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MICROCONTROLLERS

What is a Microcontroller?

An 8 or 16 bit microprocessor.
A little measure of RAM.
Programmable ROM and flash memory.
Parallel and serial I/O.
Timers and signal generators.
Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion

How are Microcontrollers Classified?

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Types of Microcontrollers

Classification According to Number of Bits

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Classification According to Memory Devices

Embedded memory microcontroller

External memory microcontroller

Classification According to Instruction Set

CISC: Mov AX, 4 RISC: Mov AX, 0

Mov BX, 2 Mov BX, 4
ADD BX, AX Mov CX, 2
Begin ADD AX, BX
Loop Begin

Classification According to Memory Architecture

Harvard memory architecture microcontroller

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Princeton memory architecture microcontroller

5 Applications of Microcontrollers

Mobile Phones
Auto Mobiles
Washing Machines
Cameras
Security Alarms

4 Types of Microcontrollers

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Program Memory of 8051

And

Data Memory of 8051

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Renesas Microcontroller

Renesas

Pin Description:

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Features and Benefits of the RX Microcontrollers

Low power consumption is realized using multi-core technology
Support for 5V operation for industrial and appliance designs
Scalability from 48 to 145 pins and from 32KB to 1MB flash memory, with 8KB of data flash memory inclu
Integrated safety feature
An integrated rich function set of 7 UART, I2C, 8 SPI, comparators, 12-bit ADC, 10-bit DAC and 24-bit AD
which will reduce system cost by integrating most functions

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Application of Renesas Microcontroller:

Industrial automation
Communication applications
Motor control applications
Test and measurement
Medical applications

AVR Microcontrollers

Difference between 8051 and AVR Controllers:

8051s are 8-bit controllers based on CISC architecture, AVRs are 8-bit controllers based on RISC archite
8051 consumes more power than AVR microcontroller
In 8051, we can program easily than the AVR microcontroller
The speed of AVR is more than the 8051 microcontroller

Classification of AVR Controllers:

TinyAVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications
MegaAVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (up to 256 KB), highe
inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex applications
XmegaAVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require large program memory and hig

Features of AVR Microcontroller:

16KB of In-System Programmable Flash
512B of In-System Programmable EEPROM
16-bit Timer with extra features
Multiple internal oscillators
Internal, self-programmable instruction flash memory up to 256K
In-system programmable using ISP, JTAG or high voltage methods
Optional boot code section with independent lock bits for protection
Synchronous/asynchronous serial peripherals (UART/USART)
Serial peripheral interface bus (SPI)
Universal serial interface (USI) for two/three-wire synchronous data transfer

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Watchdog timer (WDT)

Multiple power-saving sleep modes
10-bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels
CAN and USB controller support
Low-voltage devices operating down to 1.8v

Features of ATmega328:
28-pin AVR microcontroller
Flash program memory of 32kbytes
EEPROM data memory of 1kbytes
SRAM data memory of 2kbytes
I/O pins are 23
Two 8-bit timers
A/D converter
Six channel PWM
In built USART
External Oscillator: up to 20MHz

Pin Description of ATmega328:

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AVR

Typical Circuit of AVR Microcontroller:

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Applications of AVR Microcontroller:

PIC Microcontroller

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Features of PIC16F877

High-performance RISC CPU

Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH program memory
35 Instructions (fixed length encoding-14-bit)
368×8 static RAM based data memory
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
Three addressing modes (direct, indirect, relative)
Power-on reset (POR)
Harvard architecture memory
Power saving SLEEP mode
Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
High sink / source current: 25mA
Accumulator based machine

Peripheral Features:
3 Timer/counters (programmable pre-scalars)

Two capture, compare, PWM modules

10-bit 8 channel analog-to-digital converter

USART with 9-bit address detection
Synchronous serial port with master mode and I2C Master/Slave
8-bit parallel slave port

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Analog Features:
10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Comparator module (Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and comparator output
externally accessible)

Pin Description of PIC16F877A:

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Advantages of PIC:
It is a RISC design
Its code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typically less program memory than its larger c
It is low cost, high clock speed

A Typical Application Circuit of PIC16F877A:

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