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Machine Learning Solution

1) Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows systems to learn from experience and improve without being explicitly programmed. It is used for applications like traffic predictions, video surveillance, face recognition, and product recommendations. 2) Regression predicts continuous quantities while classification predicts discrete quantities. Regression uses root mean squared error for evaluation and classification uses accuracy. Regression predicts values based on past data while classification sorts data into categories. 3) A global optimum is the lowest possible value for a function over all possible inputs, while a local optimum is the lowest value in a nearby area but not necessarily lowest overall.

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179 views

Machine Learning Solution

1) Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows systems to learn from experience and improve without being explicitly programmed. It is used for applications like traffic predictions, video surveillance, face recognition, and product recommendations. 2) Regression predicts continuous quantities while classification predicts discrete quantities. Regression uses root mean squared error for evaluation and classification uses accuracy. Regression predicts values based on past data while classification sorts data into categories. 3) A global optimum is the lowest possible value for a function over all possible inputs, while a local optimum is the lowest value in a nearby area but not necessarily lowest overall.

Uploaded by

PRABHU PRASAD DEV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. a) Define Machine Learning and its applications.

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that


provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed.
Applications:
 Traffic Predictions
 Videos Surveillance
 Face Recognition
 Product Recommendations etc.
b) What is the difference between Regression and Classification.
Regression Classification
 It is the task of predicting a  It is the task of predicting a
continuous quantity. discrete quantity.
 Regression predictions can be  Classification predictions can be
evaluated using Root Mean evaluated using Accuracy.
Squared Error.
 It predicts a value based on past  It classifies data into different
data. categories.

c) Differentiate between Global Optima and Local Optima.


Global Optima Local Optima
 A  global optima is a point where  A local optima is a point
the function value is smaller than at where the function value is
all other feasible points. smaller than at nearby
points, but possibly greater
than at a distant point. 
d) Why Logistic Regression is used?
 Logistic regression  is the appropriate regression analysis to conduct when
the dependent variable is dichotomous (binary).
 Logistic regression is used to describe data and to explain the relationship
between one dependent binary variable and one or more nominal, ordinal,
interval or ratio-level independent variables.
e) What are the problems for which machine learning algorithms are suitable to
be used?

3) Use Perceptron Learning rule to train the network. The set of input training
vector are as follows:
1 0 -1
X1 = -2 X2= 1.5 X3= 1
0 -0.5 0.5
-1 -1 -1

And the initial weight vector


1
W1= -1
0
0.5

The learning constant C = 0.1 . The desired responses are d1 = -1, d2 = -1, d3 = 1.
Calculate the weight after one complete cycle.
4.
The values of y and their corresponding values of y are shown in the table below
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 2 3 5 4 6

a) Find the least square regression line y = a x + b.


b) Estimate the value of y when x = 10.
a) We use a table to calculate a and b.

x y xy x  2
0 2 0 0
1 3 3 1
2 5 10 4
3 4 12 9
4 6 24 16
Σx = 10 Σy = 20 Σx y = 49 Σx2  = 30

We now calculate a and b using the least square regression formulas for a and b.
a = (nΣx y - ΣxΣy) / (nΣx2 - (Σx)2) = (5*49 - 10*20) / (5*30 - 102) = 0.9
b = (1/n)(Σy - a Σx) = (1/5)(20 - 0.9*10) = 2.2

b) Now that we have the least square regression line y = 0.9 x + 2.2, substitute x
by 10 to find the value of the corresponding y.
y = 0.9 * 10 + 2.2 = 11.2

5.a)
What is Back-propagation Learning Algorithm., what is the object of the
learning? Does the Back Propagation learning algorithm guarantee to find the
global optimum solution?
 The algorithm is used to effectively train a neural network through a
method called chain rule. 
 In simple terms, after each forward pass through a network,
backpropagation performs a backward pass while adjusting the model’s
parameters (weights and biases).
 The objective is to learn the weights of the interconnections between
the inputs and the hidden units and between the hidden units and the
output units.
 The algorithms attempts to minimize the squared error between the
network output values and the target values of these outputs.
 The learning algorithm does not guarantee to find the global optimum
solution.
 It guarantees to find at least a local minimum of the error function.

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