Maharashtra Public Service Commission Assistant Engineer Examination Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Well Illustrated Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions LI [nae.cee | MADE EASY PublicationsEnvironmental Engineering Contents UNIT TOPIC Water Demand Sources of Water Supply — Conduits for Water Supply —- Quality Control of Water Supply Purification of Water Distribution System Design of Sewerage System and Sewer Appurtenances Quality and Characteristics of Sewage and Disposal of Sewage ————————- Sewage Treatment Sewage Collection From Houses and Buildings Solid Waste Management Airand Noise Pollution ~CHAPTER Water Demand 1.1. Introduction Following Operations are Necessary for a Water Supply Scheme Water Collection ()) Assessment of water demand, (i) Precipitation and design of surface reservoirs (i) Ground water development Water Transportation Water Treatment (Water quality parameters (i) Control of Water quality parameters Water Distribution 1.2. Water Demand Estimation of demand for water is the key parameter in planning a water supply scheme, The agriculture sector consumes more than 80 percent of total waler potential created in our country. The remaining portion is utilized to meet domestic, industrial and other demands, The improvement in life-style and associaled industial development of a nation push up the per capita demand for water 1.3 Various Types of Water Demand 1.3.1 DomesticWater Demand w ‘The total domestic water consumption usually amounts to 50 to 60% of the total water consumption. ‘The L.S. Code lays down a limit of water consumption between 135 to 225 litre per capita per day (pea), Under ordinary conditions (as per |.S. code) the minimum domestic water demand for a town or a city with full flushing system should be taken at 200 [ped. Although it can be reduced to 135 ped for economically weaker sections and LIG colonies (Low Income Group) depending upon prevailing conditions. Minimum domestic water Consumption (Annual Average) for Indian Towns and Cities with Full Flushing Systems as per 1172-1993132 Civil Engineering MPsc Use Consumptions (Iped) Drinking 5 Cooking 5 Bathing 75 Washing of clothes 5 Washing of utensils 16 Washing and cleaning of houses and residences 16 Lawn watering and gardening 1 Flushing of water closets, etc., 45 Total 200 (i) Minimum domestic water Consumption (Annual Average) for Weaker Section and LIG Colonies in ‘Small Indian Town s and Cilies Use ‘Consumptions (Iped) Drinking 5 Cooking 5 Bathing 55 Washing of clothes 2 Washing of utensils 10 Washing and cleaning of houses and residences 10 Flushing of water closets, etc 20 Total 135) Industrial Water Demand he industrial water demand represents the water demand of industries which are either existing or likely to be start 3d in future, in the city for which water supply is being planned. his quantity varies with the number and types of industries present in the city. This consumption, under ordinary conditions is 50 Iped, Water Required by Certain Important Industries Name of Unit of ‘Approximate Quantity of Water required Industry Production per unit of production/raw material in kilo litros 1. Automobiles Vehicle 40 2. Fertilizers Tonne 80-200 3. Leather TTonne (or 1000 kg) 40 (or) 4. Paper Tonne 200 - 400 5. Petroleum Refinery | Tonne (Crude) 1-2 6. Sugar Tonne (Crushed cane) 1-2 7. Textile ‘Tone (goods) 80-140 8. Distillery (Alcohol) | kilo ire 122-170MADE EASY Environmental Engineering Water Demand 3 Publeatons 1.3.3 _ Institutional and Commercial Water Demand ‘© The water requirements of institutions such as hospitals, hotels, restaurants, schools and colleges, rallway station etc, should also be assessed and provided for in addition to domestic and industria water demands discussed above, * Onan average, a per capita demand of 20 Iped is usually considered to be enough to meet such ‘commercial and institutional water requirements. Although this demand may be as high as 50 locd for highly commercialised cities. Water demand of certain commercial establishment () Offices 45 Iped (i) Schools 4510 136 Iped (ii) Hostels 138 Ipod (iv) Hotels 180 Ipod (¥) Hospitats 450 Iped (vi) Cinema halls 15 Ipod 1.3.4 Demand for Public Uses This includes water requirement for parks, gardening, washing of roads etc. On this account a nominal amount not exceeding 5% of the total consumption may be provided, 135. FireDemand + The quantity of water required for extinguishing fire is not very large, the total amount of water consumption for a city of 50 lakh population hardly amounts to 1 Iped. But this water should be easily available and kept always stored in storage reservoirs. ‘+ Three jet streams are simultaneously thrown from each hydrant; one on the burning property, and one each on adjacent property on either sides of the burning property. The discharge of each stream should be about 1100 litres/minute, ‘+ The minimum water pressure available at fire hydrants should be of the order of 1 to 1.5 kg/cm? and should be maintained even after 4 to § hours of constant use of fire hydrant. Rate of fire demand is worked out by following formulas 1. Kuichling’s Formul Q= 3182VP Where, Q= Amount of water required in Iitres/minute ; P= Population in thousands. 2. Freeman Formult a= re E+ 10] 3. National Board Formula: (A) Fora central congested high valued city (), When population <2 lakhs: Q= 4637VP[1-0.0WP] (i) When population > 2 lakhs: A provision for 54600 litres per minute may be made with an additional provision of 9100 to 36400 litres/minute for a second fire, (8) Fora residential city (). For small or low buildings: @ = 2200 itres/minute. (i) Forlarge or higher buildings: Q = 4500 litesiminute 4, Buston’s Formula: Q= s663VP Pand Qhave the same meaning as above.4 Civil Engineering psc MADE EASY NOTE = Forindian conditions only 2-8 hours storage is fairly adequate where as for USA5- - 6 hours storage is needed. = Above formula are not related to type of district served which give same results for industrial and non industria cities, however industrial cities are more prone to fir. [FEZEEEEEDE compute the ‘fire demand’ for a city of 2 lakh population by any two formulae (including that of the National Board of Fire Underwriters) Solution: (i). Therate of fre demand as per National Board of Fire Underwriters Formula for a central congested city whose population is less than or equal to 2 Lakh is given by @ = 46970P[1-00nF] = 4697/200[1- 001/200] (ii) Kuchling’s formula, Q = 3182VP = 3182V2001/min; A = 45000.27 lim = 1.08 MLD 4.8 MLD 1.3.6 Water Demand for losses & theft This may be as high as 15% of total demand 1.4 Percapita Demand (q) is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts ete Mathematically: Total yearly water requirement of the city in litres (V) 365 x design population q 1.4.1 Factors Affecting Water Demand or Percapita Demand Total water demand is affected by following factors. 1, Size ofthe Demand increases with size of city. fable: 1.1 Variation in Per Capita Demand (@) ‘with population in India Per Capita Demand in S.No. Population lLeersidayrPerwon 1 Less than 20000 110 2 20000 - 50000 110-150 3 150000 - 2 Lakhs: 150-240 4, 2 Lakhs - 5 Lakhs 240 - 275 5. 5 Lakhs - 10 Lakhs 275-335 6 (Over 10 Lakhs 335 - 360 © Above figures can have varialion up to 25% * LS. code permits maximum value of 335 Iped for Indian condition,MADE EASY Environmental Engineering Water Demand 5 Publeatons 2. ClimaticConditions Athotter and dry places, the consumption of wateris generally more, because more of bathing, clearing, alr-coolers, ait-conditioning etc. are involved. Similarly, in extremely cold countries, more water may be consumed, because the people may keep thelr taps open to avoid freezing of pipes and there may be more leakage from pipe joints since metals contract with cold 3. Typesof Gentry and Habits of People Rich and upper class communities generally consume more water due to their affluent living standards 4. Industrial and Commercial A ies The pressure of industrial and commercial activities at a particular place increase the water consumption by large amount. 5. Quality of Water Supplies I the quality and taste of the supplied water is good, it wll be consumed more, because in that case, people will not use other sources such as private wells, hand pumps, etc. Similarly, certain industries such as boiler feeds, etc., which require standard quality waters will not develop their own supplies and will use public supplies, provided the suppliod water is upto their required standards. 6. _Pressurein the Distribution Systems I the pressure in the distribution pipes is high and sufficient to make the water reach at 2 or even 4 storage, water consumption shall be definitely more. This water consumption increases because of two reasons: (People living in upper storage will se water freely as compared to the case when water is available scarcely to them, (i) The losses and waste due to leakage are considerably increased if their pressure is high. For example, ifthe pressure increase trom 20 m head of water (i.e. 200 kN/m?) to 30 m head of water (ie. 300 kN/m?), the losses may go up by 20 to 30 percent 7. Development of Sewerage Facilities The water consumption will be more, ifthe city is provided with ‘flush system’ and shall be less ifthe old ‘conservation system of latrines is adopted 8. System of Supply Water may be supplied either continuously for all 24 hours of the day, or may be supplied only for peak period during moming and evening. The second system, i.e. intermittent supplies, may lead to some saving in water consumption due to losses occurring for lesser time and a more vigilant use of water by the consumers, 9. Costof Water { the water rales are high, lesser quantity may be consumed by the people. This may not lead to large savings as the affluent and rich people are little affected by such policies. 10. Policy of Metering and Method of Charging When the supplies are metered, people use only that much of water as much is required by them. Although metered supplies are preferred because of lesser wastage, they generally lead to lesser water consumption by poor and low income group, leading to unhygienic conditions.6 Civil Engineering psc MADE EASY Factors Affecting Losses and Wastes: The various factors on which losses depend and the measure to control them are below: () Water Tight Joints, (i) Pressure in the Distribution system (ii) System of supply (iv) Metering (¥)_ Unauthorized connections NOTE = In intermittent supply system, water is generally stored by consumers in tanks, ry ‘drums etc, for non-supply periods. This water is thrown away by them even iftunutilised 28 s00n as the lish suppl is restored. This increase the wastage and losses considerably. = Cost of water is inversely proportional to consumption of water. = Theloss of wastes due to leakage are considerably increased if pressure is high. 1.42 Variation in the demand Smaller towns have more variation in the demand, The shorter the period of draft, the greater is the departure from the mean. (A) Maximum daily Consumption: Maximum daily consumptior 1.8 x Avg. daily consumption = 1.8 q (B) Maximum hourly consumption: + This is taken as 150% of its average. + Maximum hourly consumption of maximum daly (Peak Demand) =1.6x[ .8«-2.] -27( 2) (C) Maximum weekly demand: Maximum week’y consumption = 1.48 x Avg, weekly ~ 27 (Annual average hourly demand) (D) Maximum monthly demand: Maximum monthly consumption = 1.28 x Avg. monthly NOTE = Good rich’ formulato find peak demand to average demand ratio Ie p= 180-7 where p = percent of the annual average draft for the time tin days. Maximum daly demand _ 194, * “Average dally demand . Maximumweekly demand _ 4 499, ‘Average weekly demand __ Mexinummonthly demand _ 99, ‘Average monthly demand 1.5 Coincident Draft For general community purposes, the total draft is not taken as the sum of maximum hourly demand and fire-demand, but is taken as sum of maximum daily demand and fire demand or the maximum hourly demand, which ever is more. The maximum daily demand when added to the fire demand is known as the ‘coincident draftMADE EASY Environmental Engineering Water Demand 7 [EEEEIRENE 4 water supply scheme has to be designed for a city having a population of 1,00,000. Estimate the Important kinds of drafts which may be required to be recorded for an average water consumption of 260 ped. Also record the required capacities of the major components of the proposed water works system for the city using a river as the source of supply. Assume suitable data. Solutior (Average daily draft = (per capita average consumption in itre/person/day) x population = 250 x 1,00,000 litres/ciay = 250 x 10° ltres/day = 25 MLD (i) Maximum daily draft may be assumed as 180% of annual average daily draft Maximum daily draft = FeelesMtg] = 45MLD (ii) Maximum houry drat ofthe maximum day: It may be assumed as 270 percent of annual average hourly drat or Maximum houty daft of maximum day = £72 [26 Md] (iv) Fite flow may be worked out from 7.5 MLD @ = 469~NP[1-00NF] = «697V700[1-00NTOO] = 41738 Areinin vine P= in thousana option {17860224 onlay «61 MLD Coincident draft = maximum daily draft + fire draft = 45+61=106MLD 1.6 Design Period Values Water supply projects, generally may be designed for 30 years. This 30 years should be counted after completion period of about 2 years. Table 1.2 : Design Period of Various Components of Water Supply Project S.No. Units [Design (Parameters) Discharge Design Period 4. | Water Treatment Unit Maximum daily demand 18 Years 2. | Main supply pipes (Water mains) Maximum daily demand 30 Years 3. | Wells and Tube wells Maximum daily demand 30-50 Years 4. | Demand Reservoir ‘Average annual demand 50 Years (Overhead or ground level) 5._| Distribution system Maximum hourly demand/ Coincident draft | __ 30 Years ‘© The sources of supply (such as wells) may be designed for maximum daily consumption or some times for average daily consumption. ‘©The pipe mains (to take water from source to service reservoir) and filter and other treatment units are designed for maximum daily draft. ‘+ Pumpsmay be designed for maximum dally draft plus some additional reserve for break down and repali8 Civil Engineering MPsc ‘© The distribution system (to carry water from service reservoir to water taps) should be designed for maximum hourly draft of maximum day’ or coincident dratt with fire, which ever is more, * The service reservoiris designed to take care of hourly fluctuations, fire demands and emergency reserves, NOTE: Tho design period should neither be too long nor should it be too short, The design period can not exceed the useful life of the structure 1.7. Population Fore-Casting Methods Methods are based on laws of probability and growth curve Growth Curve Saturation Values, P, ato.(p,- a (P-P) e Point of inflexion & Bx constan g constant = op Rate of growth = aa A Tie, -—————> Fig. 1.1 Growth Rate Curve 1.7.1 Arithmetic Increase Method This method assumes that the population increases at a constant rate. dp ar = constant Forecasted population (P,) after 'n’ decades from the last known census is given by P= Po+nk where, Population at last known census. = Average (Arithmetic mean) of population increase in the known decades, n= Number of decades between last census and future. The population of § decades from 1930 to 1970 are given in the table. Find out the population after one, two and three decades beyond the last known decade, by using arithmetic increase method. Solutio ‘The given data in the table is extended in lable 1.8, s0 as to compute the inctease in population (x) for each decade (col. 3), the total increase, and average increase per decade (), as shown, Year | Population 1930 | 25,000 1940 | 26,000 1960 | 34,000 1960 | 42,000 1970 | 47,000MADE EASY Environmental Engineering The future populations are now computed by using equation as Pi= Rane «=. (@) Population after 1 decade beyond 1970 = Prgen = Py = Prono 1° = 47,000 + 1 x 8500 = 62,500 (b) Population after 2 decades beyond 1970 = Pros = Po = Provo + 2°% = 47,000 + 2 x 5500 = 68,000 (c) Population after 3 decades beyond 1970 Pro + 3% = 47,000 + 3 x 5500 = 63,500 1.7.2 Geometric Increase Method + Thisis compounding rate method also called ‘uniform increase method’ ‘+ The forecasted population (P,,) after n decades is given by Pie wy altos Increase in population Original population x 100 for each decade \ssumed growth rate (% Water Demand Year | Population) _‘Inerease in “1 2 population (x) “ @ ° 1920 25,000 000 1940 28,000 2000 1950 34,000 gone 1960 42,000 5000 1970 47,000 Total 2,000 ‘ravage inraase per decade (7) ‘ Knowing 1, fp fy. f, for each decade the average value of r can be found by (a) Arithmetic average method: r= Kt ht tott n 1 (0) Geometric average method: F = (hx XI X...%In)" town by n the following data Determine the future population of a satell the Geometric increase method for the year 2011, gi (Table-1.9) Solution: The given data is analysed in table to determine growth rates for each decade. Table Yhage Increase in Population | Increase in | population s growth rate Year| in| Population in| SOI), 499 thousand | thousand col(2) 7951] 93 cofom 8 teas } 2 18.92 ert | 132 dar s981| 161 29 ble Population in Year | thousand 1951 8 1961 1 1971 182 1981 161 2o1t 210 Civil Engineering MPSC MADE EASY Constant growth rate, assumed for future r= geometric mean of past growth rates = 75.25 x18.92x2197 ‘The population after n decades in now given by equation = ro ale % per decade Poesy = Population after decades trom 1981 3 Pan + 22) 61,000(1.2003)° = 2,78,417 NOTE: The Field Engineers adopt arithmetic average method since il gives more values than the geometric average method, However GOI manual on water supply recommends ‘geometric mean’ method, 1.7.3. Incremental Increase Method : (The Method of varying increment) + The rate of growth is not assumed constant. Where as it was assumed constant in arithmetic and geometric methods. + The population atter n decades from preser «@. last known Census) is given by Pi= Pex e Ady NOTE ‘The geometric progression method, gives highest values of forecasted population, evidently = gives higher results for developed cities which do not expand in future at compound rate, although it may be suitable for new younger cities expanding at faster rates. For old cities, the arithmetic method may be better, although, incremental method is considered to be the best for any city, whether old or new. [EEEEREE 4s per the census records for the years 1911 to 1971, the population of a town is given below in the table. Assuming that the scheme of water supply was to commence in 1996, it is required to estimate the population of 10 years hence i.e. in 2006 and also the intermediate population after 15 year since commencement. Year set | t921 | 1931 | t941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 Population | 40185 | 44522 | 60395| 75614 | 98886 | 124230 | 158800 get the solutions using all the three methods to which you have been introduced by now. The incremental population and increase in incremental population are summed up in table below: Year| Population | increment | Incremental increase(y) sat 40185 = = 1921 44522 4937 - 4931 60395 15873, #11836 1941 75614 15219 ~ 654 4951 9888s 23272 +8053 1961 124230 25348 +2072 sort 1158800 37570 +9226 From the above table, the following parameters can be worked out as. Total increase in population = 118,615 Total of incremental/decrease = 30,233MADE EASY Environmental Engineering Water Demand 11 1 ‘Average incremental value decade (x) = 5x 118618 = 19769 ‘Average incremental increase per decade (7) 1.7.4 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method Sine = 2x30298 = 6047 rate of increase in population goes on reducing as the cities reach towards saturation, this method is suitable. In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out, and is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive decade. NOTE: * This method is applicable only when the rate of growth shows a downward trend. + Inthis method calculations are made for each successive decade, Steps: (Find inctease in population (id) Find % increase (1) for last count P, (ii) Find decrease in the % increase in population. (r, )is actually decreasing then itis taken +ve and If 11s increasing itis ve. (iv) The expected population P, = Pt (Ky °* 00 Bt (on)-5 i007 (EESESIRED) The census record of a particular town is shown in table. Estimate the population for the year 2020 by decreasing growth rate method So. | Year| Pepulaton | in’Growtn rate | in Growth rate 1 1960 56500 2 | 1970 63700 arr 3 1980 71300 1.93% + 2.84% 4 1990 79800 11.50% + 043% Solution: nee We know that, P= Ral(® fe know that 5 ( et rowth rate of last known census = 11.80% wwerage decrease in growth rate = 2eevo4s 635% =a" Pio ® Pas *( 22S") Pee P, = Paogg = 79500+ (a oe 79500 Progo = 87843 Py = Pn = areca [MESES Meer es). «87343 Prog = 94537 11.5-3x1.695 = Prog = 945314 904531 = s (ESA), 100,76512 Civil Engineering 1.75 Simple Graphical Method MPsc A graph is plotted from the available data between time and population, the curve is then smoothly ‘extended up to the desired year 280 278 220 = 200. 5 co 3 160 ble 5 20 ‘00 20 60 “0 60. 2oftett 1921 1931 + Fi 1.7.6 Comparative Graphical Method Cities of similar conditions and characteristics are selected which have grown in similar fashion in the past, and their graph is plotted, and then mean graph is also plotted. This method gives quite satisfactory results 941 1951 19 Time (year) 1.2 Graphical Projection Method ot 1971 1807 1991 8 109000 0,000 » Proposed 80,000 Yue j— Extension cic +n “6 te City 5 nom LB B s0000 40.000 oyx | 2000 ' 25,000, ~ 'o40 ¥950 1960 1570 1660 1600 2000 2010 2020 (Fer iy 9 4900 1910 1920 1990 10401080 (Farcwy A) 49ts 1025. 1095. 1348 1988 1988 orciys) 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 (For City C) {00 1900 1910 1820 1850 1940 For Cy)MADE EASY Environmental Engineering WeterDemand | 43 1.7.7 Master Plan Method or Zoning Method Big and Metropolitan cities are generally controlled by development authorities in a planned manner, Only those expansions are allowed which are permitted or proposed in the master plan of that city and the populations are also fixed Say for (example) § persons living in a flat ete 1.7.8 The Ra Method or Apportionment Method + Inthis method the city’s census population record is expressed as the % of the population of the whole country, in order to do s0, the local population and the countries population for last decadesis obtained from the census records, The ratios of local population to national population is worked out a graph is then plotted between those ratios and time and extended up to the design period and then ratio is multiplied by expected national population at the end of design period ‘This method does not take into consideration abnormalities in local areas. 5 1.7.9 The Logistic Curve Method ‘+ This method is given by PF. Verhulst. This method is mathematical solution for logistic curve. +The population at any time t from the start is given by p2=—& __ 1m tog, (nt) where, P, =Saturation population ; P= Population at any time t from start point P, =Population at the start point of the curve F=f constant 2R PP RiP +) RPP 1 PoP, =P) (spl: =P) P,, P,, P,, are population at times t= t,t and (= 2t). Pp. In two periods of each 20 years, a city has grown from 30,000 to 1,70,000 and then to 3,00,000. Determine (a) The saturation population, (b) The equation of logistic curve, (c) The expected population after the 60 years from the start. Solution: (@) In this equation, we have P, = 30,000, P, = 1,70,000, P, = 3,00,000 = 0, t= 20 years, t= 40 years 2PLPP, — PP (Po +P) A = 3,26,000 Using equation, _P, = Saturation Population = P,=F; _ 3,26,000-30,000 30,000 987 (6) m=Civil Engineering MPsc 14 = dio n= ahs :. Equation of logistic curve is = Pe Te miog; (nt) © It t = 6byears 3,26,000 then, P= ty 9.87 log, STUDENTS ASSIGNMENTS Q.1. Which one of he following method gives the best estimate of population growth of a community with limited land area for future expansion? (@) Arthmetical increase method (b) Geometrical increase method (©) Incremental increase method (d) Logistic method Q.2_ Ifthe average daily water consumption of a city 's 24000 cum, the peak hourly demand (of the maximum day of course) will be (@) 1000cunhr —(b) 1500 cunhr (¢) 1800cumihr (a) 2700 curr Q.3__ The suitable method of forecasting population for an old developed large city, is (a) arithmetic mean method () geometric mean method (6) comparative graphical method (d) None of these Q.4_ The suitable method for forecasting population for a young and a rapidly developing city is (@) arithmetic mean method (©) geometric mean method (c) comparative graphical method (d) None of these [RPSC-2013] Q.5_ Acompared to the geometrical increase method of forecasting population, the arithmetical increase method gives (a) lesservalue —(b)_ higher value {c) equal value (d)_ may vary, ast may depend on the population figures 1 oq [ 30:000(2.26,000 *| 7,70,000(8,26,000 - 30,000) 149.87 log; a6 a7 as as 10 ong 3,26,000 (0118) (0.11960) = 928.470 The growth of population can be conveniently represented by a curve, which is amenable to mathematical solution. The type of this curve is (@) semitog curve (b) straight line curve (6) logistic curve (A) exponential curve Ifthe population of a city is 2 lakh, and average water consumption is 200 Iped, then the capacity of the pipe mains, should be (@) 108MLO (b) 72MLD (©) 6OMLD (@) 40Mu If the population of a central congested high valued city in 2,00,000 and the fire demand is computed to be 45,000 litres per minute, the formula used for the calculation must have been (@) Freeman's formula (b) National Board of Underwriters formula, (6) Kuichiings formula (2) Buston’s formula If the average water consumption of a city is 300 Iped, and its population is 4,00,000 the maximum hourly draft of the maximum day will be (@) 120Mid (b) 216 Mid (©) 324mid (d) None ofthese ‘The per capita demand of water for an average Indian as per |S is (@) 250 ped (©) 300 Iped (¢) 270Iped (@) 200 Iped ‘The distribution mains are designed for (@) maximum daily demand () maximum hourly demand (©) average daily demand (d) maximum hourly demand or maximum dally demandMADE EASY 12 ats 14 15 até Q7 a8 a.19 Water losses in water supply system are assumed as (@) 5% (©) 15% (0) 7.5% (@) 25% Which of the following factors has maximum effect on figure of per capita demand of water supply of a given town? (@) Method of charging of (©) Quality of water (6). System of supply intermittent or continuous (@) Industrial demand 1e consumption Total domestic consumption in a city water supply, is assumed (a) 20% (c) 40% (b) 30% (A) 60% The distribution system in water supplies is designed on the basis of (@) average dally demand (0) peak hourly demand (©) coincident of draft (A) greater of (b) and (c) [SSC-JE : 2010] The total water requirement ofa city is generally assessed on the basis of (@) maximum hourly demand (0) maximum daily demand + fire demand (©) avorage daity demand + fire demand (@) greaterof (a) and (b) [SSC-E : 2007] Water supply includes (@) collection, transportation and treatment of water (©) distribution of water to consumers (6) provision of hydrants for fie fighting (a) Allthe above [SSC-VE : 2008] Pollution potential of domestic sewage generated in a town and its industrial sewage can be compared with referenc: (@) their 30D value (b) population equivalent (6) theirvolume _(d) the relative density [SSC-JE : 2015] As per Indian Standard Specifications, the peak discharge for domestic purposes per capita per minute, is taken Environmental Engineering 2.20 Qazi 22 23 2.24 Water Demand 15 (@) 1.80 litres for 5 to 10 users (b) 1.20 lites for 15 users (¢) 1.35 lites for 20 users (a) Alloptions are correct [SSC-VE : 2017] Which of the following represents the value of hourly variation factor? (@) 12 () 18 (©) 47 (a) 25 [SSC-JE : 2018] When was water (prevention and control of pollution) act enacted by the India Parliament? (@) 1970 (0) 1974 (6) 1980 (a) 1965 On which of the following factors does the populating growth in a town normally depends? 1. Birth and death rates 2. Migration 3. Probabilistic growth 4. Logistic growth (@) 1 and4only (©) 1.2and3only (0) 1 and 2 only (d) 2.and3 only The population of a town as per census records ‘were 2,00,000; 2,19,000 and 2,30,000 for the year 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. Find the population ofthe town in the year 2011 using arithmetic mean method. (a) 250000 (b) 255000 (c) 240000 (a) 245000 [SSC - JE : 2012] The population of a town as per census records ‘were 200000, 210000 and 230000 for the years 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. The population of the town as per geometric mean method in the year 2011 is (a) 2aaa72 (o) 245872 (c) 246820 (d) None of the above [SSC : JE : 2013] > ANsweRKEY / SIREN 1d@ 2@ 30) 46) Se) 6) 726) &@ 8) Wa) 1 ib) 12 () 18.) 14) 15. (A) 16. (d) 17. (4) 18. (b) 19. (4) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b)16 Civil Engineering MPsc HINTS & SOLUTIONS / ,SILDENTS.. Bo Since the areas limited and there is no time period specified for population estimation, such as young or old city. Therefore logistic curve method will be best (@ 2.724000 Peak hourly demand = SF Bo ‘Average water consumption per day = 200 x 2 x 10° = 40 x 10% Max, water consumption per day = 1.8% 40 x 108 = 72 Mc = 2700 cuminr Be Kuichiing’s formula: Q= 3182VP > Amountofwater requiredin restrinute P > Popuiationin thousand Given: P = 200000 = 200 thousand Q= 3182/2700 Q = 45000 ltres/minute Be The IS code lays down a limit on domestic water consumption between 135 to 225 ifc/d. Under ordinary conditions, minimum domestic water demand is 200 l/c/d. Although it can be reduced upto 135 i/e/d for economically weaker section ae Sources of supply are designed for maximum daily consumption. Distribution systems are designed for maximum hourly demand. Be Total domestic consumption in a city water supply is assumed to be 585 to 60%. Bea The distribution system in water supply is designed for the maximum of (i) peak hourly demand and (ii) Coincidental draft, which is the ‘summation of fire demand and peak daily demand. me The maximum daily demand along with fire water demand of the city is the maximum of either Bw he number of persons which produce the amount of BOD at a rate of 80 grams per person per day (average standard 80D of domestic sewage) eaval to that produced by the industrial sewage is called population equivalent Bw Inwater supply scheme, maximum hourly demand 5 x average demand hourly of maximum day, Bo Birth rate: Number of line births per thousand of population per year. Death rate: The ratio of deaths to the population of aparticular area or during a particular period of time usually calculated as number of deaths per one thousand people per year. ie Year| Population | Increment sai | 200000 — se | 210000 410000 2o01_| 230000 20000 419000 + 20000 Average increment = > = 15000 Population in 2011 = 230000 + 18000 = 245000 Baw ‘Growth rate [Year | Population) Increment re 1981] 200000 | — _ 10000 499 = 1981] 210000 | 10000 | 20002 « 100= 5% 20000 2001] 230000 | 20000 | Zqg9p%* 100 = 9.5% Geometric mean of growth rate, 1 = (0.05 x 0.095)"* = 0.069 or 6.9% Population in year 2011 230000 x (1 + 0.069)" 245870