Greek Coinage: K. Rutter
Greek Coinage: K. Rutter
Greek Coinage: K. Rutter
RUTTER
GREEK COINAGE
SHIRE ARCHAEOLOGY
Cover photograph
Facing head of Apollo on a tetradrachm of Katane,
Sicily, c 405 BC.
(Photograph: Hunterian Museum.)
Maps by D. A. Darton. Fig. 2 drawn
by David J. Eveleigh.
Published by
SHIRE PUBLICATIONS LTD
Cromwell House, Church Street, Princes Risborough,
Aylesbury, Bucks, HP17 9AJ, UK.
Series Editor: James Dyer
\ ANVIL
I
'Attic', was used, in which the principal denomination was the
tetradrachm, weighing approximately 17.4 grams. The co-exist-
ence of several independent standards'obviously caused practical
difficulties in the handling and exchange of coins. With a few
notable exceptions coins did not travel very far from their home .
area. But although the difficulties were substantial, they were not
insuperable. Moneychangers plied their trade, and there is some
evidence for the issue of coins designed partly to assist exchanges
between different weight systems.
All the coins illustrated in this book were produced by striking,
the procedure being as follows. When metal of the required
quality had been prepared, the first task was to create the blanks,
or flans, of metal, of suitable shape and correct weight. The
normal method used to achieve this was casting. The dies were.
made either from a specially hardened bronze or from iron and
were hand-engraved in negative (or intaglio), often with remark-
able detail. Individual engravers are usually anonymous, though
at certain times and in certain places they were in the habit of
signing their work. For example, the names are known of several
engravers who worked for Sicilian cities in the years around 400
(e.g. Herakleidas, plate 5, number 5; Euainetos, plate 7, number
1).To convert the metal blank into a coin, one of the dies, which
The character of Greek coinage 15
was to produce the obverse of the coin, was fixed in an anvil, and
the blank was placed on top of it (fig. 2). The other die (which
was to produce the reverse), at first a simple punch, later an
engraved die, was placed over the blank and was hit with a
hammer, so producing the finished coin. No special implements
were required for coining, simply the 'anvil and hammer and well
made pincers' used by the Homeric goldsmith to gild the horns of
a sacrificial heifer (Odyssey 3, 434).
The process could, however, go wrong. Too forceful a blow on
the upper die might cause the metal of the blank to spread and to
well up around the die, and even to split, thus producing a coin of
irregular shape. Sometimes either blank or dies might slip,
causing a blurring of one or both images. The dies, subject to
repeated sharp blows, deteriorated with use; even if they did not
break, they could develop minor cracks, which are frequently
detectable on the coins they stamped. However, the hand-
engraving of the dies and the hand-striking of each coin ensures
their individuality as manufactured objects which are often of
great charm and beauty.
The types of Greek coins are very varied but can be classified
under five main heads. First, many cities chose to honour their
patron deities on coins, often in association with objects
appropriate to the cult. For example, Hermes is the regular
obverse type on coins of Ainos, on the north coast of the Aegean
(plate 2, number 1).On the coinage of Elis, in whose territory the
Olympic Games took place every four years, the divinities shown
were either Zeus, in whose honour the games were held, or Hera,
his consort, who also had a temple at Olympia (plate 2, number
3)
'
A second group of types includes personalities or animals from
myths and legends closely associated with a city. Thus coins of
Corinth and the cities founded by her frequently depict the
winged horse Pegasus, who was believed to have been tamed at
Corinth by the hero Bellerophon with the help of Athena;
Pegasus, it was said, struck the rock of Acrocorinth with his hoof,
this opening the spring Peirene (plate 2, number 3; note, in the
- . -a,single letter, koppa, the initial letter of the
field below Pegasus,
issuing city, Corinth).
Thirdly, local products sometimes figure as coin types. The ear
of barley on coins of Metapontion, founded on the coastal plain
of southern Italy, recalls the agricultural wealth of the surround-
ing area in ancient times (plate 2, number 4). The leaf of the
selinon (wild celery), adopted as the type of Selinous in Sicily,
16 Greek Coinage
belongs to this class of local product types but shares too some of
the character of a fourth group of canting or punning types,
where the name of the object shown refers to the name of the city
(plate 2, number 5). Such a type was sometimes sufficient to
indicate the origin of a coin, as at Selinous, but in other cases
appeared with the name of the issuing city, as at Rhodes, where
one of the types was usually a rose (Greek: rhodon) (plate 2,
number 6 )
Fifthly, after the death of Alexander the Great in 323, rulers of
the various kingdoms that were carved out of his empire began
the practice, taken up in the Roman empire and continued in
modern times, of placing their portraits on their coins. (Some of
these are illustrated and discussed in chapter 6.)
The variety of Greek coin types is not limited to these five
categories. Apart from the punch marks mentioned above and
the pictorial types illustrated already, an arrangement of letters
or a monogram may inform us about the origin of a coin, as well
as giving other details such as the name of a magistrate. Thus the
reverse of a coin of the Achaean League features the first two
Greek letters of Achaea (alpha and chi) in monogram form (plate
2, number 7).
Not all Greek coins were well struck, and not all coin dies were
engraved by master craftsmen. But the careful study of a
representative selection of Greek coins, ranging widely in time
and place, permits direct contact with the Greek world in all its
variety of cults and traditions.
TYRRHENIAN
phase of the coinage this type was coupled with a long series of
heads of divinities and heroes, for example Demeter, goddess of
the fruits of the earth, with a wreath of barley in her hair (plate 4,
number 1) and Athena, shown in warrior guise, wearing a crested
Corinthian helmet (plate 4, number 2). Athena was particularly
favoured as a coin type by south Italian cities, for example at
Herakleia, established in 433 on a site further along the coast
again from Metapontion. Herakleia was a joint foundation of
Thourioi (founded with Athenian support in 443, on the site of
the destroyed Sybaris) and Taras, and this dual origin is reflected
Plate 3. COINS OF ITALY (1)
1. Sybaris, silver stater, later sixth century. Obverse and reverse: bull turning head.
Hunter 2. 2. Sybaris, silver third-stater, later sixth century. Obverse and reverse: bull
turning head. Hunter 4. 3. Poseidonia, silver stater, later sixth century. Obverse and
reverse: Poseidon wielding trident. Hunter 2. 4. Taras, silver stater, c 470-460. Obverse:
dolphin-rider. Reverse: wheel. Hunter 1. 5. Taras, silver stater, 302-281. Obverse:
horseman. Reverse: dolphin-rider, waves beneath. Hunter 70.6. Taras, gold stater, c 300.
Obverse: head of Hera. Reverse: young jockey crowned by Nike (Victory). Hunter 21.
Coins of south Italy and Sicily 21
Greek Coinage
in the types of many of the city's coins (plate 4, number 3). The
regular obverse type of its staters was a head of Athena wearing a
crested helmet (here the head is facing), while the reverses
tended to show the Dorian hero Herakles, after whom the city
was named. There is no mistaking him on this coin as, club in
hand, he performs one of his twelve labours, the strangling of the
Nemean lion.
On the west coast of Italy Athena was a popular choice of type
at Elea, founded about 540 by refugees from Phokaia in Asia
Minor (plate 4, number 4), and also in Campania, the hinterland
of Naples. It was in Campania that Greeks from Euboia first
settled in the west in the middle of the eighth century, initially on
the island of Ischia (called by them Pithekoussai), then at Kyme
on the coast of the mainland opposite. Kyme was the first
Campanian city to issue coins, early in the fifth century, and it
was soon followed by its daughter city Neapolis (Naples). Both
mints adopted Athena as a type at various times during the fifth
century and at the beginning of the fourth.
Another group of coins illustrates well the blend of cultures in
Campania at that time. The Hyrians were a Samnite people
whose coin types are entirely Greek in character: on the obverse
a head of Athena, on the reverse a man-faced bull, probably
representing a river god (plate 4, number 5). Their name,
Hyrinai, however, uses an Oscan letterform for R. From
approximately the same period, coins of the people of Nola, .
again with obverse head of Athena and reverse man-faced bull,
are entirely Greek in appearance, even down to the alphabet
used (plate 4, number 6), but the Nolans for whom they were
minted were Italian, not Greek. In the fourth century and later,
Neapolis issued coins with some fine female heads on the
obverses, in addition to those bearing a head of Athena (plate 4,
number 7).
The main reason why Greeks chose Campania for their first
settlements in Italy was its proximity to Etruria and its resources,
Plate 4. COINS OF ITALY (2)
1. Metapontion, silver stater, c 290-280. Obverse: head of Demeter. Reverse: ear of
barley. Hunter 41. 2. Metapontion, silver stater, c 212-207. Obverse: head of Athena.
Reverse: ear of barley. Hunter 55. 3. Herakleia, silver didrachm, early fourth century.
Obverse: head of Athena, three-quarters facing. Reverse: Herakles fighting lion. Hunter
8. 4. Elea, silver didrachm, c 400. Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: lion leaping on stag.
Hunter 15. 5. Hyria, silver didrachm, c 400. Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse:
man-faced bull. Hunter 14. 6. Nola, silver didrachm, c 400. Obverse: head of Athena.
Reverse: man-faced bull. Hunter 6. 7. Neapolis, silver didrachm, c 375. Obverse: head of
Parthenope. Reverse: man-faced bull crowned by Nike. Hunter 4. 8.-Populonia, silver
20-unit piece, c 225-200. Obverse: Gorgon's head. Reverse: two caducei. Hunter 1.
Coins of south Italy and Sicily 23
Greek Coinage
especially of metals. In return Greek manufactured goods poured
into Etruria, along with elements of social and commercial
organisation such as the alphabet and the practice of coinage.
Etruscan coins sometimes adopt a very rare form in which the
reverse is smooth and blank, but the specimen illustrated (plate 4,
number 8), from Populonia, on the coast opposite Elba, has the
normal two types: on the obverse a Gorgon's head, below which
are marks of value (X X, standing for twenty units; one of the
letters is off the coin), and on the reverse two caducei placed
parallel.to each other, but in opposite directions. (The caduceus
was a staff carried by the Greek god Hermes; its significance in
this Etruscan context is not clear.)
Greeks began to settle in Sicily from about 735, and they built
there a civilisation whose monuments still excite the imagination.
It was a civilisation of contrasts, in which brilliant advances were
achieved against a background of almost continuous warfare and
cruelty. As in Italy the Greek settlements were founded from a
variety of states in the homeland. There were two main groups,
one in the north-eastern part of the island, where towns like
Naxos, Zankle (later Messana), Leontinoi and Katane were
largely of Euboean origin, and a second group, mainly in the
south and west, founded by a variety of Dorian colonists, for
example Syracuse (by Corinthians) and Gela (by Rhodians and
Cretans).
~ a x o smarks the natural landfall for travellers approaching
Sicily from the southern tip of Italy and was the first Greek .
from about 470, the obverse type is a quadriga, this time with the
horses crowned by Victory flying above. The reverse type is the
forepart of a man-faced bull, representing the river god Gelas. At
Akragas, founded from Gela early in the sixth century, the
favoured types were on the obverse an eagle, on the reverse a
crab (plate 6, number 1). Between about 483 and 472, the crab
a pears on the reverse of didrachms of Himera (plate 6, number
f'
2 , reflecting a period of domination of Himera by Theron, tyrant
of Akragas (a rare example, for this date, of the influence of
known historical circumstances on the choice of a coin type). The
obverse type of these didrachms is a cock, which had been
established as the badge of Himera on the earlier coinage of the
city (plate 6, number 3).
At Syracuse coinage began in the late sixth century, and the
history of the mint can be traced in detail for several centuries.
The earliest coins establish themes which were to dominate the
coinage not only of Syracuse but of other Sicilian cities too: a
chariot and horses, and a female head. On early coins the head
appears within a small circle set in the centre of an incuse square
divided into quarters (plate 6, number 4), but it soon expands into
a full-sized type, surrounded by four dolphins (plate 6, numbers
5, 6 and 7). This is Arethusa, a local divinity whose freshwater
spring can still be seen beside the Great Harbour of Syracuse. It is
possible to follow the artistic development of her image over
many years. An especially fine representation of Arethusa, her
hair bound with a reed, occurs on the reverse of decadrachms
issued near the beginning of the fourth century, and signed by the
engraver Euainetos (plate 7, number 1).On the obverse of these
issues, in the exergue, that is the space below the chariot and its
galloping horses, a panoply of arms (helmet, shield, cuirass and
greaves) is laid out, prizes perhaps for success in the activity
depicted above. Syracusan Arethusa types like this one engraved
by Euainetos influenced the iconography of many later coin
types, including those of Carthaginian coins which were issued in
Sicily for military needs, especially the payment of mercenaries
(plate 7, number 2). Among the elements of the reverse design of
Plate 7. COINS O F SICILY (3)
1. Syracuse, silver decadrachm, early fourth century. Obverse: quadriga. Reverse: head of
Arethusa. Hunter 54. 2. Siculo-Punic, silver tetradrachm, c 320-310. Obverse: head of
Arethusa. Reverse: horse's head and palm tree. Hunter 9. 3. Syracuse, silver litra, c 460.
Obverse: female head. Reverse: cuttlefish. Hunter 12. 4. Himera, bronze hemilitron,
third quarter of fifth century. Obverse: Gorgon's head. Reverse: six pellets. Hunter 17.
5. Himera, bronze tetras, third quarter of fifth century. Obverse: Gorgon's head. Reverse:
three pellets. Hunter 18.
1
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Coins of south Italy and Sicily 29
I
I
30 Greek Coinage
this coin is a palm tree (Greek phoinix) and a Punic inscription
signifying 'people of the camp'.
So far att.ention has been focused on the larger denominations
of the coinages mentioned, but many mints issued a range of
smaller denominations too. An example from Syracuse has on the
obverse a female head and on the reverse a cuttlefish (plate 7,
number 3). It is a litra, which in Sicily was one fifth of a drachm, a
form of subdivision reflecting native rather than Greek tradition.
Furthermore, Sicilian cities were among the first to experiment
with coinage in bronze, which was issued in various denomina-
tions - the silver litra was divided into 12 bronze onkiai, or
ounces. Examples of a series from Himera show on the obverses a
Gorgon's head, on the reverses marks of value: six pellets for a
six-ounce piece (or hemilitron), three pellets for a three-ounce
piece (or tetras) (plate 7, numbers 4 and 5 respectively).
Coinage in classical Athens
Who issued coins and why? Who used them and how? For most
Greek cities there is little evidence a ~ a r tfrom the coins
themselves to suggest answers to these que'stions. One exception
is Athens, where a long-lasting and complex coinage and the
comparative wealth of literary and epigraphic material provide
information about the purpose and use of coins. This is especially
so in the fifth and fourth centuries, for which historians such as
Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon provide a detailed
framework of events, including from time to time information on
financial matters, for example rates of pay or movements of
bullion and coins. Speeches delivered in law courts mention
details of personal income and expenditure, savings and prices.
Among the playwrights, the comedians in particular refer
frequently to coins, prices, everyday buying and selling. Public
documents erected in stone for permanent display record
expenditure on specific projects and sometimes preserve regula-
tions affecting coinage. Some classes of objects, notably vases,
were often marked after firing with letters or figures indicating a
price. All this material has to be carefully evaluated for possible
distortions or exaggerations, and there are big gaps in our
information. Taken together however, these sources provide a
measure of insight into the monetary affairs of one Greek city.
Athenian coinage began in the middle of the sixth century, but
the main lines for future developments were laid down in the last
twenty years or so of that ckntury. At that time the silver
tetradrachm replaced the didrachm as the standard denomina-
tion, and.new types were introduced, abandoning the variety of
the earliest series, and restricted to a head of .Athens on the
obverse and an owl (Athena's bird) on the reverse; the origin of
the coins was made explicit by the inclusion of the first three
letters of the Athenians' name as part of the reverse design. This
is the beginning of the famous coinage referred to by Aris-
tophanes in his comedy Birds (produced in 414) as 'owls of
Laurion', which will 'build nests in purses and hatch little silver
pieces'. The 'owls' of Athens are a good example of the way in
which coins could be referred to by a characteristic type -
compare the 'colts' of Corinth. They were ultimately issued in a
wide range of denominations, on a standard known as 'Attic'
(table 1 and plate 8), providing a flexible medium of exchange
I
Greek coinage
Table 1. Denominations of silver coins struck at Athens.
normal weight expressed in drachms
(grams)
decadrachm 43.66 10
tetradrachm 17.44 4
didrachm 8.72 2
drachm 4.36 1
pentobolon 3.63 516
tetrobolon 2.90 213
triobolon (hemidrachm) 2.18 Y2
diobolon 1.45 113
trihemiobolion 1.09 %
obolos 0.72 116
tritemorion (or tritartemorion) 0.54 118
hemiobolion 0.36 1/12
trihemitetarternorion 0.27 1/16
tetartemorion 0.18 1/24
hemitetartemorion 0.09 1/48
100 drachms made up one mina, and 6,000 drachms (60 minae) made up one
talent. Both the mina and the talent were descriptions of weight or value of
silver, not actual coins.
which included very small values. However, not all the denomina-
tions listed in table 1 were struck together at any one time.
Decadrachms for example were issued on only one occasion (in
the 460s), and in the later part of the fifth century Athens minted
no didrachms and only a restricted number of drachms
Athenian coinage was overwhelmingly of silver until bronze
coins were introduced in the middle of the fourth century. There
was an emergency issue of gold coinage in 406, towards the end of
the Peloponnesian War; supplies of silver had almost run out, and
the gold plates of seven statuettes of Victory were melted down to
provide coins ranging from the stater, worth 24 silver drachms, to
the hemiobol, worth 1 silver drachm (plate 8, number 10, is a
specimen of this issue)
The level of output of Athenian coinage varied with the city's
circumstances and needs. Early in the fifth century production of
Plate 8. COINS O F ATHENS (FIFTH CENTURY)
1. Silver tetradrachm. Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: owl. Oxford. 2. Silver
didrachm. Obverse and reverse as number 1. Oxford.'3. Silver drachm. Obverse and
reverse as number 1. Oxford. 4. Silver hemidrachm (3 obols). Obverse: head of Athena.
Reverse: owl facing, between olive branches. Oxford. 5. Silver diobol(2 obols). Obverse:
head of Athena. Reverse: two owls facing each other, with olive sprig between. Oxford.
6. Silver trihemiobol (1%obols). Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: owl facing. Oxford.
7. Silver obol. Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: owl. Oxford. 8. Silver tritartemorion
(Y4 obol). Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: three olive leaves. Oxford. 9. Silver
hemiobol (lh obol). Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: owl. Oxford. 10. Gold stater.
Obverse: head of Athena. Reverse: owl. British Museum.
Coinage in classical Athens ' 33
34 Greek coinage
coins increased enormously, with growing expenditure on a
variety of civil and religious construction projects, defence works,
and the building and maintenance of a large fleet. Athens
possessed its own silver mines, and was ready to exploit them
constructively, thus laying the foundations for future successes.
7
Durin the occupation of Athens by the Persians under king
Xerxes 480) the Athenian mint was closed. When coinage
resumed, in 478 at the earliest, it was on a smaller scale than
before the Persian invasion, but in the late 450s the production of
coins began first to accelerate, then to outstrip earlier levels. The
background to this development was the leadership by Athens of
the Delian League, formed in 47817 by cities of the Aegean coasts
and islands to guard against future Persian aggression and to
recoup some of the losses sustained in the recent invasions. The
funds collected on the island of Delos to pay for League expenses
(for example, cash payments for naval service) were administered
from the start by Athenian officials, the hellenotamiai, and in 454
the money itself was transferred to the Athenian acropolis. This
move and the further decision, taken perhaps five years later, to
spend money contributed by the allies on public building projects
in Athens, enabled the Athenians to create a substantial financial
reserve, and to pay out large sums from it in the form of coinage.
It is impossible to give meaningful modern equivalents for
Athenian monetary values, but some examples of payments and
prices can give an idea of the relative scale of expenditure and the
relative values of goods that could be purchased.
Military activity was of fundamental importance in the eco-
nomy of fifth-century Athens, and regular payments were made
to those engaged in military service, whether as infantrymen or as
rowers in the fleet. During the Peloponnesian War (431-404) the
normal rate of pay for Athenian sailors was 3 obols per day,
though this rate could be higher if difficulties were expected, for
example in the provision of food while on campaign. Figures are
available for expenditure on specific operations: for example,
1,200 talents on the suppression of the revolt of Samos (440139)
and 2,000 talents on the siege of Potidaea between summer 432
and winter 430129.
Payments for state service such as the holding of office were a
feature of democratic life in the latter half of the fifth century,
and even more so in the fourth. Payment for service on juries was
probably introduced in the 450s, and for attendance at council
meetings at about the same time. There were six thousand
jurymen, and each was paid 2 (3 after 425) obols for every day on
Coinage in classical Athens
which he sat; members of the council received 5 obols a day in the
fourth century; payment of 1 obol for attendance at the assembly
was introduced soon after the democratic restoration (403); by
the late 390s it was 3 obols and later in the fourth century was
increased further to 1 or 1Y2 drachms.
The Periclean building programme in Attica in the fifth century
cost over 2,000 talents, and surviving building accounts, for
example those of the Parthenon running from 44716 to 43312,
record expenditure on purchases of materials, monthly salaries
(e.g. for architects), daily wages (e.g. to marble-quarry workers,
carters and drivers), and payments to sculptors working on the
figures of the pediments. The accounts preserved for the building
of the Erechtheum between 40918 and 40716 show that skilled
workmen were paid one drachm (sometimes 1%) per day; the
Parthenon accounts suggest that the pediment sculptors, who
received a total of 16,392 drachms one year, were not earning
much more than this, even though they were doing very skilled
work.
These are some of the purposes for which Athens issued coins.
Once in circulation, the coins acquired several functions: they
were spent by individuals in a variety of ways, or they could be
stored as savings. Many items for daily use could be bought for a
modest sum: salted fish for an obol each, the same amount for a
small measure of wine, for a toy, or for a small oil bottle. Food
prices, especially those of cereals, obviously fluctuated, but
wheat might reasonably cost 5 drachms per medimnos (52 litres),
barley 3 drachms per medimnos. Items of clothing could be more
expensive: up to 20 drachms for a new cloak of good quality, up
7
to 8 drachms for a pair of shoes. Slaves mi ht cost 150 to 200
drachms (more for a slave with special skills , land from 200 to
300 drachms per acre. Thus coinage was used in fifth-century
Athens in ways that are recognisable to us today. It was plentiful,
it was issued in a wide range of denominations, and it was familiar
among all social groups.
Coins of the Hellenistic kingdoms
So far, we have been examining a Greek world of independent
city-states. In the fourth century, however, this system began to
give way, in the eastern Mediterranean to the ambition of king
Philip I1 of Macedon (359-336) and of his son Alexander I11
(336-323), and in Italy and Sicily before the expanding power of
Rome.
At the time of his assassination in 336 Philip I1 dominated
Greece and was poised to invade the Persian empire. This
project was carried out by Alexander 111, who led his victorious
army of Macedonians and Greeks across Asia as far as the
Punjab. As a result, elements of Greek culture were introduced
to vast areas of western and central Asia, and the political
organisation of the Greek world itself was changed drastically and
irrevocably. Although the empire left by Alexander on' his death
in 323 did not long remain a single unit, the individual city-state
counted for little in the world of the territorial states carved out of
that empire by Alexander's successors (fig. 4). The selection of
coins in this chapter illustrates the course and some of the results
of these developments, and also introduces some of the personali-
ties who helped to shape events in what we now call the
Hellenistic age. The coin portrait is one of the notable achieve-
ments of this period. Few portraits of individuals, living or dead,
have been recognised on Greek coins before 400, and they are
rare too in the fourth century, but after Alexander's death it
became usual for rulers to issue coins with a portrait, either of
themselves or of a distinguished predecessor such as Alexander
or the founder of their own dynasty.
The kingdom of Macedon lay between the Balkans and the
Greek peninsula. In classical times its pastoral tribes were ruled
by a royal house which claimed descent from the mythical
Temenos, of Argos in the Peloponnese. Earlier kings had done
much for Macedonia, but it was Philip I1 who by a combination of
organisational and diplomatic skills made his kingdom a power to
be reckoned with. An important element in Philip's success was
his control and exploitation, after 356, of the gold and silver
mines of Mount Pangaion.
Silver coins were issued in a range of denominations, on the
standard employed by the Chalcidic League, whose capital,
Olynthus, was captured by Philip in 348. Tetradrachms bore on
Coins of the Hellenistic kingdoms 37
b
3
0
2 Pergarnurn
PARTH lA
Cyrene
Alexandria
Siwa l
Oas~se
EGYPT
I
Museums in other countries
Berlin State Museums (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin), Bodestras- I
se 1-3, 102 Berlin, German Democratic Republic. !
Cabinet of Coins (Cabinet des MBdailles), Bibliothbque I
I
Ii
Antiochus I11 Syria , head of 13.3 Hermes, head of 2.1
Antiochus IV Syria , head of 13.4 Horseman 3.5-6, 9.1-3, 9.6
Apollo, head of 5.4, 5.5, 9.3-4, 9.6 Horse's head and palm tree 7.2
Apollo, seated on ornphalos 12.3,13.3 Lion, head of 5.4
Arethusa, head of 6.4-7, 7.1-2 Lion and bull, foreparts of 1.2
Arsaces (Parthia), seated on throne Lion leaping on stag 4.4
12.4 Macedonian shield 11.3
Arsinoe I1 (Egypt), head of 14.6 Mithradates I1 (Parthia), bust of 12.4
Arsinoe 111 (Egypt), bust of 15.4 Mule car 5.3
Athena, head of 4.2-6, 8.1-10, 10.1, Nike Victory , on prow 11.1
10.5
Athena, in elephant-chariot 12.2
[ 1
Nike Victory , standing 10.1, 10.5
Olive leaves, three 8.8
Athena, seated 10.6, 13.1-2 Owl 8.1-4, 8.6-7, 8.9-10
Athena Alkidemos 11.3 Owls, two 8.5
Athena Promachos 14.1-2 Parthenope, head of 4.7
Barley, ear of 2.4, 4.1-2 Pegasus 1.5, 2.3
Biga 9.4 Pellets 7.4-5
Bow and club 9.5 Perseus (Macedon), head of 11.5
Bull, forepart of man-faced 5.6 Philetaerus (Pergamum), head of 13.2
Bull, man-faced 4.5-7 Philip V (Macedon), head of 11.4
Bull, standing 3.1-2 Poseidon, standing 11.2
Caducei, two 4.8 Poseidon, wielding trident 3.3, 11.1
Celery, leaf of 2.5 Ptolemy I (Egypt), head of 14.3-4
Cleopatra VII (Egypt), bust of 15.6 Ptolemy I and Berenike I (Egypt),
Club 9.7, 11.4 busts of 15.1
Club, bow and quiver 10.4 Ptolemy I1 and Arsinoe I1 (Egypt),
Cock 6.2-3 busts of 15.1
Ptolemy 111 Egypt , bust of 15.2
Cornucopiae 15.2, 15.4
Cornucopiae, double 14.6
Crab 6.1-2
( 1
Ptolemy IV Egypt , bust of 15.3
Ptolemy V (Egypt), bust of 15.5
Cuttlefish 7.3 Quadriga 5.5-6, 6.4-7, 7.1
Demeter, head of 4.1 Rose 2.6
Demetrius Poliorcetes, head of 11.2 Seleucus I (Syria , head of 13.1
Dionysus, head of 5.1
Dolphin 5.2 Sphinx 1.3
b
Silphium plant 1 .7
Dolphin-rider 3.4-5 Turtle 1..4
Eagle 6.1 Wheel 2.4
Eagle, standing on thunderbolt 11.5, Zeus, head of 9.1-2, 12.2, 14.5
14.3, 14.5, 15.3, 15.5-6 .Zeus, seated 10.2-3, 12.1, 13.4
Gorgon's head 4.8, 7.4-5 Zeus, standing 12.5
Grapes, bunch of 5.1 Zeus Ammon 10.7
Hare 5.3
General index
Incuse coins 18
Achaean League 16
Aigina 10, 13 Katane 26
Ainos 15 Kroton 18
Akragas 28 Kyme 22
Alexander I11 (Macedon) 13, 16, 36-8 Kyzikos 10
Anaxilas 26 Laurion 13, 31
Antigonus Gonatas 40-2 Leontinoi 26
Antigonus Monophthalmus 38-40 Lydia 9
Antiochus I (Syria) 42 Lysimachus 40
Antiochus I1 (Syria) 44 Macedonia 36
I 1
Antiochus I11 Syria 44-6
'
Antiochus IV Syria 46
Arsaces (Parthia) 44
Mercenaries 12, 28
Metals, weighed 8
Metapontion 15, 20
Arsinoe I1 (Egypt) 50 Naxos 24
Arsinoe I11 (Egypt) 50 Neapolis (Naples) 22
Athens 13, 31ff Nola 22
6
Attalus I Pergamum) 44
Attic stan ard 14, 20, 31,
37, 38, 48
Obverse 15
Parthenon 35
Parthians 44
Bactria 44 Peloponnesian War 34
Bronze coinage 13, 30, 32, 38
Campania 22
Carthaginians 18, 28
Chalcidic League 36, 37
Chios 10 Phoenicians 12
Cleopatra VII (Egypt) 50 Phokaia 22
Corinth 10, 15, 31 Populonia 24
Crete 13 Portraits 36
Croesus 10 Poseidonia 18
Cyprus 40, 48
Cyrene 40, 48
Delian League 34
Demetrius Poliorcetes 40
Dies 14-15
Diodotus (Bactria) 44 Reverse 15
Elea 22 Rhegion 26
Electrum 9 Rhodes 16
Elis 15 Rosetta stone 50
Engravers 14 Seleucus I (Syria) 42
Ephesos 10 Selinous 15
Erechtheum 35 State service 34-5
Etruscans 18, 24 Striking of coins 14-15
Euainetos 14, 28 Sybaris 18 '
Exergue 28 Syracuse 28
Gela 26-8 Taras 19
Gold coinage 13, 20, 32, 37, 38, 50 Theron of Akragas 28
Herakleia 20 Thourioi 20
Herakleidas 14, 26 Types 15-16
Himera 28 Weight standards 13-14, 19
Hyrians 22 Zankle (Messana) 26