1. The document discusses the intermolecular forces that determine if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. These include ionic forces, dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
2. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points, surface tension, viscosity and capillary action of liquids. They cause molecules in solids to be locked in place with high order.
3. The types of intermolecular forces between molecules - ionic, dipole, London dispersion and hydrogen bonding - vary in strength and depend on factors like molecular size and polarity. Stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
1. The document discusses the intermolecular forces that determine if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. These include ionic forces, dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
2. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points, surface tension, viscosity and capillary action of liquids. They cause molecules in solids to be locked in place with high order.
3. The types of intermolecular forces between molecules - ionic, dipole, London dispersion and hydrogen bonding - vary in strength and depend on factors like molecular size and polarity. Stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
1. The document discusses the intermolecular forces that determine if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. These include ionic forces, dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
2. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points, surface tension, viscosity and capillary action of liquids. They cause molecules in solids to be locked in place with high order.
3. The types of intermolecular forces between molecules - ionic, dipole, London dispersion and hydrogen bonding - vary in strength and depend on factors like molecular size and polarity. Stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
1. The document discusses the intermolecular forces that determine if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. These include ionic forces, dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding.
2. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points, surface tension, viscosity and capillary action of liquids. They cause molecules in solids to be locked in place with high order.
3. The types of intermolecular forces between molecules - ionic, dipole, London dispersion and hydrogen bonding - vary in strength and depend on factors like molecular size and polarity. Stronger forces lead to higher melting and boiling points.
1 Intermolecular Forces: (inter = between) between molecules and the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules.
What determines if a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas?
2 3 Gases: The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is much larger than the average energy of the attractions between them.
Liquids: the intermolecular attractive forces are strong
enough to hold the molecules close together, but without much order.
Solids: the intermolecular attractive forces are strong
enough to lock molecules in place (high order).
Are they temperature
dependent? 4 Ion - Ion Interactions in the Gas Phase The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds.
16 kJ/mol (to separate molecules)
+ - + -
431 kJ/mol (to break bond)
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule. 6
Types of Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
7 1. IONIC FORCES • The forces holding ions together in ionic solids are electrostatic forces. Opposite charges attract each other. • These are the strongest intermolecular forces. Ionic forces hold many ions in a crystal lattice structure. IONIC FORCES Ion - Ion Interactions in the Gas Phase A small representative bit of a sodium chloride lattice exploded version of a sodium chloride lattice NaCl(s) 2. DIPOLE FORCES • Polar covalent molecules are sometimes described as "dipoles", meaning that the molecule has two "poles". a. Dipole-dipole • attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between molecules that possess dipole moments. • The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force.
15 16 Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
Dipole-dipole forces: (polar molecules)
+ .. S .. dipole-dipole attraction O O .. : - -
+ .. S .. O O .. : - -
17 Polar molecules have dipole-dipole attractions for one another.
+HCl----- +HCl-
dipole-dipole attraction 18 b. ion-dipole forces • attract an ion (either a cation or an anion) and a polar molecule to each other. • Important in solutions of ionic substances • Stronger than a dipole-dipole force.
19 20 What interaction happen in non-polar molecules?
induced dipole because
the separation of positive and negative charges in the atom (or nonpolar molecule) is due to the proximity of an ion or a polar molecule. Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
London dispersion forces: (instantaneous dipole moment)
( also referred to as van der Waal’s forces) attraction
- + - +
“electrons are shifted to overload one side of an atom or
molecule”. 22 3. London Dispersion Forces • Forces between essentially non-polar molecules are the weakest of all intermolecular forces. • "Temporary dipoles" are formed by the shifting of electron clouds within molecules. • Instantaneous dipole vs induced dipole
23 Non-polar Molecule Fluctuating Dipole in a Non-polar Molecule
These instantaneous dipoles may be induced and
stabilized as an ion or a polar molecule approaches the non-polar molecule. Ion - Induced Dipole Interaction Dipole - Induced Dipole Interaction Induced dipoles interacting with each other.
Such patterns exist only momentarily
new arrangements are formed in the next instant.
28 polarizability: the ease with which an atom or molecule can be distorted to have an instantaneous dipole. “squashiness”
In general big molecules
are more easily polarized than little ones.
little Big and
“squashy”
29 Halogen Boiling Pt Noble Gas Boiling Pt (K) (K)
F2 85.1 He 4.6
Cl2 238.6 Ne 27.3
Br2 332.0 Ar 87.5
I2 457.6 Kr 120.9
Which one(s) of the above are most polarizable?
Hint: look at the relative sizes. 30 3. HYDROGEN BONDING
• A hydrogen bond is the attractive force
between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. • Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. Types of intermolecular forces (between neutral molecules):
Hydrogen bonding: cases of very strong dipole-dipole
interaction (bonds involving H-F, H-O, and H-N are most important cases).
+H-F- --- +H-F-
Hydrogen bonding 32 HYDROGEN BONDING • The electronegative atom must have one or more unshared electron pairs as in the case of oxygen and nitrogen, and has a negative partial charge.
• The hydrogen, which has a partial positive
charge tries to find another atom of oxygen or nitrogen with excess electrons to share and is attracted to the partial negative charge. 36 Intermolecular Forces Affect Many Physical Properties
The strength of the
attractions between particles can greatly affect the properties of a substance or solution. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 1. Surface Tension • the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area • Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces also have high surface tensions. 38 Surface Tension
Surface tension results
from the net inward force experienced by the molecules on the surface of a liquid. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 2. Capillarity or capillary action • shows water rising spontaneously in a capillary tube. A thin film of water adheres to the wall of the glass tube. 40 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 1. Cohesion, which is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules (in this case, the water molecules). 2. adhesion, is an attraction between unlike molecules, such as those in water and in the sides of a glass tube
41 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
42 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS Viscosity • a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows. • The viscosity of a liquid usually decreases as temperature increases.
43 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS Viscosity • Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces have higher viscosities than those that have weak intermolecular forces
44 Viscosity • Resistance of a liquid to flow is called viscosity. • It is related to the ease with which molecules can move past each other. • Viscosity increases with stronger intermolecular forces and decreases with higher temperature.
