BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

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 SQL Queries
1) Create database-

Syntax-
CREATE DATABASE databasename;

Example
CREATE DATABASE testDB;

Output-

The following SQL statement creates a database called "testDB".

2) Create table-

Syntax-

CREATE TABLE table_name  (
     column1 datatype,
     column2 datatype,
     column3 datatype,
   ....
);

Example-

CREATE TABLE Persons (
    PersonID int,
    LastName varchar(255),
    FirstName varchar(255),
    Address varchar(255),
    City varchar(255)
);

Output-

1 table created.

PersonID LastName FirstName Address City

3) ALTER TABLE - ADD Column

Syntax-

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

Example-
ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email varchar(255);

Output-

PersonID LastName FirstName Address City Email

4) ALTER TABLE - DROP column

Note: that some database systems don't allow deleting a column

Syntax-

ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

Example-
ALTER TABLE Customers
DROP COLUMN Email;

Output-
1 column dropped.

PersonID LastName FirstName Address City

5) ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN-

Syntax-
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name datatype;

Example-
ALTER TABLE Persons
MODIFY DateOfBirth year;

Output-

The "DateOfBirth" column is now of type year and is going to hold a year in a
two- or four-digit format.

6) SQL NOT NULL constraints on CREATE TABLE-

NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.

EXAMPLE-

CREATE TABLE Persons (
    ID int NOT NULL,
     LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    Age int
);

7) SQL NOT NULL on ALTER TABLE

Example-

ALTER TABLE Persons
MODIFY Age int NOT NULL;

8) SQL UNIQUE Constraint on CREATE TABLE-

UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different

Example-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
    ID int NOT NULL,
    LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
     FirstName varchar(255),
    Age int,
     CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName)
);

9) DROP a UNIQUE Constraint-

Example-
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP CONSTRAINT UC_Person;

10) SQL PRIMARY KEY on CREATE TABLE

PRIMARY KEY is a combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely
identifies each row in a table.
Example-
CREATE TABLE Persons (
    ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
    FirstName varchar(255),
    Age int
);

11) SQL PRIMARY KEY on ALTER TABLE

Example-
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

12) DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint-

Example-

ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY;

13) SQL FOREIGN KEY on CREATE TABLE

Example-
 CREATE TABLE Orders (
    OrderID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
    PersonID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);

14) SQL FOREIGN KEY on ALTER TABLE

Example-
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);

15) CREATE VIEW-

Syntax-
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example-
CREATE VIEW [Brazil Customers] AS
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName
FROM Customers
WHERE Country = "Brazil";

How to see the view-

SELECT * FROM [Brazil Customers];

Output-
Number of Records: 4

CustomerName ContactName

Comércio Mineiro Pedro Afonso

Familia Arquibaldo Aria Cruz

Gourmet Lanchonetes André Fonseca

Hanari Carnes Mario Pontes

16) DROP TABLE-
Syntax-
DROP TABLE table_name;

Example-
DROP TABLE Shippers;

17) TRUNCATE TABLE-

The TRUNCATE TABLE statement is used to delete the data inside a table,
but not the table itself.

Syntax-
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

EXAMPLE-
TRUNCATE TABLE Shippers;

18) DROP DATABASE –

Syntax-
DROP DATABASE databasename;

Example-
DROP DATABASE testDB;

19) SELECT(multiple columns)-

Syntax-
SELECT column1,  column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Example-
SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;

Output-
Number of Records: 4
 CustomerName City

20) Alfreds Futterkiste Berlin SELECT(full table)-

Ana México D.F.

Antonio Moreno México D.F.

Horn London

Syntax-
SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example-
SELECT * FROM Customers;

OUTPUT-

Number of Records: 5

Custome Customer ContactName Address City Country

rID Name

1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin Germany

Futterkiste

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México Mexico

Constitución D.F.
2222

3 Antonio Antonio Moreno Mataderos México Mexico

2312 D.F.

4 Horn Thomas Hardy 120 Hanover London UK

Sq.

5 Berglunds Christina Berglund Berguvsvägen Luleå Sweden

8

21) SELECT DISTINCT-

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different)

values. Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values;
and sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct) values.
 Syntax-

SELECT DISTINCT column1,  column2, ...

FROM table_name;

Example-
SELECT Country FROM Customers;

Output-
Number of Records: 4

Country

Germany

Mexico

UK

Sweden

22) SQL WHERE Clause-

Syntax-
SELECT column1,  column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';

Output-
Number of Records: 2
23) ‘EQUAL TO’ (=)Operators in The WHERE Clause-

CustomerID Custom ContactNa Address City Country

erNam me
e

2 Ana Ana Trujillo Avda. de Méxic Mexico

Trujillo la o
Empare Constituci D.F.
dados y ón 2222
helados

3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos Méxic Mexico

Moreno Moreno 2312 o
Taquerí D.F.
a

Syntax-
SELECT * FROM tablename

WHERE columnName=number/text; //condition of ‘=’

Example-
SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price = 18;

Output-

Number of Records: 4

Product ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price

ID

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 18
20 bags

35 Steeleye Stout 16 1 24 - 12 oz 18
bottles

39 Chartreuse verte 18 1 750 cc per 18

bottle
 76 Lakkalikööri 23 1 500 ml 18

24) ‘GREATER THAN’ (>) Operators in The WHERE Clause-

Syntax-
SELECT * FROM tablename
WHERE columnName>number; //condition of ‘>’

Example-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price > 30;

Output-
Number of Records: 4

ProductID ProductName SupplierI CategoryID Unit Price

D

8 Northwoods 3 2 12 - 12 oz 40
Cranberry Sauce jars

9 Mishi Kobe Niku 4 6 18 - 500 g 97

pkgs.

10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 200 31
ml jars

12 Queso Manchego La 5 4 10 - 500 g 38

Pastora pkgs.

25) ‘LESS THAN’ (<) Operators in The WHERE Clause-

SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM tablename
WHERE columnName<number; //condition of ‘<’

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price < 30;
 OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 4

ProductID ProductName SupplierI CategoryI Unit Price

D D

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 18
20 bags

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml 10

bottles

4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz 22

Seasoning jars

26) ‘GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO’ (>=) Operators in The WHERE

Clause-
SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM tablename
WHERE columnName>=number; //condition of ‘>=’

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price >= 30;

 OUTPUT-

ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Pric

e

7 Uncle Bob's Organic Dried 3 7 12 - 1 lb 30

Pears pkgs.

8 Northwoods Cranberry Sauce 3 2 12 - 12 oz 40

27) jars ‘LE
SS
9 Mishi Kobe Niku 4 6 18 - 500 g 97
pkgs.

10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 200 ml 31
jars

THAN OR EQUAL TO’ (<=) Operators in The WHERE Clause-

SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM tablename
WHERE columnName<=number; //condition of <‘=’

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price <= 30;

OUTPUT-

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags

6 Grandma's 3 2 12 - 8 oz jars 25
Boysenberry
Spread

7 Uncle Bob's 3 7 12 - 1 lb 30
Organic Dried pkgs.
Pears
28) ‘NOT EQUAL’ (<>/!=) Operators in The WHERE Clause-
SYNTAX-
SELECT * FROM tablename

WHERE columnName<>number; //condition of ‘<>’

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price <> 18;

OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 2

ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryI Unit Price

D

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml 10

bottles

29) AND operator-

Syntax-
SELECT column1,  column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';
 OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 1
CustomerI CustomerNam ContactNam Address City PostalCod Country Email
D e e e
30)OR operator-
1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Berli 12209 Germany null
Syntax- Futterkiste Str. 57 n

SELECT column1,  column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='München';

OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 2

Customer Custom ContactNa Addre City PostalCode Country Email

ID erName me ss

1 Alfreds Maria Obere Berli 12209 Germany null

Futterki Anders Str. 57 n
ste

25 Franken Peter Berlin Mün 80805 Germany null

versand Franken er chen
Platz
43

31) NOT operator-

Syntax-
SELECT column1,  column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE NOT Country='Germany';

OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 80

Customer Custo ContactNam Address City Postal Country Email

ID merNa e Code
me

2 Ana Ana Trujillo Avda. México 05021 Mexico null

Trujillo 2222 D.F.

3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos México 05023 Mexico null

Moreno 2312 D.F.

32)LIKE operator-

SYNTAX-
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%';

(NOTE- This statement selects all customers with a CustomerName

starting with "a":)

OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 3
 Custo Customer Contact Address City Country
merID Name Name
Custo CustomerN ContactNa Address City Country Em
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Berlin Germany
merI ame me ail
Anders Str. 57
D
4 Horn Thomas 120 Londo UK
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin Germany null
Hardy Hanover n
Futterkiste Anders 57
Sq.
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de México Mexico null
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterst Mannh Germany
2222 D.F.
Moos r. 57 eim
3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos México Mexico null
Moreno Moreno 2312 D.F.

33)IN operator-

SYNTAX-
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,  value2, ...);

or:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT  STATEMENT);

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'UK');

OUTPUT-
34)BETWEEN operator-
SYNTAX-
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

EXAMPLE-
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

OUTPUT-
Number of Records: 4

Product Product SupplierID Category Unit Price

ID Name ID

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 bags 18

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz bottles 19

3 Aniseed 1 2 12 - 550 ml bottles 10

Syrup

15 Genen 6 2 24 - 250 ml bottles 15.5

Shouyu

35)
22) INSERT table-
23) DELETE table-
24) UPDATE table-
25) ORDER BY query-
26) MIN
27) MAX queries-
28) COUNT-
29) AVG-
30) SUM-
31) WILDCARDS-
32) ALIASES-
33) INNER JOIN-
34) LEFT JOIN-
35) RIGHT JOIN-
36) FULL JOIN-
37) SELF JOIN-
38) UNION-
39) GROUP BY-
40) HAVING-
41) EXISTS-
42) ANY-
43) ALL-
44) SELECT INTO-
45) INSERT INTO SELECT-
46) SQL CASE-
47) SQL COMMENTS-
48)