The Wave Equation The boundary conditions u c o

,
t ) = o and u C L
,
t
) = o mean that the end

initial condition prescribes

points of the
string fixed The
fix

fu
Y ucsc )

graph
^

I
are .

,
o =
,
initial
The I boundary value
problem
initial condition
I L t
the initial shape of the
string . The utca ,
o
) =

g
ex )

Ux ,
=
Ute ,
0 < x a
,
> 0

the
*) • prescribes initial
velocity at each
point on the
string
I I
.

lo
,
t ) = o UCL t
) = o t > o
, , ,

initial value
Ul x
,
o
) =
fix ) , Ut ( x
,
o
) =
g
C x ) o Luc L To solve the / boundary problem # )
,
we
proceed as we did when

ucx we solved the heat

equation .

models vertical with

the
displacement ,
t ) of a
flexible string and
points
step I We
find a
fundamental set
of for the
solutions
boundary value problem
at x -
- o and x =L .
At
equilibrium ,
the
string is a
straight line
segment .

&

{
L t
U
Htt
C = O c x a > o
xx , ,
(* y
of separation
*
In
response
to
being plucked or struck ,
it starts
vibrating in the
y
.
direction .

Uco
,
t ) = o
,
u I L
,
t ) = o
To do that
,
we use the method

time
At
any t
,
the
of y = ucx ,
t )
gives
the
shape of the
string .

variables solutions the where

of looking for form
-

) x Cx ) Tt )
by
in ucx t = -

, ,

c > o is a constant related to the tension and linear density of the

string .

Iec ) is a
function of x only and Tct ) is a
function of t
only .

Differentiating
 Ttt
"
into c2u××= '
eigenvalue boundary problem with and

If
and ) Xx ) ) which value
substituting Utt get
c I TX (1) is
eigenvalues
=
we ex ,
upon
,
an -

, ,

dividing by TH ) leads to
at
tf
It
follows that both ratios
eigenfunctions (E) I
I
-

ties = are x =
,
a ) = sin I n x ) n
-
- I
2,3 . . .

, ,
,

¥If
' '
"

the T
equal to same constant Thus and t )
x a 7
say = = 2
-
- . -
,
, 2
tht
'

YI ) differential equation
2T Lt )
E)
C
, For 7 the &) becomes T
TA
every o
= = .

,
" "
'
which be written as A- I and T a) 7TH ) t
can
ex , + X ① = o
,
o exe L t c = o
,
> o
,

solution
Its
general is T It ) K
( I ) (c I ) where
n n
=
,
cos c t + K2 sin t
,
Ki ,
Kz
conditions
respectively .
The boundary ul o
,
t ) = o and uh ,
t ) = o become
solutions
Ico ) = o
are
arbitrary constants .
Hence a
fundamental set
of of
Ilo ) Tft ) = o and ILL ) The = O .

Assuming
Tct ) ¥0 ,
leads to
{ CE U xx
=
Uet
o s x c L t > o

{
, ,
* ¢, = ,
is
A)
⇐
value
for problem
t
Hence solution
IN Tct ) to be
of the
boundary U I )
U C L t O
) t ) >
0 o
uh t = a ,
= O =
,
, ,
, ,

c2U×× Utt
O ' "
! t > O

Ex )
=

(n (c E Cn t
It
{
) ( )
satisfy ) Ex
,
* * ) we need six , and Tct ) to sin cos n
,
sin sin en
,
n = I
,
2
,
3
,
. . .

uco t ) = o UCL 4=0

, , ,

"
-

X cx ) X # x ) LL

f
-
+ = o O a x
"
c'
,

(" 7TH
and 12 )
} T it ) +
= o
,
Loko
-

-
x I = o
,

respectively .
 f÷÷
step 2

Using
the
superposition principle look
for the solution
of
Iii
:*: ⇐ em

"
we
.
. .
, .
. .
⇒
C

Ect
L t
U xx
=
Uff ,
o L x a
,
> o
.

linear combination
form of
the

I
in a

=Z
" L
" " " "

::*
> o
.

the Fourier
b n sin
@
E x ) to be sine series
of f ⇐ ) ,
i. e.
,

envision
Ucsc o
) =
fix ) . . . . . . n = I

{ I ! fix )
, ,

bn sinkEx) dx n I 2 3
-

= -
.

,
. .

, , ,

fundamental
set of solutions
of the
,
i. e
,

N
and

Ibn
Ect
Cn
I )

Eat
Ict
ul ) sin ( Ex ) ( ) Pn ( Ex ) ( )
x t = n cos n sin n sin n
, +

÷ Ln
Ex ) the
n = I n
Ie e
Bn sin to be Fourier sine series
of g ,
i. e.
,
,

) @Ex ) ( bn ) Bn @Ict ) ) I Bn { I ! fix ) sinkEx) dx

uh t = sin sin e I 2 3
cos t n n
-

, = -
. . .

, , , ,

Then select
Ul xp ) =
fix )
coefficients {
we the bn and
P " meh that
and substitute back
we ↳ o ,
=g* ,
After computing bn pm into ucx
,
t ) to
get
We have

4. Cx , t ) = sin
@Ex ) ( - n
Ec bn sink
Ect ) + n
Ec pm cosy
Ict )
)
, ucx
,
t ) = sink D ( bn cos ( n
) +
pm sin ( n
) )
t
follows
 Example

EcEct
Utt
Result
solve the initial -

boundary value
problem for the wave
equation
The initial and value problem
boundary
9 Uxx =
Uet o L x <3 t > o

|
, ,

2
C U
xx
=
OL Kc L t
in each
of the
following cases

|
> o

494=0 43,4=0 t
,
> o
, ,
UCO t ) = O
UCL , t ) = o t > o
, , ,

Ul ) f L
Ucsc
,
o
) =
fix ) , Utlx ,
D=
gcxl ,
Oc xc3
Cx ) utlx ,0)=glx )
x 0 = o exc
, , ,

fix )
@ ) fix
b
a . = -

12
sin
Is x
, gcx )
= o .
) = o
, g
Cx )=
of
sin ( 3T x
)
for the wave
equation with
fixed endpoints has solution

all solution
form
a
In cases the has the
,

ucx.tl Z sin ( n
Ix ) ( bn cos
@ ) t
pm sin
( n )
)
( )
=

n =L ucx t ) = sink x ) a)
bnwsln tpn sin ( n'
Ect I
,

where bn =
2h I ! fix )
sinkI x ) dx ,
n =L
,
2,3 ,
. . .
and txt ith II 9 ⇒

N
c =3 and L =3
,
ulx
,
t ) becomes

Ulx t ) Z sin
Ex )
@ ( bn cost net ) Pn
sin
@ It )
)
f!
= +
,

DX
n
Bn =
I gcx ) tinyEx ) ,
n=l
,
2
,
3
,
. .
.
n = I

and a

Utlx ,
t ) =
Z sink} x
) ( - ntbn sin @It ) t ut
Bn cos Cnet )
)
4=1
 that

sink
a .
We select the
coefficients bn and
pn such that ucx.tt sortifies the b .
We select the
coefficients bn and
pm such ucx
,
t )
soitifies the

" 49=0
I
{
" " O
)

{
conditions " initial conditions
That's That's
equivalent
=

initial to
-

equivalent to

Utc x
,
0 ) = o
utcx ,
o )
=3 ,
sin a × ,

¥7 ¥? bn sin ( n
I x ) bn 4=1,2 3
@Is )
o

@
Ex
= o
bn )
/
=

be bn=o
I L
sin sin
. . .

= x n 't 2 , ,

/
-
= ,

{
-

|
, ,
⇒
⇒

hapu
sin
@
Ex ) =
?, sink 'D 9IBq= ? , pn=o ,
n 't 9
ne
Bn sin
@
Ex ) Bn o n=i 2
=o = . . .

, , ,
,

Thus bn 0 n
1,2 3
Bo, } Pn=0 ht 9
-
=
-
- - - . .

, , , , , ,
o
, , ,
Hence the solution is

N
The solution is then

Ulx
,
t )
=L sin
Ex )
@ ( bnws ( net ) +
Pn
sin
@ It )
) = -

f- sin
@
Et ) cos
@It )
n = I Ulxtt sin
Ex )
@ ( bn cost net ) +
Pn
sin
@ It )
)

@ }
2
= sin x ) .
sin It ) = sin tix ) sin It )
o
, , , 99 IT
 Gut
Example Uelx§ ( bn )

25in
and ,
t ) = sin @x ) -
3h sin @ht ) +
3hpm cos Gut )
solve the initial -

boundary value
problem for the wave
equation ,

3hpm
that
9
satifies
t select
coefficients such the

Ula
Uxx Utt L x < IT > the bn and )

tzcxat
o
We
pm
= o a ucx t

|
, ,
.

in each
of the
following cases
Ulx o
) (x ) sin ( 3×7
,t)=o
=
t

{
494=0
-
,

conditions
> o
initial That 's
equivalent to
, ,

uecx ) 5 sin @ )
fix
x
D=
o
Utlx
=
Ucsc ) ) it
get
o axe
o = ) ,
, , , ,
N

sink I bn sin @ x
) 2 sin ( x) sink ) b b3= bn
fix )
=
2 ( ) sin ) 2
-

a Sin x I
) ( 2x 't 1,3
n
) 5 0

glx
=

I
-

,
-

. = -
=
-

, ,

{
,
4=1

x
if ocxc
I § sin @ x
) = 5 sin
@ ×
) Gp2 = 5
, An -
-
o ,
n
-1-2

fix =/
,
b )
J
.
Cx ) = o
,
bn
b3=
If
Thus b
I -
X
if ,
= 2
,
-
I
, P2
=
,
= 0
,
n
I I
,
3
, Pn = O
,
n I 2

In both cases the solution is The solution is then

A

Wx
,
t ) =
Z sink I ) x
( bn cos
@ ) +
Ect
pm
sin
Ect ) )
@ Ulx
,
t ) sin
@x ) .
( bn cost 3 n t
) +
Pn
sin )
)
h =L

with c 2=9 ⇒ c =3 and L = I ulx t

) becomes = Sin (x ) b .

[email protected] t )
, , ,
.

ul x. t ) =
Z sin @ ) ( x bn cos ( 3h t ) +
Gutsin
pm ) ) = 2 sink ) wht ) +
5g
sin @x ) sink t ) - Sin ( 3×3 WSH t )
4=1
 that the solution
select
coefficients such
soitifies the

"! "
?
b We the bn and ucx.tt Hence is
.

pm
A

=/ if
×
"
conditions
!! Z Gn sin )
°
initial
'

ucx
,
→ =
fix ) and utlx ,
o ) = 0 Ul x. t ) = sin @ ) ( x bn cos ( 3h t ) + pm t )
IT
IT . × 542 4=1

That's
equivalent to

II
+9,2
IT
= sin In x
) ( sin (n 't )
cos font ) t O
)
" t

?!
"
¥ lot " ,
"
"
=
" " "
= ' "

I
"

N
⇒
sink )
-2
4
3h X ) = O
2,3
= sin ( n x ) cos font )
pm = 0 n =L . .

m2
-

, , ,
I
4=1

sinus
integration by parts
x
To
compute ,
we use

"

)
tushy
( I
I -

)dx+ ok
bn fi ) sin
x sink x
-

Hsin
! ( fizwsrxhfzsinlnx
)
tnzsinlnx
o -

t
-

III )
'

2) )
'
= , t win " -
""

* sin * ,

f-
# )
=
¥ Incest's It # sink It In
cost
It sink I
-
I
-

Lhcosfnx)
4
=

, n
,
sin (n 't ) o -

tnzsinlnx
)