4 O
5 a k = b k < c k >
3 3 3
6 a k = ± √20 = ±2 √5
b k > 2 √5 or k < −2 √5
c −2 √5 < k < 2 √5

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 Answers 919

c y 6 a 1 b 0 c 2 d 0
7 a i 5
ii (2, −3)
iii 0.8 and 3.2
iv y

Answers
x
−2 O 4
5

−8 0.8 x
(1, −9) O 3.2

4 a i maximum at (1, −3) ii −4 (2, −3)

(2 4 )
iii no x-intercepts 3 25
iv y b i 4 ii , iii −1 and 4

iv y 3 , 25
x 2 4
O
(1, −3)
4
−4

x
−1 O 4

Ch7 Review
b i minimum at (−3, −8) ii 10
iii −1 and −5
iv y 8 a x = 2, y = 10 and x = −6, y = 10
10 b no solutions
1 10
c x = , y = and x = −1, y = 2
3 9
9 Show b2 − 4ac = 0.
10 a 9 b 24
x c 3 d 2k2 − k + 3
−5 −1 O 11 a All real x, All real y.
b All real x, only y = 4.
c Only x = 1, All real y.
d All real x except x = 0, All real y except y = 0.
(−3, −8) e All real x, y ⩾ −3.
1
f All real x, y ⩾ − .
5 a y 4
12 a y

1
x
O
x
2 + √3 −5 O 5
2 − √3 (2, −3)

−5
b y

b y

x
O −3 + √17
−3 − √17 2 2 √7
2

− 3 , − 17 x
2 4 −√7 O √7
−√7

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 920 Answers

13 y b y

3
( 3
,
√5 √5
6
) 3.5
y =3
Answers

x
−3 O 3
x
O
− 3 ,− 6
√5 √5 −3
c y

14 a y

5
−
3
(1, 2)
x
−2 O
5
x −
O 2
y = −3
−3
(−1, −2)
x = −2
Ch7 Review

Multiple-choice questions
b y
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 D 5 A
(−1, 3) 6 A 7 C 8 D 9 A 10 D
11 E 12 E 13 A 14 C

x Extended-response questions
O
1 a (200, 30)
b 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 400
(1, −3) c 30 ⩽ h ⩽ 80
d h

(3 )
4 (400, 80)
15 a ,3 80

b (√2, 2√2) and (−√2, −2√2) (200, 30) x

O 400
16 a y = 5x
720
b i k = 72 ii 18 iii
7 e 400 m f 30 m g 80 m
17 a y
2 a 100 − x b A = x(100 − x) c 0 < x < 100
2 + √3 d A
(50, 2500)

(−1, 2)
x
−1 O 2 − √3
x
O 100
e 2500 m2
f 50 m by 50 m

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 Answers 921

Chapter 8 13 a 625π
b i 25π ii 200π iii 400π
8A c i
1
ii
8
iii
16
iv
9
25 25 25 25
Building understanding 24 17 17
v vi vii 1 viii

Answers
25 25 25
1 a 2 b {H, T} c yes
d No, it doesn’t.
1 1
d e f 1
2 2
1 1 3 8B
2 a b c d 0
4 6 8
3 a 4 b 20 c 100
Building understanding
1 a b
A B A B
Now you try
Example 1
1 2 9 3
a b c d
11 11 11 11 c d
A B A B
Example 2
a 0.1 b 0.09 c 0.87 d 0.9

Exercise 8A e f

8A
A B A B
1 2 5 3
1 a b c d
7 7 7 7
3 2 3 1
2 a b c d
10 5 5 2
g h
1 1 1 1 A B A B
3 a b c d
10 2 2 2
2 1 3 1
e f g h
5 5 10 10
4 a 0.09 b 0.43 c 0.47 d 0.91
2 a ∅ b ∩ c ∪ d ∪ , ∪
5 a 0.62 b 0.03 c 0.97 d 0.38
1 3 49 3 a no b yes c no
6 a b c
50 10 50
1 3 1 5 Now you try
7 a b c d e 1 f 0
2 8 4 24
Example 3
6 1 21 2 2 4 a
8 a b c d e f A B
25 50 25 5 25 25
7 1 1 1 3 4 1
9 a i  ii iii iv 0 v
10 5 20 20
1 2
b
10
b i { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
10 a 59 ii { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
41 7 2 4
b 4, as of 10 is closest to 4. c i ii iii
100 10 5 5
41
c 8, as of 20 is closest to 8. d No, A ∩ B ≠ ∅
100
1 1 1 1 Example 4
11 a b c d
4 13 52 2 a M D
2 4 12 9
e f g h 2 7 5
13 13 13 13
7 6
12 a
15 b i 2 ii 6
b 15; any multiple of 15 is a possibility as 3 and 5 must be 9 1 7
factors. c i ii iii
20 4 20

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 922 Answers

Example 5 b i 2 ii 6 iii 5 iv 3
a v 7 vi 8 vii 13 viii 16
A A′ 1 9 5
c i ii iii
B 2 3 5 8 16 16
6 a
B′ 4 1 5 A B
Answers

6 4 10
1 4 2
b i 2 ii 3 iii 4 iv 1
3
v 6 vi 5 vii 9
1 2 2 b A A′
c i ii iii
5 5 5
B 4 2 6
B′ 1 3 4
Exercise 8B
5 5 10
1 a A B
c i 2 ii 3 2 7
iii iv
5 10
4 3 3
7 a 4 b 10, 12 c a, c, e d nothing
8 a
0 C D
b i A ∩ B = { 2, 5, 8 }
ii A ∪ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } C
O P M T
7 3 N
c i ii iii 1 L E E
8B

Y
10 10 M
R
d No, since A ∩ B ≠ ϕ
A
2 a A B
9 6 10 4 3
2 b i ii iii iv v
3 5 13 13 13 13 13
9 a
0 A A′
b i A ∩ B = { 2, 13 } B 3 3 6
ii A ∪ B = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 } B′ 4 1 5
1 7 1 iv 1 7 4 11
c i ii iii
2 10 5
3 a b
F N A A′
B 2 7 9
25 10 10
B′ 2 1 3
5
4 8 12
b i 25 ii 5
2 1 1 10 3
c i ii iii
5 5 5 11 a 1 − a b a + b c 0
4 a 12
F B A B

25 10 5
5 A ∩ B′ A ∩ B A′ ∩ B

b i 25 ii 5
7 2 8 2 1
c i ii iii iv v A′ ∩ B ′ (A ∪ B)′
9 9 9 9 9
5 a 13 a
A A′ M E
B 2 6 8
w c n s v
B′ 5 3 8
m
7 9 16
1 2 1 2 1
b i ii iii iv v
3 3 6 3 3

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 Answers 923

14 a L 1 5
3 a b
5 8 24
4 a 0.1 b 0.2
S 1 1 I
2 5 a 0.3 b 0.1
2 2 1 3 5
6 a b

Answers
1 8 32
4 4 7
7 a b c
b 1 13 13 13
3 1 13 1 49 10 10
c i ii iii iv d e f
5 3 15 15 52 13 13
15 a S 8 a 0.4 b 0.45
18 − 2x S = Own state 9 Because Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events
I = Interstate 10 a Pr(A) < Pr(A ∩ B) b Pr(A) + Pr(B) < Pr(A ∪ B)
I 2x O O = Overseas
2 2 11 Pr(A ∪ B ∪ C) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) + Pr(C) −
7 x y Pr(A ∩ B) − Pr(A ∩ C) − Pr(B ∩ C) + Pr(A ∩ B ∩ C)
3
3 1 3
12 a b c
b i 4 ii 10 10 4 20
5 1 7 35 25 13 9 3
c i ii iii iv v d e f
19 19 38 38 38 20 20 5
1 71 33
13 a b c
8C 4 500 500

8B
7 1 7
d e f
Building understanding 100 25 500

1 a i { 4, 5, 6 } ii { 2, 4, 6 } 8D
iii { 2, 4, 5, 6 } iv { 4, 6 }
b No, A ∩ B ≠ ϕ
Building understanding
2 1 1
c 1 a b
3 3 2
2 a 0.8 b 0.7 2 a i 2 ii 9
3 0.05 2
b
9
Now you try 3 a i 7 ii 10
Example 6 7 7
b c
a i 13 ii 4 iii 1 10 12
1 3 1
b i ii iii
4 4 52 Now you try
4
c
13 Example 8
10 7 3 3 3
d a b c d
13 13 13 8 7
Example 7 Example 9
a 0.35 b 0.25 a A A′

Exercise 8C B 9 6 15
B′ 4 4 8
1 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
1 3 1 13 10 23
b i ii iii
4 4 52 4 3 9
4 b c d
c 23 5 13
13
d
10 Exercise 8D
13 5 1 3 3
1 a b c d
2 a i { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 } ii { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 } 12 4 8 5
1 13 9 3 3 1
b i ii 2 a i ii iii iv
20 20 13 13 7 3
7 14 4 4 2
c b i ii iii iv
20 17 17 7 7

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 924 Answers

3 5 5 5 1 1 1 1
c i ii iii iv 8 a b c d
4 8 7 6 13 13 4 2
7 1 1 2 1 1
d i ii iii iv 9 a b
16 8 4 7 3 2
10 Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(B ∣ A) = 0 as Pr(A ∩ B) = 0
7 1 1 2
3 a i ii iii iv 1
Answers

18 9 5 7 11 a 1 b
4 1 1 1 5
b i ii iii iv 12 a Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B ∣ A)   b  0.18
9 9 5 4
174 81
8 7 7 7 13 a 329 b c
c i ii iii iv 329 329
17 17 10 8
24 31 18
3 1 2 1 d e f
d i ii iii iv 155 231 31
4 4 3 3
4 a
A A′ Progress quiz
B 9 6 15 1 1 1 2 3
1 a b c d e
B′ 4 1 5 10 10 20 5 5
13 7 20 2 a 0.17 b 0.29 c 0.33 d 0.67
1 1 1
1 3 9 3 a b c
b c d 13 26 52
5 5 13 1 1 12
d e f
5 a 13 13 13
V P
D8

4 a
Like tennis Dislike tennis Total
3 2 6
Like squash 3 17 20
4
Dislike squash 29 1 30
2 1
b 4 c d Total
5 4 32 18 50
6 a
A C tennis squash

14 6 9
1
29 3 17

A A′
C 6 9 15
1
C′ 14 1 15
b 29
20 10 30
1
c
3 7 50
b i ii
10 15 5 a 7 b 20 c 5
2 3
c d 7 13 28
5 10 d e f
33 33 33
7 a
A A′ 6 a 0.83 b 0.17
B 2 2 4 1 1 1 1
7 a b c d
2 6 4 3
B′ 3 1 4
5 3 8 8 a Like soft Dislike soft Total
drink drink
2 1
i 1 ii iii
5 2 Like water 15 5 20

b Dislike water 20 0 20
A A′
Total 35 5 40
B 3 13 16
B′ 5 6 11 1
b
4
8 19 27
3 3
i 6 ii iii
8 16

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 Answers 925

8E 3 a
1st
Building understanding S  E T
S X (E, S) (T, S)
1 a i 9 ii 6
1 5 4 2nd E (S, E) X (T, E)

Answers
b i ii iii
3 9 9 T (S, T) (E, T) X
2 1
c i 0 ii iii 1 2 2 1
3 3 b i ii iii iv v 1
2 a 9 b 6 6 3 3 3
4 a 1st
Now you try
L E V E L
Example 10 L X (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) (L, L)
1
a E (L, E) X (V, E) (E, E) (L, E)
36
1 5 1 2nd V (L, V) (E, V) X (E, V) (L, V)
b i ii iii
18 18 12 E (L, E) (E, E) (V, E) X (L, E)
1
c L (L, L) (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) X
3
Example 11 b 20
a c i 8 ii 12 iii 12
1st 2 3 3
d i ii iii

8E
R R B W 5 5 5
1
R X (R, R) (B, R) (W, R) e
5
R (R, R) X (B, R) (W, R)
2nd 5 a
B (R, B) (R, B) X (W, B) Die 1

W (R, W) (R, W) (B, W) X 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1
b i ii iii iv 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 6 3 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Die 2
Exercise 8E 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 a 1st roll
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4
b 36
1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1)
c i 2 ii 6 iii 15
2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) 1 1 35 1
2nd roll d i ii iii iv
3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) 6 6 36 12
4 1
(1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) e . Her guess is wrong.
6
1 6 a
b 16 c 1st
16
1 5 13 O L D
d i ii iii
4 8 16 C (O, C) (L, C) (D, C)
2 a
1st toss O (O, O) (L, O) (D, O)
H T L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L)
H (H, H) (T, H) 2nd L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L)
2nd toss
T (H, T) (T, T) E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E)

b 4 G (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)

1 E (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)
c
4 1
1 3 b 21 c
d i ii 7
2 4
e 250

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 926 Answers

7 a i 100 ii 90 Now you try

1 1 4
b i ii iii Example 12
10 10 5
19 3 1
c a b
100 5 5
Answers

1 5 c Box Counter Outcome Probability

8 a i ii
4 8 3_ 1_ 3_ 3
2 1 2 5 red (A, red) 2
× 5
= 10
_
b i ii iii
5 10 3 1_ A
2 2_ 1_ × 2_ = 1_5
9 a without b with c with d without 5
green (A, green) 2 5
10 a 30
1_ 1_ 1_ 1
1 1 2 4 1_ 5 red (B, red) 2
× 5
= 10
_
b i ii iii iv 2
15 15 15 15 B
1 4_
green (B, green) 1_ × 4_ = 2_5
c 5 2 5
18
11 a 1 2
1st d e
10 5
2.5 5 10 20
Example 13
2.5 5 7.5 12.5 22.5
a Selection 1 Selection 2 Outcome Probability
5 7.5 10 15 25
2nd 3_ 4_ 3_ 1
10 12.5 15 20 30 8 B (B, B) 9
× 8
= __
6
20 22.5 25 30 40 4_ B
8E

4_ 5_ 5
9 5_ W (B, W) 9
× 8
= __
18
b 16 8

c i 1 ii 8 iii 8 4_ 5_ 4_ 5
5_ 8 B (W, B) × = __
18
1 1 1 3 9
9 8
d i ii iii iv W
16 8 4 16 5_ 4_ 5
7
4_ W (W, W) 9
× 8
= __
18
8
e
16
5 1 5
b i ii iii
8F 18 6 9
20 16 40
c i ii iii
Building understanding 81 81 81
2 3 2 3
1 a i ii b i ii
5 5 5 5 Exercise 8F
1 3 1 3
c i ii 1 a b
4 4 4 4
2 a 3
M M, M 3 ×3= 9
8 8 8 64 c Box Counter Outcome Probability
3 M 1 1 1 1
8
M, F 3 5 15 4 yellow (A, yellow) × =
5 F × =
8 8 64
2 4 8
8 A
1
2 1 3 3
3
5 × 3 = 15
3 orange (A, orange) × =
2 4 8
5
8 M F, M 8 8 64
4
8 F 3
1 3 3
5 × 5 = 25 4 yellow (B, yellow) × =
5 F F, F 8 8 64
1 2 4 8
8 2 B
1 1 1 1
orange (B, orange) × =
b 2
M M, M
3 2
× 3
= 28
4 2 4 8
7 8 7
M 3 1
3 d e
8 5 F M, F
3 5
× = 15 8 2
7 8 7 56 2 a Outcome Probability
3 1 3 3
5 7 M F, M 5 3
× = 15
3 white (Kia, white) × =
2 4 8
8 7 56 4
8 F 1 Kia
4 5 4 5 2 1 1 1
7
F F, F ×
8 7
= 14 1 silver (Kia, silver) × =
2 4 8
4
2
1 2 1
1 3 white (Mazda,white) × =
2 3 3
2 Mazda
1 1 1 1
3
red (Mazda, red) × =
2 3 6

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 Answers 927

3 1 17 b Outcome Probability
b i ii iii
8 6 24 1 R (R, R) 1 1 1
× =
7 5 1 3 2 3 6
iv v vi R
24 6 3 1
2 2 W (R, W) 1 2 1
× =
Outcome Probabilities 2 3 3
3 a 3

Answers
3 2
R (R, R)
2 3 2
× = R (W, R) 1 2 1
5 3 5 5 1 3 × =
2 3 3
2 W
2 R
3 2 2 4
2 W (R, W) × =
3 5 15
1
W (W, W) 1 1 1
× =
5 3 2 3 6

4
1 4 4 1 2 5 5
1 5 R (W, R) × = i ii iii iv
3 5 15 6 3 6 6
3 W
1 1 1 1 4
1
W (W, W) × = 7 a i ii
5 3 5 15 5 5
4 2 8 b Outcome Probability
b i ii iii 1
15 5 15 U (U, U) 1 1 1
× =
9 5 9 45
2 4 4 U
c i ii iii 1
9 9 9 5 1 8 8
8 N (U, N) × =
5 9 45
9
4 a Outcome Probabilities 2 4 2 8
1 4 9 U (N, U) × =
5 9 45
M (M, M)
3 1 1
× = 5
3 7 3 7 N
M 7 4 7 28

8F
3 N (N, N) × =
7 3 2 2 9 5 9 45
2 F (M, F) × =
7 3 7
3
1 16 44
1 i ii iii
2 M (F, M) 4 1 2
× = 45 45 45
4 7 2 7
7 F c 62.2%
1 4 1 2 8 a i 0.17 ii 0.11 iii 0.83
2
F (F, F) × =
7 2 7 b i 0.1445    ii   0.0965      iii  0.8555
1 2 4 3 3 4
i ii iii iv 9 a b
7 7 7 7 7 7
10 a Outcome Probability
9 16 24 25
b i ii iii iv 0 R (R, R, R)
49 49 49 49 1 0
4 R 1
1 B (R, R, B) 10
5 a 1
3 >4 R 1
R (R, B, R)
1
2 3 10
1 >4 5 3
4
B
2 B (R, B, B)
1
5
3 2 ≤4 3
3 1 1
1 3 R (B, R, R) 10
1
3 2 R 1
2 3
>4 5 2 B (B, R, B) 5
B 3 2 1
3 ≤4 3 R (B, B, R) 5
1 B 1
2 ≤4 2 1 B (B, B, B) 10
3 3

1 4 5 4 1 3 9 9
b i ii iii iv i ii iii 0 iv v
9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10
2
6 a Outcome b i 1 ii
5
1 R (R, R)
2 11 a Outcome Probability
R 1 1 1 1
1 P (A, P) × =
4 3 4 12
2 1 W (R, W)
2 A
3 1 3 1
G (A, G) × =
3 4 4
1 1 4
1 2 R (W, R) 3 1 1 1 1
2 W 1 P (B, P) × =
2 3 2 6
3
1
W (W, W) B
2 1 1 1 1
G (B, G) × =
3 2 6
2
1 1 3 3 1
i ii iii iv 3 3 1 3 1
4 2 4 4 4 P (C, P) × =
3 4 4
C
1 1 1 1
G (C, G) × =
3 4 12
4

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 928 Answers

b 6 3 1
3 a i , ii not independent
1 1 1 4 2
c i ii iii
12 6 4 1 1
b i , ii independent
1 4 4
d
2 1 1
c i , ii independent
Answers

7 1 3 3
12 a i ii
8 8 2
d i , 0 ii not independent
b $87.50 to player A, $12.50 to player B 7
c i A $68.75, B $31.25 ii A $50, B $50 1 1
4 a Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , independent
iii A $81.25, B $18.75 iv A $34.38, B $65.62 2 2
v Answers may vary. 3 1
b Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , not independent
10 4
8G 5 3
c Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , not independent
12 20
Building understanding 1 1
d Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , independent
1 1 9 9
1 a i ii
2 2 5 a
T G
b yes
1 7 8 2
c
2
3 1
8F

2 a i ii
10 3 T T′
b no G 8 2 10
c no
G′
7 0 7
3 a with
b without 15 2 17
15 7 4
i ii iii
Now you try 17 17 5
b no
Example 14 1 31 31
6 a b c
a 32 32 32
A B
1 1 1 1
7 a b c d
5 3 6 216 216 72 36
2
0 8 False; Pr(A ∣ B) = 0 but Pr(A) = .
9
4 1 9 a 6 b 22 c 2
b i ii
7 3 10 a 0.24 b 0.76
c No. Pr(A ∣ B) ≠ Pr(A) 5
11
6
Exercise 8G
1 a
Problems and challenges
A B
1 a 0.16 b 0.192 c 0.144
1 2 2 2 0.593 75
7 4
3 3 a b 1 c
8 7
3 1 1 1 3 2
b i ii 4 a b c d
8 2 12 2 4 3
c not independent 63
5
2 a 64
A B 1
6
13 983 816
2 2 1 3
7
1 5
1
2 2 8
b i ii 12
3 3 9 true
c independent
8
10
9
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 Answers 929

Short-answer questions 11 a 1st 2nd Total

1 1 2
1 1 3
1 a b c 4 1
8 4 8 4 2 3
5 1 1
d e 1
3 4
8 2

Answers
1 4
5 1 5 4 4 5
2 a b c 1
8 2 8 4 1 1 3
2 1 1 4 1
3 a i ii iii 4 4
5 4 5 1 2
2
1 1 4 3 5
iv v 1
10 20 1 4
4 4 6
3 17
b i ii 1 1 4
5 20 4 1
4 a 4 2 5
C H 1
3
4 3 6
1
1 4
12 6 5 1 4 4 7
4
13 1 1 5
4 1
b C
4 2 6
C′ 4
1
3 7
H 6 5 11 1 4
4 8

Ch8 Review
4
H ′
12 13 25
18 18 36 1 1
b i ii iii 0 iv 1
16 4
c 13
12 1 F
1 5 1 4
d i ii iii
6 36 2 2 F
5
6 3 M
5 a 6 b 4
13
6 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1 1
3 2 F
3 1 5 M
b i ii
4 52 1
4 10 2
M
c d
13 13 2 3 3 3 7
a b c d e
7 a 0.1 b 0.5 5 4 10 5 10
2 1 13 a 0.12 b 0.58
8 a b
5 5
4 5 1
9 a i ii iii Multiple-choice questions
11 11 5
b No, Pr(A ∣ B) ≠ Pr(A) 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 B
1 1 1 6 A 7 C 8 A 9 E 10 E
c i ii iii
2 4 2
d Yes, Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(A)
Extended-response questions
10 a
1st
1 a 3
H A P P Y 7 1
b i ii
H (H, H) (A, H) (P, H) (P, H) (Y, H) 15 15
2nd E (H, E) (A, E) (P, E) (P, E) (Y, E) c
R R′
Y (H, Y) (A, Y) (P, Y) (P, Y) (Y, Y) S 3 1 4
b 15 S ′
3 8 11
1 2 13 6 9 15
c i ii iii
15 15 15
1 3
d i ii
2 4

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 930 Answers

2 a 2 a numerical and discrete

1st
b numerical and discrete
R S W c categorical and nominal
R (R, R) (S, R) (W, R) d numerical and continuous
e categorical and ordinal
2nd S (R, S) (S, S) (W, S)
Answers

3 a No b No
W (R, W) (S, W) (W, W) c Yes d Yes
1 1 5 4 4 a D
b i ii iii iv
9 3 9 9 b D is the most representative sample. A may pick out the
c 4 keen students; B probably are good maths students who
5 like maths; and C will have different-sized classes.
d 5 a For example, likely to be train passengers.
9
b For example, email will pick up computer users only.
e Outcome
c For example, electoral roll will list only people aged
1 R (R, R)
6 1 18 years and over.
3 6 Check with your teacher.
R S (R, S)
1 7 a A small survey, misinterpreted their data.
2 2 W (R, W) b Survey more companies and make it Australia-wide.
7
1 R (S, R)
3
c No, data suggest that profits had reduced, not necessarily
2 1
7 6 that they were not making a profit. Also, sample size is too
S S (S, S)
small.
1
2 W (S, W) 8 a Graph A
Ch8 Review

3 1 R (W, R) b Graph B
7 3 1
3
c The scale on graph A starts at 23, whereas on graph B it
W S (W, S) starts at 5.
1
W (W, W) d Graph A because the scale expands the difference in
3
column heights.
1 10 6 16
i ii iii iv 9 For example, showing only part of the scale, using different
21 21 7 21
column widths, including erroneous data values.
10–12 Research required.
Chapter 9
9A 9B

Building understanding Building understanding

1 a C b D c A d B e E 1 a 10 b 1.4 c 1 d 1 e 90%
2 a B b E c C 2 Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
d D e F f A
  0−  2   20
3 a numerical b categorical c categorical
4 D 10−  1   10
20−  5   50
Now you try 30–40  2   20

Example 1 Total 10 100

a numerical and continuous
b categorical and ordinal
Now you try
Example 2
Students who study in the library may not reflect a typical group Example 3
of Year 12 students.
a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
0– 6   37.5
Exercise 9A 10– 6   37.5
1 a numerical and discrete 20– 3 18.75
b numerical and continuous 30–40 1   6.25
c categorical and nominal
16   100
d categorical and ordinal

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 Answers 931

b Number of phone texts 3 a symmetrical b negatively skewed

c positively skewed d symmetrical
6 37.5
4 a i 34.3 ii 38 iii 39
b i 19.4 ii 20 iii no mode
Frequency

4 25 Percentage
5 a
frequency

Answers
2 12.5
0 1 2 3
0 Nick’s goal scoring
0 10 20 30 40
b
Score

c Stem Leaf
0 255779
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 012448 Jack’s goal scoring
2 249 c Well spread performance.
3 2 d Irregular performance, positively skewed.
2 ∣ 4 means 24 6 a Sensor A Sensor B Sensor C
frequency frequency frequency
d Median = 11.5
  0– 21 12 6
Exercise 9B   3– 0 1 11

9B
  6– 0 1 3
1 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency   9– 0 1 1
0– 5   25 12– 0 0 0
5– 9   45 15– 0 2 0
10–15 6   30 18– 0 2 0
Total 20 100 21– 0 1 0
24–26 0 1 0
b Histogram of wins
Total 21 21 21
10 50
Percentage frequency

8 40 b 25
Sensor A
Frequency

20
Frequency

6 30
15
4 20 10
2 10 5
0
0 5 10 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Wins 14
12 Sensor B
c Stem Leaf
10
Frequency

0 01344556778999 8
1 012235 6
1 ∣ 2 means 12 4
d 7.5 2
0
2 a Type of transport Frequency Percentage frequency 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Car 16 40 12
Train 6 15 10 Sensor C
Tram
Frequency

8 20 8
Walking 5 12.5 6
Bicycle 2 5 4
2
Bus 3 7.5
0
Total 40 100 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
b i 6 ii car iii 40% c i low sensitivity ii very sensitive
iv 17.5% v 42.5% iii moderately sensitive

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 932 Answers

7 a Mass Frequency Percentage frequency 9C

10– 3 6 Building understanding
15– 6 12
1 a Min, lower quartile (Q1), median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3),
20– 16 32 max
Answers

25– 21 42 b Range is max – min; IQR is Q3 − Q1. Range is the spread

30–35 4 8 of all the data, IQR is the spread of the middle 50% of data.
c An outlier is a data point (element) outside the vicinity of
Total 50 100
the rest of the data.
b 50 d If the data point is greater than Q3 + 1.5 × IQR or less
c 32% than Q1 − 1.5 × IQR.
d At least 25 g but less than 30 g. 2 a 2
e 42% b i 1 ii 3
f 94% c 2 d −2, 6 e yes; 8
3 a i 10.5 ii 7.5 iii 12
8 a Section Frequency Percentage frequency
b 4.5 c 0.75, 18.75 d no
Strings 21 52.5
Woodwind 8 20 Now you try
Brass 7 17.5 Example 4
Percussion 4 10 a Range = 9, IQR = 4.5
b Range = 0.9, IQR = 0.6
Total 40 100
9B

Example 5
b 40 c 52.5% d 47.5% a i 0 and 36 ii 24 iii 19 and 26
e 9.3% f 65.6% iv 7 v yes; 0
9 8 students scored between 20 and 30 and there are b Perhaps the bus was not taking passengers.
32 students all together, so this class interval makes up 25%
of the class. Exercise 9C
10 No discrete information, only intervals are given and not 1 a min = 3, Q1 = 4, median = 8, Q3 = 10, max = 13;
individual values. range = 10, IQR = 6
11 3 ⩽ a ⩽ 7, 0 ⩽ b ⩽ 4, c = 9 b min = 10, Q1 = 10.5, median = 14, Q3 = 15.5,
12 a max = 18; range = 8, IQR = 5
Percentage
Cumulative cumulative c min = 1.2, Q1 = 1.85, median = 2.4, Q3 = 3.05,
Bill ($) Frequency frequency frequency max = 3.4; range = 2.2, IQR = 1.2
d min = 41, Q1 = 53, median = 60.5, Q3 = 65,
  0– 2 2 5.4
max = 68; range = 27, IQR = 12
  40– 1 3 8.1 2 a min = 0, max = 17 b median = 13
  80– 12 15 40.5 c Q1 = 10, Q3 = 15 d IQR = 5
120– 18 33 89.2 e 0
f Road may have been closed that day.
160– 3 36 97.3
3 a i min = 4, max = 14 ii 7.5
200–240 1 37 100 iii Q1 = 5, Q3 = 9 iv IQR = 4
b 15 v no outliers
c b i min = 16, max = 31 ii 25
Percentage cummulative

iii Q1 = 21, Q3 = 27 iv IQR = 6

100 40
v no outliers
80 30 .
frequency

4 a i 5.3 ii 2.4
60
20 b i 2.5 . ii 2
40 c i 2.93 ii 0.5
10
20 5 a i min = 25, max = 128 ii 47
iii Q1 = 38, Q3 = 52.5 iv IQR = 14.5
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Bill($) v yes; 128 vi 51.25
d i $130 ii $100 iii $150 b Median as it is not affected dramatically by the outlier.
e $180 c A more advanced calculator was used.
f approx. 20% 6 a no outliers b Outlier is 2.
c Outliers are 103, 182. d Outliers are 2, 8.

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 Answers 933

7 a IQR = 12 b No outliers. c
c 24 d 22
8 1, 2, 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
9 a Increases by 5. b It is doubled. d
c It is divided by 10.

Answers
10 a It stays the same. b It doubles. 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
c It is reduced by a scale factor of 10.
3 a Same minimum of 1.
11 Answers may vary. Examples:
b B
a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 b 2, 4, 6, 6, 6 c 7, 7, 7, 10, 10
c i 5 ii 10
12 It is not greatly affected by outliers.
d Data points for B are more evenly spread than those for A.
13 Answers will vary.
4 a Q1 = 14.6, Q2 = 15.3, Q3 = 15.8
b 19.7 kg
9D c Box plot of lemur weights
Building understanding
1 a 15 b 5 c 25 d 20 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
e 10 f 20 g 10 Lemur weights
2 a 4 b 2 c 18 d 20 5 a They have the same median and upper quartile.
e It is. b B
c i 4 ii 5
Now you try d Set B is more spread out.

9C
6 a A b B c B
Example 6
7 a Box plot of Set 1, Set 2
a Yes, 1 is an outlier.
b Examiner 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Examiner 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Exercise 9D Spelling errors
1 a i Q1 = 4, Q3 = 7; outlier is 13 b Yes, examiner 2 found more errors.
8 Answers may vary. Examples:
ii
a i, ii Class results had a smaller spread in the top 25%
and bottom 25% performed better.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
iii  State results have a larger IQR.
b i Q1 = 1.6, Q3 = 1.9; outlier is 1.1 b The class did not have other results close to 0 but the
ii school did.
9 Answers will vary.
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
9E
c i Q1 = 19, Q3 = 23; outliers are 11 and 31
ii Building understanding
1 a larger b smaller
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
2 a B b A
d i Q1 = 0.03, Q3 = 0.05; no outliers 3 A. The data values in A are spread farther from the mean than
ii the data values in B.
4 a Gum Heights b Oak Valley
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Now you try
2 a
Example 7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Mean = 2.8, s = 1.6
Example 8
b a More data values are centred around the 10s and 20s for
Year 12 compared to 20s and 30s for Year 7.
36 40 44 48 52 60 64
b The Year 7 data are more spread-out.
c Given their studies, Year 12s are more likely to watch less
television.

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 934 Answers

Exercise 9E c Stem Leaf

1 mean = 3.8, s = 2.4 0 689

2 a mean = 6, s = 2.2 b mean = 3.6, s = 2.6 1 24555689
c mean = 8, s = 3.8 d mean = 32.5, s = 3.6 2 03578
3 a mean = 2.7, s = 0.9 b mean = 14.5, s = 6.6
Answers

3 238
4 a The outer-suburb school has more data values in the
higher range. 4 4
b There is less spread. Data values are closer to the mean. 2 ∣ 3 means 23
c Students at outer-suburb schools may live some distance
18 + 19
from the school. Answers will vary. d Median = = 18.5
2
5 a false b true c true
3 a Range = 32 − 4 = 28; Q2 = 17, Q1 = 12,
6 a mean = 2, s = 1.0 b mean = 5.25, s = 0.7
Q3 = 23, IQR = 11
7 a no b no c yes
b Range = 6.6 − 4.2 = 2.4; Q2 = 5.2, Q1 = 4.5,
d Yes, one of the deviations would be calculated using the
Q3 = 6.1, IQR = 1.6
outlier.
4 a i min = 30, max = 69
8 a No, standard deviation reflects the spread of the data
ii median = 39
values from the mean not the size of the data values.
iii lower quartile = 34, upper quartile = 46
b No. As for part a.
iv IQR = 12
9 The IQRs would be the same, making the data more
v Q1 − 1.5 × IQR = 16; Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 64
comparable. The standard deviation would be affected by the
The outlier is 69.
outlier.
b For example, school open day or grandparents day.
9E

10 a i 85.16 ii 53.16 iii 101.16

5 a Q1 = 16, Q3 = 22, IQR = 6
iv 37.16 v 117.16 vi 21.16
Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 31
b i 66% ii 96% iii 100%
32 is an outlier.
c i Research required
ii One SD from the mean = 68% b
Two SDs from the mean = 95%
Three SDs from the mean = 99.7% 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Close to answers found. 6 2.7

Progress quiz 9F
1 a numerical and discrete Building understanding
b categorical and nominal
1 a linear b no trend
2 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency c non-linear d linear
  0− 3 15 2 a i 28°C ii 33°C
10− 8 40 iii 33°C iv 35°C
b 36°C
20− 5 25
c i 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. ii 3 p.m to 4 p.m.
30− 3 15 d Temperature is increasing from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. in a
40−50 1 5 generally linear way. At 3 p.m. the temperature starts
to drop.
b Travel time from home to school
8 100 Now you try
7
Example 9
6 75
Relative frequency

a
120
Frequency

5
Price ($)

4 50
100
3
25 80
2
1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
Week
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (in minutes) b General linear upward trend.

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 Answers 935

Exercise 9F d i T he sales trend for City Central for the 6 months is fairly
constant.
1 a ii Sales for Southbank peaked in August before taking a
1000
900 downturn.
Population

800 e about $5000

Answers
700 6 a i 5.8 km
600 ii 1.7 km
500 b i Blue Crest slowly gets closer to the machine.
400 ii Green Tail starts near the machine and gets further
0 from it.
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
c 8:30 p.m.
Year
7 a The yearly temperature is cyclical and January is the next
b Generally linear in a positive direction. month after December and both are in the same season.
c i 500 ii 950 b no
2 a c Northern hemisphere, as the seasons are opposite, June
1.45
is summer.
1.4
8 a Increases continually, rising more rapidly as the years
Price($)

1.35
1.3 progress.
1.25 b Compound interest—exponential growth.
1.2 9 a Graphs may vary, but it should decrease from room
0 temperature to the temperature of the fridge.
J F MA M J J A S O N D b No. Drink cannot cool to a temperature lower  than that of

9F
Month the internal environment of the fridge.
b The share price generally increased until it peaked in
10 a Innings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
June and then continually decreased to a yearly low in
November before trending upwards again in the final Score 26 38 5 10 52 103 75 21 33 0
month. Moving average 26 32 23 20 26 39 44 41 40 36
c $0.21
b
3 a 120
Number of runs
Pass rate (%)

100 100
90 80 Score
80 60 Moving
40 average
70
20
0 0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Year Innings number

b The pass rate for the examination has increased marginally c Innings number.
over the 10 years, with a peak in 2001. i The score fluctuates wildly.
c 2001 d 11% ii The graph is fairly constant with small increases and
4 a linear decreases.
b i $650 000 ii $750 000 d The moving average graph follows the trend of the score
5 a i $6000 ii $4000 graph but the fluctuations are much less significant.
b 1
c 9G
20
Southbank Building understanding
18
16 1 a unlikely b likely c unlikely
14
Sales ($’000)

d likely e likely f likely

12 2 a y generally increases as x increases.
10 b y generally decreases as x increases.
City Central
8
6
4
2
0
Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Month

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 936 Answers

Now you try b positive

y Scatter plot
Example 10
a y 150

4 140
Answers

130
3
120

2 110
100
1 x
0 2 4 6 8 10

x c none
0
5 10 15 20 y Scatter plot

b positive 26
c strong 24
d (13, 2.0) 22
20
18
Exercise 9G 16
14
1 a 12
y Scatter plot 10
9G

1.8 8 x
1.7 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5
1.6
1.5 4 a none b weak negative
1.4 c positive d strong positive
1.3 5 a yes
1.2
1.1 b decrease
1.0 c i yes ii car H
0.9
x 6 a Scatter plot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8.5 E
Average diameter (cm)

b positive c strong d (8, 1.0)

8.0
2 a y Scatter plot
7.5 C
B
4
7.0
A
3 6.5
D
2 6.0
20 25 30 35 40
1 Fertiliser (grams per week)

0 b D
x c Seems likely but small sample size does lead to doubt.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
7 a Scatter plot
b negative c strong d (14, 4)
2250
3 a negative 2000
No. of words

y Scatter plot 1750

24 1500
22 1250
1000
20
750
18
500
16
250
14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12
No. of photos
10
8 b Negative, weak correlation.
x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

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 Answers 937

8 a Scatter plot 9H
4.5
Building understanding
4.0
Volume (dB)

3.5 1 a y b y
3.0

Answers
2.5
2.0
1.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Distance (m) x x
b negative
c y d y
c As distance increases, volume decreases.
9 a i weak, negative correlation
Scatter plot

35
Incidence of crime

x
30
x
25
1 7 2 17
20 2 a y = x + b y = − x +
2 2 3 3

9G
15 23
3 a i 17 ii
5 10 15 20 25 30 4
No. of police 28 14
b i ii
ii no correlation 5 5

Scatter plot
Now you try
26
25 Example 11
Incidence of crime

24 a y
23
22 10
21 8
20 6
19
4
5 10 15 20 25 30 2
No. of police 0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b Survey 1, as this shows an increase in the number of
police has seen a decrease in the incidence of crime. b negative correlation
10 The positive correlation shows that as height increases it is c y
predicted that ability to play tennis increases.
10
11 Each axis needs a better scale. All data are between 6 and
8 hours sleep and show only a minimal change in exam 8
marks. Also, very small sample size. 6
12 a i students I, T ii students G, S 4
b i students H, C ii students B, N 2
c students C, G, H, S, 0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
d students B, I, N, T
e no d i ≈ 7 ii ≈ 11
iii ≈ 8 iv ≈ 4.5
Example 12
5 10
a y = x +
3 3
b i 45 cm ii 90 cm
c i 34 kg ii 46 kg

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 938 Answers

Exercise 9H Experiment 2
Scatter plot
1 a y Scatter plot
220

Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)

6
200
5
180
Answers

4
160
3
140
2
120
1
100
0
x 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Age (years)
b positive correlation
c As above. b i ≈ 140 ii ≈ 125
d All answers are approximate. c i ≈ 25 ii ≈ 22
i 3.2 ii 0.9 iii 1.8 iv 7.4 d experiment 2
2 a ≈ 4.5 b ≈ 6 e Research required.
c ≈ 0.5 d ≈ 50
3 9I
3 a y = x + 18
5
b i 42 ii 72 Building understanding
c i 30 ii 100
9H

1 a i 12 ii 3.26
4 a, b Scatter plot
b i 7 ii 2
90
2 a There is no linear correlation.
80
b The correlation shown is not a linear shape.
70
Growth (cm)

60 Now you try

50
40 Example 13
30 a, c Scatter plot
y
20
400 500 600 700 800 8
Rainfall (mm)
7
c i ≈ 25 cm ii ≈ 85 cm
d i ≈ 520 mm ii ≈ 720 mm 6
5 a y = 5x − 5
5
b 85 cm
c 21 kg 4
6 a Data do not appear to have any correlation. 3
b Too few data points to determine a correlation.
7 a Too few data points to determine a correlation. 2
b The data points suggest that the trend is not linear. 1
8 a i 50 ii 110
0 x
b It is possible to obtain scores of greater than 100%. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 a Experiment 1
b y = 0.80x − 0.29
Scatter plot
d i 3.32 ii 11.76
200
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)

180
160
140
120
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age (years)

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 Answers 939

Exercise 9I b y = −3.45x + 7.42

d i −16.74 ii −34.00
1 A a, c y 2 a y = −3.55x + 43.04
b $32 397
8 c 8 years

Answers
7 3 a, c Scatter plot

Number of jackets
6 160
5 140

4 120

3 100

2 0
0 20 25 30 35 40
1
Temperature (°C)
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b y = −1.72x + 190.57
b y = 0.55x + 3.45
d i 139
d i 7.34 ii 10.11
ii 130
B a, c y iii 113
4 a, c Scatter plot

9I
4.0 35

30
3.5
Number of breakdowns

25
3.0
20
2.5
15
2.0
10
1.5
5
1.0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0.5 −5
Number of copies (× 1000)
0.0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 b y = 0.24x − 7.27 d 232 000 copies
e The regression line suggests that the photocopier will be
b y = −0.08x + 4.21
considered for scrap because of the number of copies
d i 3.66 ii 3.28
made, as it’s likely to reach 200 000 copies before breaking
C a, c y down 50 times.
5 a Scatter plot
8 120
7 110
Record (m)

6 100

5 90
80
4
70
3 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
2
b y = 1.60x − 3066.41
1 c i 134 m ii 166 m
d No, records are not likely to continue to increase at this rate.
0 x
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

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 940 Answers

6 A
 ll deviations are used in the calculation of the least squares b i 17 ii Q1 = 15, Q3 = 24
regression. iii 9 iv none
7 A, as it has been affected by the outlier. v
8 Research required.
10 15 20 25 30
Answers

Problems and challenges c i 2.4 ii Q1 = 2.1, Q3 = 2.6

iii 0.50 iv 0.7
1 66 kg
v
2 88%
3 19
4 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
5 a larger by 3 b larger by 3 c no change 3 a false b true c true d true
d no change e no change 4 a y Scatter plot
6 y = x2 − 3x + 5
7 5.8 ⩽ a < 6.2 25
8 Physics, Biology. The number of standard deviations from
20
the mean shows the relative position of Emily’s mark within
the spread of all results from each class. This number gives a 15
meaningful comparison of results. Physics 1.67, Maths 1.11,
Biology 0. 10

5
Short-answer questions x
9I

1 2 3 4 5
1 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency b negative c weak d (3, 5)
0– 2 12.5 3 7
5 a y = x +
5 5
5– 7 43.75
b i 3.8 ii 7.4
10– 5 31.25 2 2
c i 2 ii 17
15– 1   6.25 3 3
20–25 1   6.25 6 a mean = 7, s = 2.5
b mean = 4, s = 3.0
Total 16 100
7 a The Cats b The Cats
b 8 50 c The Cats d The Cats
8 a non-linear
% Frequency

6
Frequency

b linear
4 25 9 y = −3.75x + 25.65
2

0 5 10 15 20 25 Multiple-choice questions
Number of hours of TV
1 D 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 A
c It is positively skewed. 6 C 7 C 8 D 9 E 10 B
d Stem Leaf

0 135667889
Extended-response questions
1 012346
1 a i 14 ii 41
2 4
b i no outliers ii no outliers
1 ∣ 3 means 13 c
Tree 2
e 8.5 hours Tree 1
2 a i 10 ii Q1 = 2.5, Q3 = 5.5
iii 3 iv 12 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
v Number of flying foxes
d More flying foxes regularly take refuge in tree 1 than in
2 4 6 8 10 12 tree 2, for which the spread is much greater.

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 Answers 941

2 a  Scatter plot 3 a log2 8 = 3 b log3 81 = 4

Number of shoppers 1800 c log2 32 = 5 d log4 16 = 2
1600 1 1
e log10 = −1 f log5 = −3
1400 10 125
4 a 4 b 2 c 6 d 3

Answers
1200 e 1 f 2 g 3 h 3
1000 i 2 j 2 k 5 l 3
800 m 0 n 0 o 0 p undefined

600 5 a −3 b −2 c −2 d −3
25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 e −2 f −4 g −4 h −1
Maximum daily temperature (°C) i −1 j −3 k −5 l −1
positive correlation m −3 n −1 o −2 p −2
b y = 74.56x − 1010.06 6 a 0.699 b 1.672 c 2.210
c i 779 d −0.097 e −0.770 f −1.431
ii 33.7°C 7 a 3 b 5 c 6 d 4
e 3 f 2 g 16 h 81

i 1000 1 1 1
Chapter 10 j k l
9 4 343
10A m 3 n 2 o 4 p 8

q 3 r 10 s 2 t −1
Building understanding

Ch9 Review
8 a Time (min) 5
0 1 2 3 4
1 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
Population 1 2 4 8 16 32
2x 1 2 4 8 16 32
b P = 2t c 256 d 13 min
3x 1 3 9 27 81 243
e log2 10 000
4x 1 4 16 64 256 1024 9 a 16 b 26 c 6
5x 1 5 25 125 625 3125 10 a h 0 1 2 3 4 5
6x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 P 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000

2 a 4 b 4 c 3 d 4 log10 P 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 b log10P
3 a b c d
10 000 2 4 27
5
Now you try
4
Example 1
a 102 = 100 b log3 81 = 4 3
Example 2
2
a i 4 ii 5
b i −3 ii −2 1
c i 0.699 ii −0.347
h
Example 3 O 1 2 3 4 5
a 4 b 125
Graph is a straight line.
Exercise 10A c log10 P = h
11 a i 10 ii 100 iii 10 000
1 a i 104 = 10 000 ii 25 = 32
b i 10 ii 6 iii 3
b i log2 8 = 3 ii log3 81 = 4
1
12 Yes. 0 < b < 1 ⇒ loga b < 0, when a > 1; e.g. log2 = −2.
2 a 24 = 16 b 102 = 100 c 33 = 27 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
d 2−2 = e 10−1 = 0.1 f 3−2 = 13 a b c d
4 9 4 5 2 3
1 1 2 4
e f g h
2 3 3 3
1 1 6 4
i j k l
2 2 5 7

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 942 Answers

10B 12 a Recall index law 1: am × an = am + n

Now let x = am and y = an (1)
Building understanding so m = loga x and n = loga y (2)
x From (1), xy = am × an = am + n
1 a logb xy = logb x + logb y b logb = logb x − logb y
y So m + n = loga xy
Answers

c loga bm = m × loga b d loga a = 1 From (2), m + n = loga x + loga y

1 So loga xy = loga x + loga y, as required.
e logc 1 = 0 f loga = −loga b
b b Recall index law 2: am ÷ an = am−n
2 a 2 b 1 c 4 Now let x = am and y = an (1)
d 12 e 4 f −1 so m = loga x and n = loga y (2)
x
3 a 2 b 5 c 3 From (1), x ÷ y = = am ÷ an = am−n
y
d −4 e 12 f 0 x
So m − n = loga
y
Now you try From (2) m − n = loga x − loga y
x
So loga = loga x − loga y, as required.
Example 4 y
a loga 24 b loga 2 c loga 16 c Recall index law 3: (am) n = amn
Example 5 Let x = am
a 0 b 1 c −2 d 1 So m = loga x (1)
xn = amn using index law 3
So mn = loga xn
Exercise 10B From (1): nloga x = loga xn, as required.
10B

1 a i loga 14 ii loga 5
b i loga 2 ii loga 7 10C
c i loga 9 ii loga 64
2 a loga 6 b loga 15 c loga 28 Building understanding
d logb 18 e logb 15 f logb 17 1
1 a log2 8 = 3 b log4 2 = c log3 10 = x
3 a loga 2 b loga 3 c loga 10 2

(2) (5)
3 7 2 a 3 b 4 c 8 d 2
d logb 2 e logb f logb
3 a 0.845 b −0.222
4 a loga 9 b loga 25 c loga 27 c −0.125 d 1.277
d loga 16 e loga 32 f loga 1000
Now you try
5 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 1
e 1 f 1 g 0 h 3 Example 6
1 2 1 a 2.096 b 6.026
i j k 1 l
3 3 2 Example 7
6 a −2 b −3 c −3 a 3.459 b 8.530
d −1 e −2 f −5
7 a 1 b 1 c 3 Exercise 10C
d 2 e 2 f 2
8 a log3 20 b log10 48 c log10 2 1 a i 1.161 ii 2.335
d log7 2 e log3 8 f 0 b i 5.284 ii 4.140
2 a 1.465 b 3.459 c 1.594
(4)
3
g log2 h log5 6 d 6.871 e 1.177 f 2
3 a 1 b 1 c 3.969
3 5 4
9 a b c d 1.727 e 6.579 f 1.528
2 2 3
3 1 4 4 a 2.585 b 1.893 c 1.209
d e f d 1.129 e 1.559 f 6.579
2 3 5
1 g 3.322 h 1.262 i 0.356
10 a  loga = loga 1 − loga x = 0 − loga x = −loga x as
x j 3.969 k 3.106 l 1.137
required (using 2nd log law) 5 a 2 days b 2.548 days c 3.322 days
1 6 a 14.21 years b 23.84 years c 47.19 years
b loga = loga x−1 = −loga x as required (using 3rd log
x 7 a 10.48 years b 22.20 years c 91.17 years
law)
n
1
1 loga x 8 a A = 2000 × 1.1n b 7 years
11 loga √x = loga xn = loga x = as required 9 a F = 300 000 × 0.92n b 8.3 years
n n
(using 3rd log law) 10 a 69 years b 1386 years

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 Answers 943

log10 7 log10 16 log10 1.3 10E

11 a i ii iii
log10 2 log10 3 log10 5
1 3 −1
Building understanding
b i ii iii
log10 5 log10 2 log10 3 1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 6x − 55
c i 1.631 ii 1.167 iii −0.196 c 8x2 − 26x + 15

Answers
2 a x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 − 3
10D b −x6 − 3x4 + x3 − x2 + 13
3 a, b, c are true.
Building understanding
1 a 5
Now you try
b i 3 ii −2 iii 1 iv −1 Example 10
c 2 a 3x4 − x3 b x4 − 2x3 + 4x2 − 11x + 6
2 a linear b quadratic c quartic
Example 11
d quadratic e constant f cubic
a x5 + x4 − 5x3 + 2x2 + 7x − 12
3 a 3 b 4 c 6
b x6 − 2x4 + 6x3 + x2 − 6x + 9
Now you try
Exercise 10E
Example 8
1 a i x4 − 2x5 ii x4 + 4x3
a 14 b 8 5 3 2
b i x + 3x − 3x + 2x − 3
Example 9 ii x5 − x4 + x3 − x2 − x + 1
a yes b no 2 a x3 − 3x2 b x4 − x2 c 2x2 + 6x3

10C
d x3 − x4 e x5 + 3x4 f −3x6 + 3x3
5 4 7 4 i −4x7 + 8x10
Exercise 10D g −2x − 2x h −x + x
3 a x5 + x3 + 2x2 + 2
1 a −5 b 11 c 1 d −45 b x5 − x
2 a 0 b 92 c −4 d 42 c x5 − x4 − 3x3 + 3x2
3 a 14 b 92 c 8 d 4 d x5 − x3 − 2x2 − 2x + 4
4 a, b, f are polynomials. e x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 − 3x
5 a −2 b 25 c −22 f x5 − 2x4 + 5x3 − 4x2
d −17 e 17 f −351 g x6 − x5 + x4 − 4x3 + 2x2 − x + 2
1 1 h x6 − 5x5 − x4 + 8x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 2
6 a − b −1 c
2 2 i x8 − x6 + x5 − 2x4 − x3 + 3x2 + x − 3
7 a 0 b 4 c −108 4 a x5 − 2x4 + 2x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1
8 a i 30 m ii 24 m iii 0 m b x6 + 2x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 2x + 1
b Yes, when 5 < x < 7. c x4 − 4x3 + 6x2 − 4x + 1
9 a 8 b n + 1 c 1 d 1 5 a x5 + 3x4 − x3 − 9x2 − 2x + 8
9 20 5 27 b x4 + 2x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 4
10 a − b − c d
8 27 8 64 c x6 + 4x5 + 2x4 − 12x3 − 15x2 + 8x + 16
16 216 1 9 6 a x3 + x2 − 4x + 1
e f − g − h −
27 125 2 8 b x3 − x2 + 6x − 1
11 a 2k3 − k2 − 5k − 1 c 2x3 + 5x2 − 23x + 5
b 2b3 − b2 − 5b − 1 d −x5 + 5x4 − 2x3 + 5x2 − x + 1
c 16a3 − 4a2 − 10a − 1 e −x6 − 2x4 − x2 + 4
d −2a3 − a2 + 5a − 1 f −x6 − x4 − 10x3 + 26x2 − 10x + 1
e −16a3 − 4a2 + 10a − 1 7 (x2 + x − 1) 4 = x8 + 4x7 + 2x6 − 8x5 − 5x4 + 8x3 +
f −54k3 − 9k2 + 15k − 1 2x2 − 4x + 1
g 2a3b3 − a2b2 − 5ab − 1 8 (x2 − x − 1) 2 − (x2 − x + 1) 2 = x4 − 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 1 −
h −2a3b3 − a2b2 + 5ab − 1 (x4 − 2x3 + 3x2 − 2x + 1) = 4x − 4x2 as required (or could
12 a i 10 ii 2 iii 1 use DOPS)
iv −13 v −9 vi −18 9 Yes. Multiplicative axiom ab = ba.
b i 3 ii −11 iii −22 10 a 3 b 5 c 7 d 12
c a = 2 and b = −1 11 a m b m c m + n
d 2m e 2m f 3n

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 944 Answers

12 a x4 − x3 + x2 − x 5 a 6x4 − x3 + 2x2 − x + 2
b x5 + 2x4 − 3x3 = (x − 3) (6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 158) + 476
c x3 + 4x2 + x − 6 b 8x5 − 2x4 + 3x3 − x2 − 4x − 6
d 6x3 + 23x2 − 5x − 4 = (x + 1) (8x4 − 10x3 + 13x2 − 14x + 10) − 16
e 15x3 − 11x2 − 48x + 20 5
6 a x2 − 2x + 3 −
Answers

f x5 + 3x4 − x3 − 3x2 − 2x − 6
x+2
1
b x2 + 2x + 2 −
Progress quiz x−1
79
1 a log2 32 = 5 log10 1000 = 3
b c loga a = 1 c x3 − 3x2 + 9x − 27 +
x+3
2 a 102 = 100 23 = 8
b c 70 = 1 240
3 a x = 4 x=4
b c x = 0 d x3 + 4x2 + 15x + 60 +
x−4
d x = 625 x=5
e f x = −6 7 −1, 1, 2
4 a 3 2
b c 2 8 6x2 − 7x − 3
1 x − 5⟌6x3 − 37x2 + 32x + 15
d −2 e f 1
2 6x3 − 30x2
5 a x = 1.771 b x = 29.060 c x = 8.043 −7x2 + 32x
6 The term involving √x has a fractional index when written in −7x2 + 35x
index notation. −3x + 15
7 a 8 b 7 −3x + 15
c 3k4 − 2k3 + k2 + 7k + 8 0
8 a 3 b 1 c 3 d 4x3 Remainder of 0, as required.
10E

9 a x7 − 2x5 + x4 b x4 + 2x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 6 13

10 a x4 + x3 + 3x + 2 9 a 4 b
8
b −x4 + x3 − x + 2 −253 41
c x8 + 4x5 + 4x2 10 a −8 b c −
16 27
d x7 + x5 + 4x4 + 2x2 + 4x
11 a x3 − x2 + 3x + 2 = (x2 − 1) (x − 1) + 4x + 1
b 2x3 + x2 − 5x − 1 = (x2 + 3) (2x + 1) − 11x − 4
10F c 5x4 − x2 + 2 = 5x(x3 − 2) − x2 + 10x + 2

Building understanding
10G
1 a 1 b 3 c 0
2 a If 182 ÷ 3 = 60 remainder 2 then 182 = 3 × 60 + 2. Building understanding
b If 2184 ÷ 5 = 436 remainder 4 then 2184 = 5 × 436 + 4.
1 a −1 b 41 c −19 d −141
c If 617 ÷ 7 = 88 remainder 1 then 617 = 7 × 88 + 1.
2 a 3 b −2
Now you try 3 0

Example 12 Now you try

a (x − 1) (x2 + 2x − 2) + 1 b (x + 2) (3x2 − 8x + 21) − 44
Example 13
Exercise 10F a 2 b −37
Example 14
1 a (x − 1) (x2 + 2x − 1) + 1
a no b yes
b (x + 2) (2x2 − 5x + 14) − 30
2 P(x) = (x − 1) (x2 + 2x) + 3 Example 15
3 P(x) = (x + 1) (3x2 − 4x + 5) − 3 k = −2
4 a 2x3 − x2 + 3x − 2 = (x − 2) (2x2 + 3x + 9) + 16
b 2x3 + 2x2 − x − 3 = (x + 2) (2x2 − 2x + 3) − 9
Exercise 10G
c 5x3 − 2x2 + 7x − 1 = 1 a 5 b −7 c −55
(x + 3) (5x2 − 17x + 58) − 175 2 a 3 b 11 c 27 d 57
d −x3 + x2 − 10x + 4 = e −127 f −33 g −13 h −69
(x−4) (−x2 − 3x − 22) − 84 3 a 3 b 20 c 36 d 5
e −2x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 7 = 4 b, c and e are factors of P(x).
(x + 4) (−2x2 + 6x − 29) + 123 5 b, d, f, g are factors of P(x).
6 a x + 1 b x − 1, x + 1 or x + 2
f −5x3 + 11x2 − 2x − 20 =
c x + 2 d x − 2
(x − 3) (−5x2 − 4x − 14) − 62

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 Answers 945

7 a x − 2, x − 1 and x + 1 b x − 3, x − 1 and x + 2 10I

c x − 3, x − 2 and x + 1 d x − 5, x − 1 and x + 4
Building understanding
8 a −4 b −2 c −14 d 96
1 a y
9 −38
10 a 5 b 1 c 5 d −3 3

Answers
11 a −2 b 23
12 a a = −1 and b = 2 b a = 3 and b = −4
x
10H −3 −1 O 2

Building understanding
1 P(−1) = 0 b y
2 a x = −3 or 1 b x = −3 or 4
3
Now you try x
−5 O 2 5
Example 16
1 2
a 2, −1, −6 b , −3, −
2 5
2 a y-intercept is 12.
Example 17 x-intercepts are −1, 3, 4.
x = −1, −4, 3 b y-intercept is 0.

10G
Exercise 10H x-intercepts are −7, 0, 5.

1 a i −1, 4, 2 ii −5, 7, −3 Now you try

5 2 1 8
b i , −4, − ii − , , 2
2 3 5 3 Example 18
2 a −3, 1, 2 b −7, −2, 1 c −4, 3, 4 a y
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
d − , − , 3 e − , − , 3 f − , ,
2 3 3 2 7 4 5
12 1 11 3 2 1
g − , − , − h − , − ,
11 2 3 5 19 2
3 a (x − 3) (x − 2) (x + 1); −1, 2, 3 x
−3 −1 O 2
b (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3); −3, −2, −1
c (x − 3) (x − 2) (x − 1); 1, 2, 3
d (x − 4) (x − 3) (x − 1); 1, 3, 4 −6
e (x − 6) (x + 1) (x + 2); −2, −1, 6
f (x − 2) (x + 3) (x + 5); −5, −3, 2 b y
4 a x = 1 or 1 + √5 or 1 − √5 b x = −2
5 a x = −1, 3 or 5 b x = −3, −2 or 1
6 a x = −4, 1 or 3 b −2, −1 or 3
7 a 3 b 4 c n
x
8 a x2 (x − 1); 0, 1 −4 O 1
b x2 (x + 1); −1, 0
c x(x − 4) (x + 3); −3, 0, 4
d 2x3 (x + 1) 2; −1, 0
9 0 = x4 + x2 = x2 (x2 + 1)
No solution to x2 + 1 = 0.
Thus, x = 0 is the only solution. Exercise 10I
10 The discriminant of the quadratic is negative, implying 1 a y
solutions from the quadratic factor are not real. x = 2 is the
only solution.
30
11 a x = −4, −3, −2 or 1
b x = −2 or 3
c x = −3, −2, 1 or 3 x
–3 O 2 5
1
d x = −2, , 1 or 2
2

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 946 Answers

b y e y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: −3, 0, 2
y

x
Answers

−1 O 3

x
−3 O 2

2 a y-intercept: 6
x-intercepts: −2, 1, 3 f y-intercept: 0
y x-intercepts: −1, 0, 5
y

6 x
−1 O 5
x
−2 O 1 3

g y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: −3, 0, 1
10I

b y-intercept: 12
y
x-intercepts: −1, 3, 4
y

x
−3 O 1
12

x h y-intercept: 0
−1 O 3 4
x-intercepts: −1, 0, 3
y
c y-intercept: 10
x-intercepts: −2, 1, 5
x
y −1 O 3

10

x
−2 O 1 5 i y-intercept: 8
x-intercepts: −4, −2, 1
y
8
x
−4 −2 O 1
d y-intercept: 3
x-intercepts: −3, 1, 2
3
y j y-intercept:
2
1
x-intercepts: −3, −1,
3 2
x y
−3 O 1 2
3
2
x
−3 −1 O 0.5

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 Answers 947

3 y b y
80
y= x4 8
60
6

Answers
40
y = x2
4
20
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
x
−2 −1 O 1 2 −2
−2
y = x3 7 a y b y
−4
2 8
x 6
−6 −1−2O 2
4
−4 2
−8
−6 x
−8 −4 −2 −2
−9

10I
−10 −4
4 a y b y
c y d y
1 x
O x
−1 1 O
−2 2 2
x −1
O −2
−1 1
x
−2 −2 −1 O1 2
−1 −4
−2
−2 −3

e y f y
5 a y = (x − 2) (x + 1) (x + 4)
b y = (x + 3) (x − 1) (x − 3) 4 15
1 13
c y = x(x − 2) (x + 3)
2 2 10
1
d y = − (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2)
2 x 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 O
6 a y
x
60 O 5
(2, −3)
−5
40
30
20 8 a y b y

x
−2 −1O 1 2 3 4 5
−20
x
x −1 O
O 3

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 948 Answers

c y d y c i y-intercept = (0, 8)
ii y = (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 4)
4 iii x-intercepts: (−4, 0), (−1, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)
iv y
12 x
Answers

−4 −1 O 8
x
−4 −1 O 1 2

x
−2O 3

d i y-intercept = (0, 225)

ii y = (x − 5) (x − 3) (x + 3) (x + 5)
e y f y iii x-intercepts: (−5, 0), (−3, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0)
iv y

2 225

x x
O −2 O 2
−1 2
10I

x
−5 −3 O 3 5
9 a i y-intercept = (0, −6)
ii y = (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
iii x-intercepts: (−3, 0), (−2, 0), (−1, 0)
iv y
Problems and challenges
1
1 a 2 b 8 c d 3
O 2
x
− 3 −2 1 2 a 1.43 b −1.43 c −2.71
3 x=6
4 2p − q + 2
5 a x > 2.10 b x ⩾ −2.81
1
4 1
6 a = 2 × 3 , b = log2 3
4
−6
log10 2
7 = log1.1 2
log10 1.1
8 −2
9 a = 5, b = −2
b i y-intercept = (0, 15)
10 Proof using long division required.
ii y = (x − 5) (x − 3) (x + 1)
a (x3 − a3) ÷ (x − a) = x2 + ax + a2
iii x-intercepts: (−1, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0) b (x3 + a3) ÷ (x + a) = x2 − ax + a2
iv y 11 a 2 ⩽ x ⩽ 5 or x ⩽ −1
15 b −4 < x < 1 or x > 4
1
12 y = (x − 3) 2 (x + 2)
9
13 16
1
14 y = − x2 (x − 3) (x + 3)
10
x
−1 O 3 5 Short-answer questions
1
1 a log2 16 = 4 b log10 1000 = 3 c log3 = −2
9
1
2 a 34 = 81 b 4−2 = c 10−1 = 0.1
16

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 Answers 949

3 a 3 b 4 c 4 Extended-response questions
d 0 e −3 f −3
g −1 h −4 i −2 1 a B
4 a loga 8 b logb 21 c logb 144 b i $121 000 ii $115 369 iii $272 034
d loga 10 e loga 4 f loga 1000 c i 7.27 ii 6.17 iii 16.89
2 a i 32 ii 0

Answers
3
g 2 h 1 i b There is no remainder; i.e. P(1) = 0.
2
5 a x = log3 6 b x = log1.2 2 c x2 − 4x − 21
d (x − 7) (x − 1) (x + 3)
log10 13 log10 2
6 a b e x = 7, 1 or −3
log10 2 log10 0.8
f P(0) = 21
7 a −1 b 1 c −2 d −34 g y
8 a x4 + 3x2 + 2
b x5 − x4 − 3x3
c x5 + x4 − 3x3 − x2 − x + 3 21
x
d x6 + 2x4 − 4x3 + x2 − 4x + 3 −3 O 1 7
9 a x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 = (x − 1) (x2 + 2x + 4) + 7
b x3 − 3x2 − x + 1 = (x + 1) (x2 − 4x + 3) − 2
c 2x3 − x2 + 4x − 7 = (x + 2) (2x2 − 5x + 14) − 35
d −2x3 − x2 − 3x − 4 = −(x − 3) (2x2 + 7x + 24) − 76
10 a −3 b −39 c −91 d 41
11 b, c and d are factors.
12 a x = −2, 1 or 3 Semester review 2

Ch10 Review
1 3
b x = − , or 5 Measurement
3 2
13 a (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0 x = −3, −2 or 1
Short-answer questions
b (x + 2) (x − 5) (x − 6) = 0 x = −2, 5 or 6
14 a y b y 36 cm, 52 cm2
1 a b 1.3 m, 0.1 m2
220 mm, 2100 mm2
c
1 5 4
188.5 m2, 197.9 m3
2 a b 50.3 cm2, 23.7 cm3
6.8 m2, 1.3 m3
c
x x
−1
O
1 −1O 1 4 5 1.8 cm
3 a b 58.8 cm2
27
−1 −5 4 √ cm
π

−2 −10
Multiple-choice questions
1 B 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 D
c y d y

10 Extended-response question

10 a 753.98 cm3 b 206.02 cm3

5
c 17 cm d 1.79 cm
x 5
−5 −2 O 3 5 Parabolas and other graphs
−5 x
O Short-answer questions
−10 1 a Dilated by a factor of 3 from the x-axis.
y

Multiple-choice questions
3 (1, 3)
1 C 2 B 3 E 4 A 5 D
6 D 7 A 8 B 9 E 10 E
x
O 1

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 950 Answers

( 2)
b Reflected in x-axis and translated 2 units left. 5 2 7
b y = x− +
y 4
y
x
−2 O

8
Answers

−4

( 52 , 74 ) x
O
c Translated 5 units up.
y
5 a Discriminant = 72, thus two x-intercepts.
b y

(1, 6)
5
x
−1.1 O 3.1
x
O
–7
2 a −5 b −5, 1 c (−2, −9) (1, −9)
d y
c (1, −9) and (−2, 9)
Semester review 2

6 a Each x-value produces a unique y-value (any vertical line

x will cut the graph at most once).
−5 O 1
b i 3 ii 12 iii (a − 2) 2 + 3
−5 c All real x, y ⩾ 3
7 a y b y
(−2, −9) −9 2 √10

3 a Maximum at (3, 8). b −10     c   1, 5 x x

O O
−2 2 −√10 √10
 

d y (3, 8)
−2 −√10

c y d y
x
O 1 5 (−1, 6)
(1, 2)

x
−10 O O
x

(−1, −2)
(1, −6)

4 a y = (x + 3) 2 −7
y
8 a (√3, 2 √3), (−√3, −2 √3)

(2 ) ( 2 )
1 1
b , 4 , − , −4
2
O x
9 a y
−3 − √7 −3 + √7

−1 + 2√3
(−3, −7) x
O
2 − √15 2 + √15
(2, −1)

−1 − 2√3

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 Answers 951

b y 5 3 9 19
b i ii iii iv
26 26 26 26
(1, 17) c No, A ∩ B ≠ ∅
2 a
B B′

Answers
9 A 3 1 4
A′ 4 4 8
1 y=1
x 7 5 12
O
b i 3 ii 4 iii 5 iv 8
1 1 7 3
y c i ii iii iv
c 4 12 12 4
3 a 0.18 b 0.37
x = −2
4 a Die 1

x 1 2 3 4
−2 −5 O
3 1 2 3 4 5
−5
2 2 3 4 5 6
Die 2
−3 y = −3 3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8

Semester review 2
b 16
Multiple-choice questions c i
3
ii
5
iii
1
16 8 5
1 D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 B 5 a
A B

Extended-response question 4 4 2
a h 2
(200, 427.5)
2 2
b i ii
3 3
c Yes they are, since Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(A)
27.5
x
O 10 110 Multiple-choice questions
(60, −62.5)
1 C 2 E 3 B
4 D 5 C
b 27.5 m
c 10 m and 110 m from start
d 427.5 m Extended-response question
e 62.5 m Outcome
2 200 g 400 g
7
Probability 200 g
3
8 5 250 g 450 g
Short-answer questions 7

1 a 3
x A B y 7 200 g 450 g
5
w 8 250 g
z
r s 4
v g i 7
250 g 500 g
a c
u e o q
p 3 15 5
n a i ii iii
b t 28 28 14
d f h j k l m 9 3
b c
14 5

ISBN 978-1-108-77290-7 © Greenwood et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press

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 952 Answers

Statistics 5 a i Under 40 ii Over 40

b Over 40: mean = 11, standard deviation = 7.3;
Short-answer questions Under 40: mean = 24.1, standard deviation = 12.6

1 a
Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency Multiple-choice questions
Answers

0− 2 10%
1 E 2 B 3 C
5− 4 20%
4 B 5 A
10− 4 20%
15− 3 15% Extended-response question
20− 6 30%
a y = 1.50x + 17.23
25 − 30 1 5% b 41 cm
Total 20 100%

b 6 30 Logarithms and polynomials

Percentage frequency (%)

5 Short-answer questions
Frequency

4 20
1 a 3 b −2 c 3 d 0
3 e 2 f 2 g 1 h 3
2 10 2 a x=3 b x = 3 c x = 81
1 3 a i x = log330 ii x = log2.44
Semester review 2

b i x = 2.460 ii x = 9.955
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 4 a i 6 ii 0 iii −49 iv −5
Number of days b i 2x6 + 6x5 − 11x4 − 25x3 + 34x + 24
ii 4x6 − 12x4 − 16x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
c i 14 ii 50% 5 P(x) = (x − 3) (x2 − x − 1) + 4
iii 20–24 days, those that maybe catch public transport to 6 a −24, not a factor b 0, a factor
work or school each week day. c −40, not a factor
2 a 5 2
7 a x = −1, 3, −6 b x = 0, , −
2 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 1
c x = −4, −2, 1 d x = −1, , 2
2
b
Multiple-choice questions
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 a 2500 1 E 2 A 3 D
4 C 5 D
Balance

2000
1500
1000 Extended-response question

J F M A M J J A S O N D a P(−3) = 0
Months b P(x) = −(x + 3) (2x − 1) (x − 4)
c P(x)
b Balance fluctuated throughout the year but ended up with
more money after 12 months. (−5, 198)
c May and June
d increase of $500
4 a, c y

6 O x
5 −5 −3 1 4 6
−12 2
4
3
2
x (6, −198)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
b positive
d i ≈ 3.2 ii ≈ 11.5

ISBN 978-1-108-77290-7 © Greenwood et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press

Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.