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GRAMMER OF NEW INTERCOM LEVEL ONE

Introduction: we have two kinds of introductions when we are introducing ourselves to

someone else

1  Formal introduction.

2  Informal introduction.

1 We use formal introduction when we are introducing ourselves to someone who is Senior or
older than us in age or in grade. Like in Government or in some formal places age is not
considered grade is considered. We use hello in formal introduction.

If we use formal introduction for younger no problems because it is more polite than an informal introduction. Therefore,
people like something, which is polite.

S1  Habib: Hello I am Habib.

S2  Noor: Nice to meet you Habib I am Noor.  In this example “Noor” is older in
age.

S1  Police: Hello I am Nasir khan.

S2  Lawyer: Glad to meet you Nasir I am Waseem.  In this example lawyer is Senior in
grade not in age.

2  We use informal introduction when we are introducing ourselves to someone who is younger
or lower than us in age or grade and this is less polite than formal introduction. We use hi in
informal introduction.

S1  Jameela: Hi I am Jameela.
S2  Saima: Glad to meet you Jameela my name is Saima.  In this example Saima is
younger in age.

S1  Doctor: Hi I am Najeeb.

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S2  Nurse: Glad to meet you Najeeb my name is Sadiq.  In this example Nurse is lower in grade.

Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns

“Near Far”

Singular:  This  That

Plural:  These  Those

Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns point out someone or something near to us or far from
us.

This, that, these and those are demonstrative or indicative adjectives and pronouns then how we know when they are
demonstrative or indicative adjectives and when they are demonstrative or indicative pronouns.

1 If we use nouns after them then they function as demonstrative or indicative adjectives.
Ex: This car is modern.  Ex: That car is
nice.

Ex: These students are intelligent.  Ex: Those

students are from Iran.

In the above examples the underline are nouns, which we used after {This, That, These and Those} and they
function as demonstrative or indicative adjectives there in those examples.

2  If we use to be verbs after (This, That, These and Those) then they function as demonstrative or indicative
pronouns.

Ex: This is a nice book.  Ex:

That is a tall man.

Ex: These are hard working students.  Ex:

Those are fat men.

In the above examples the underline are to be verbs, which we used after {This, That, These and Those} and they
function as demonstrative or indicative pronouns here.

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This & that  Means So

Sometimes we use this and that with adjectives and adverbs the same way as so in an informal style.

Ex: I didn‟t know he was going to be so angry.

Ex: I didn‟t know he was going to be this angry.
Ex: If your friend is so good driver why he has many accidents.
Ex: If your friend is that good driver why he has many accidents.

((*)) Information Questions ((*))

Information questions are those questions, which are used to get full or complete answer.
We can’t answer with yes or no. Information questions are also called w.h questions. The
following are information or w.h question words.

1 What: The word what is an information or w.h question word, which we use to ask for
things

Ex: What is this?  It is a car.

Ex: what is your name?  My name is Najeeb.

2  Who: The word who is an information or W.H question word, which we use to ask for
people both in subject or object position.

Ex: Who is Ali listening to?  He is listening to Noor.  As

object.

Ex: Who are you?  I am a teacher. 

As subject.

Ex: Who is she?  She is my teacher.

Ex: Who are you? 

I am a student.

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3  Where: The word where is an information or W.H question word, which we use to ask for distance or place
near or far from us.

Ex: Where is your school?  It is in Peshawar.

Ex: Where is Rahmat-Shah?  He is at school.

4  How: The word how is an information or W.H question word, which we use it for
condition.

Ex: How is the weather today?  It is sunny and hot.

Ex: How is your health?  It is fresh and healthy.

5  When: The word when is an information or W.H question word, which we use for time.

Ex: When did you come here?  I came here an hour ago.
Ex: when will you start the class?  I will start it next Monday.

6  Whom: The word whom is an information or W.H question word, which we use for people only in object, but
not in subject.

Ex: Whom did you buy a pen?  I bought it

for Ali.  Object.

Ex: Whom did you go to park with?  I went with Jamal.  Object.

7  Which: The word which is also an information or W.H question word, which we use when we ask someone for
choices.

Ex: Which cars do you like?  I like fast one.

Ex: Which Markers does he want?  He wants the red one.

8  Whose: The word whose is an information or W.H question word and also we can say that whose is the
possessive form of whom, which we use for people and sometimes we can also use it for things to show possession.

Ex: Whose notebook is this?  It is Shabana‟s.

Ex: Whose teacher is Ajmal?  Khalid ‟s.

Present continuous tense

It expresses or shows an action or situation, which is happening right now.

St:  Subject + to be verbs + verb ing + object + time expression.

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Ex: He is studying English now.  Ex: They are skiing now.

Be: Means to be verbs. The second name for to be verbs is helping verbs. We have three to be verbs here as is, am
and are according to present.

1 “Is” we use it for singular nouns and pronouns like {He, She, It,, Ali, Pen and many
more}.

Ex: He is a nice teacher.  Ex: Kajal is a

beautiful actress.

Ex: My pen is made of steel.  Ex: Shima is a student at UPS.

2 “Are” We use for plural nouns and pronouns like {We, You, They, Students, Amanullah and Shafiqullah and
etc}.

Ex: They are from Kabul.  Ex: Are you students?

Ex: The children are sick.  Ex: Ali and Noor are drivers.
Ex: We are in the class.  Ex: Fatima and Abeta are tired.

3 “Am” we use only for I and I is singular, but we can‟t use it with Is.
Ex: I am in the kitchen.  Ex: I am worried about the test.

Extra information: We can use to be verbs before the following things.

1  We use them before progressive or ing form of the verbs.

Ex: We are studying math.  Ex: They are playing football.

Ex: I am giving the final test.  Ex: I am waiting for my friends.
Ex: He is writing his Homework.  Ex: She is singing in the show.

2  We can also use them before adjectives like in below examples.

Ex: We are happy about the party.  Ex: He is tired of studying.

Ex: Hameed is proud of his son.  Ex: This car is old.

3  We can use them before nouns too. Look at the examples below.

Ex: Maitullah is a student.  Ex: Naeem is a shopkeeper.

Ex: Zahid is a watchman.  Ex: Arif is a policeman.

4  We can also use them before time expressions in the below examples.

Ex: It is afternoon.  Ex: It is midnight.

Ex: It is 5:00 a.m.  Ex: It is morning.

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5  We can also use to be verbs before passive form of the verbs or third form of the verbs.
Ex: The letter is written by Ahmad.  Ex: The doors are broken.
Ex: We were invited to Afghanistan.  Ex: She is awarded.

6  We can also use them before prepositional phrases in below examples.

Ex: The high school is on G.T Road.  Ex: The Park is next to pool.
Ex: The swimming pool is near the sport ground.  Ex: Rais is between Ali and Jan.

7  We can also use them before place expressions in below examples.

Ex: They are at school.  Ex: We are in Movie.

Ex: He is in the park.  Ex: She is in class.

Yes No Questions: yes no questions are those questions, which can be answered only by yes or no. We can‟t give
complete information.

Ex: Are they drivers?  Yes they are.

Ex: Is he studying?  No he is not.
Ex: Am I right now?  Yes you are.

{{*}} Let {{*}}

Let: The word Let is a verb, which is used before object pronoun us and simple or base form of another verb to
suggest someone to go somewhere or to do something.

Note: Here apostrophe {‟} and {s} is not the short form of to be verb is, auxiliary has or the possessive apostrophe
{‟s}. Here it is the short form of object pronoun us.

If we want to accept the suggestions then we can use these words as ok, sure, of course, why not and etc, but if we
want to reject or refuse the suggestions then we can say I am sorry I have to study or I am busy and etc.

Ex: Let‟s go to the park.  Ex: Let‟s play Cricket.

Ex: Let ‟s stop the game.  Ex: Let‟s go to the pool.

Accept the suggestions.  Ok let‟s go.

Reject or refuse it.  Sorry I am busy.

Extra information: Sometimes the word Let is also used with some other object pronouns to show permission.

Ex: Let him drive your car.  Sorry I want to go now.

Ex: Let me see it.  Ok here.

Ex: Let them ride with you.  Sorry here are no free seats.

*** Have to & has to ***

The words have to and has to are expressions or similar expressions to modal auxiliary verbs. We use them before
base or simple form of the verbs to show necessity and slight obligation.

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Note: Has to we use for singular nouns & pronouns and have to we use for plural nouns and pronouns.

Ex: They have to study for their exams.  Ex: You have to come to class in time.
Ex: We have to respect our seniors.  Ex: He has to write his homework.

Extra information: When we want to make negative and interrogative sentences with singular nouns and pronouns
then have to must be used not has to.

Ex: Basheer doesn‟t have to watch T V.  Correct.

Ex: She doesn‟t have to go out.  Correct
Ex: Does Ali have to write h.w?  Correct.
Ex: Does he have to call you?  Correct.
Ex: Shayesta doesn‟t has to go.  Incorrect.

<<<>>> Can <<<>>>

Can: The word can is a modal auxiliary verb, which is used before base or simple form of another verb to show
present ability.

Ex: I can speak English.  Ex: They can drive very well.
Ex: Can you swim now?  Ans: Yes I can or No I can‟t.

Extra information: We can also use it in the following ways.

1  When we want to discuss about present and future ability.

Ex: Ahmad can finish college.  Ex: Saleema can go to Kabul.

2  We can also use it to express future possibility.

Ex: We can improve ourselves.  Ex: He can reach here at 2:00 p.m.

3  We can also use it when we want to make informal request.

Ex: Can you help me?  Ex: Can you take me to the bus stop?

4  We can also use it to ask for permission, but it is lees polite than “could”.

Ex: Can I see your pictures?  Yes you can.

Note: If we use could instead of can in the following cases above. It will be better because it is more formal and
polite.
( Be able & Can)

The structure be able + infinitive also has the same meaning as can. The negative form of be able is unable.

Ex: I am able to swim in this river.  Ex: I can swim in this river
Ex: I am unable to drive a car.  Ex: I can‟t drive a car.

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((())) Preposition ((()))

Preposition: Is a word or a group of words, which shows position and relationship between words, phrases,
sentences and etc.

Ex: The switch is next to the cupboard.  Ex: Ahmad is in the class.

((())) At ((()))

At: The word at is a preposition, which is used in the following ways.

1  We use it before time expression.  Ex: At 3:00.

2  We use it before place expression like school, home, work, and etc

Ex: He is at school.  Ex: Sajida is at work.

Ex: Habib is at home.  Ex: Najeeb is at home.

3  We also use it with the addresses, which have numbers.

Ex: Nazeer lives at 34 Main Street.  Ex: Awalgul lives at 34-Lake Road.

4  We can also use it with some adjectives here with is also possible.

Ex: Ms Maryam is angry with Ms Shabana.  Ex: Why are you angry at me?

The preposition at is sometimes removed specially in American English.

Ex: Is anyone home?

What is the contrast between {In, At and To}

The prepositions at and {in} are generally used for position, but the preposition to is used for movement or
direction.

Ex: She works at school.  Ex: Khalid „s father lives in Kabul.

Ex: We got to the market by car.  Ex: I go to college to learn something.

((( From )))

From: The word from is also a preposition, which is used in the following cases.

1  We use the word from for a person belongs to a country or to which country he or she belongs to.

Ex: Shughla Armani is from Kabul.  Ex: Naghma is from Kandahar province.
Ex: U. Pamir is from Kama District.  Ex: Aman khan is from Logar province.

2  We can also use from to specify the point of leaving and departing of a place.

Ex: We will travel from Peshawar to Karachi.  Ex: Sabira will leave the school from Monday.

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3  We can also use from when we want to show duration.

Ex: Zarghun Sharafyar works from 8: 00 a.m to 12:00 p.m.

Ex: Basheer Ahmadzai is studying school from morning to evening.
Ex: She was in Kabul from summer to winter.

4  We use from to indicate the beginning of the actions.

Ex: she is bringing her teacher one apple from the beginning of the class.
Ex: U. Mustafa is going to pool from the beginning of the summer.

*** Articles ***

Articles are used to particularize, generalize or limit nouns. They are divided into two categories or types, which
follow below.

1  Definite Article.
2  Indefinite Article.

1  The word the is definite article, which is used to particularize or specify the nouns.

Ex: The English book.  Ex: The red apple.

Extra Information: We can‟t use the with the proper names, but in case there are two proper names then we can
use it.

Ex: The Kabul.  Incorrect.  Ex: The Rafiq.  Incorrect.

Ex: I went to the Kabul, which is located in Afghanistan.  Right.

Ex: I saw the Rafiq who is my cousin.  Right.

We can also use the definite article the before superlative form of adjectives.

Ex: The biggest.  Ex: The highest.

Ex: The newest.  Ex: The hottest.

2  Indefinite articles are those articles, which are used to generalize the nouns. These are indefinite articles a & an
and they mean one thing.

Note: We use (a and an) before singular count nouns neither plural count nouns nor non count nouns. If a singular
count noun starts by consonant then we can use a before it, but if it starts by vowel then we can use an.

Ex: A book.  Right.  Ex: An apple.  Right.

Ex: A books.  Incorrect.  Ex: An apples.  Incorrect.
Ex: A milk.  Incorrect.  Ex: An oil.  Incorrect.

Exception: We have some singular count nouns, which are not started by vowel, but we can use the indefinite article
an before them like in the first two examples. In these words the consonants don‟t give sound, I mean they are silent.

Ex: We came to home an hour ago.  Correct.

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Ex: I have an honest friend.  Correct.

Ex: we came to home a hour ago.  Incorrect.

Ex: I have a honest friend.  Incorrect.

We have some singular count nouns, which start by vowel, but we can‟t use the indefinite article an before them like
in the first two examples. We can use the indefinite article a before them like in the second two examples.

Ex: An university.  Incorrect.

Ex: An uniform.  Incorrect.

Ex: A university.  Right.

Ex: A uniform.  Right.

Sometimes we can use the indefinite articles a/an with uncountable nouns- especially the nouns referring to human
emotions and mental activity. We often use a/an when we are limiting their meaning in some
Ways.

Ex: She has always had a deep distrust of strangers.

Ex: That child shows a surprising understanding of adult behavior.
Ex: You have been a great help.
Ex: I need a good sleep.

Ex: My parents wanted me to have a good education.  Not to have good education.

*** Noun ***

Noun: Is the name of person, place, thing and etc. We have two kinds of nouns.

1  Count nouns.
2  Non count nouns.

1  Count nouns are those nouns, which we can count and we can make them plural.
2  Non count nouns are those nouns, which we can‟t count and we can‟t make them plural.

We have two kinds of nouns that we can change from singular to plural.

1  Regular nouns.
2  Irregular nouns.

1  Regular nouns are those nouns, which have special rules when we want to change them from singular to plural.

2  Irregular nouns are those nouns, which don‟t have special rules when we want to change them from singular to
plural and we can change them completely.

1  Rule: With most of nouns we can add {s} at the end when we want to change them from singular to plural.

Ex: Book.  Books. Ex: Pen.  Pens. Ex: Door.  Doors.

Ex: Door.  Doors. Ex: Cup.  Cups. Ex: Window.  Windows.

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2  Rule: When the nouns are ended by these letters as ch, sh, s, ss, x, Z then we can add es at the end.

Ex: Glass.  Glasses. Ex: Box.  Boxes. Ex: Bus.  Buses.

Ex: Watch.  Watches. Ex: Dish.  Dishes. Ex: Quiz.  Quizes.

Ex: Church.  Churches. Ex: Crash.  Crashes. Ex: Buzz.  Buzzes.

Exception: When the nouns are ended by ch and this ch gives the sound of k then we can‟t add es only we can add
s at the end.

Ex: Mechanic.  mechanics.  Ex: Stomach.  Stomachs.

3  Rule: When the nouns are finished by f or fe then we can change f or fe to v and add es at the end.

Ex: Elf.  Elves. Ex: Knife.  Knives. Ex: Shelf.  Shelves.

Ex: Leaf.  Leaves. Ex: Life.  Lives. Ex: Loaf.  Loaves.
Ex: Wolf.  Wolves. Ex: Calf.  Calves. Ex: Thief.  Thieves.

These words as Dwarf, hoof, scarf and wharf can be pluraled both by adding s or ves. If we change the final f to v
and then add es this is more common than only by adding s.

Ex: Dwarf.  Dwarfs / Dwarves. Ex: Hoof.  Hoofs / Hooves. Ex: Wharf.  Wharfs / wharves.
Ex: Scarf.  Scarfs / Scarves.

Exception: There are some nouns we can‟t change Fe or f to v only we can add s.

Ex: Roof.  Roofs.  Ex: Cuff.  Cuffs.

4  Rule: When the nouns finish by y before y there is consonant then we can change y into I and add es at the end.

Ex: Fly.  Flies. Ex: Party.  Parties. Ex: City.  Cities.

Ex: Baby.  Babies. Ex: Lady.  Ladies. Ex: Ferry.Ferries.

Exception: But when there is a vowel before y then we can‟t change y to I only we can add s at the end.

Ex: Key.  Keys. Ex: Boy.  Boys. Ex: Day.  Days.

Ex: Guy.  Guys. Ex: Donkey.  Donkeys.

5  Rule: There are some nouns ended by o we can add only s as in the first two lines, but some nouns ended by o
we can add es as in the third line and some of them can be pluraled both by adding es ors as in line fourth. If we add
es this is more common then s.

Ex: Zoo.  Zoos. Ex: Radio.  Radios. Ex: Piano.  Pianos.

Ex: Photo.  Photos. Ex: Kilo.  Kilos. Ex: Logo.  Logos.

Ex: Tomato.  Tomatoes Ex: Hero.  Heroes Ex: Potato.  potatoes.

Ex: Zero.  Zero(e)s. Ex: Tornado.  Tornado(e)s. Ex: Buffalo.  Buffalo(e)s.

Ex: Volcano. Volcano(e)s.  Ex: Mosquito. Mosquito(e)s.

Irregular nouns don‟t have special rules, so we can change them completely like irregular verbs and adjectives.

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Ex: Child.  Children. Ex: Goose.  Geese. Ex: Tooth.  Teeth.

Ex: Man.  Men. Ex: Louse.  Lice. Ex: Woman.  Women.
Ex: Foot.  Feet. Ex: Mouse.  Mice. Ex: Ox.  Oxen.

Extra information

6  Rule: There are some nouns, which English has borrowed from other languages.

Singular form Plural forms Name of Languages.

1  Phenomenon.  Phenomena.  Greek.

2  Appendix.  Appendices.  Latin.
3  Bacterium.  Bacteria.  Latin.
4  Stimulus.  Stimuli.  Latin.
5  Hypothesis.  Hypotheses.  Greek.
6  Vertebra.  Vertebrae.  Latin.
7  Diagnosis.  Diagnoses.  Greek.
8  Analysis.  Analyses.  Latin.
9  Formula.  Formulae.  Latin.
10 Criterion.  Criteria.  Greek.
11 Cactus.  Cacti.  Latin.
12 Kibbutz.  Kibbutzim.  Hebrew.
13 Nucleus.  Nuclei.  Latin.
14 Oasis.  Oases.  Greek.
15 Radius.  Radii.  Latin.
16 Fungus.  Fungi.  Latin.
17 Corpus.  Corpora.  Latin.
18 Basis.  Bases.  Greek.
19 Crisis.  Crises.  Greek.

7  Some nouns singular and plural are the same both of them are ended by (s).

Ex: Barracks.  Barracks.  Ex: Crossroads.  Crossroads.

Ex: Swiss.  Swiss.  Ex: Headquarters.  headquarters.

Some singular uncountable nouns, which end with {s}. These nouns don‟t have plural forms as {news, billiards,
droughts, and measles}.

Most words, which are ended by ics as Mathematics, athletics and physics are normally singular uncountable and
have no plural use as in the first example, but some words ended by ics have plural forms as
Politics and statistics in the second and third examples.

Ex: Too much Physic is often taught at schools.  Not too many physics are often taught at schools.

Ex: Politics is a complicated business.  What are your politics?

Ex: Statistics is a useful in language testing.  The unemployment statistics are disturbing.

These nouns can not normally be used in plural, and that most uncountable nouns can not be used with {a/an} all the
time, even when they have an adjectives.

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Ex: My brother enjoys very good health.  Not a very good health.
Ex: We are having terrible weather.  Not a terrible weather.
Ex: It is interesting work.  Not an interesting work.

Some uncountable nouns are plural, so they don‟t have singular forms with the same meaning, and can not normally
be used with numbers.

Ex: The Dover customs have found a large shipment of cocaine.  Not the Dover custom has

Ex: He has brought the groceries.  Not a grocery or three groceries.

Ex: Many thanks for your help.  Not much thanks for your help.

<<<>>> Where <<<>>>

The word where is an information or W. h question word, which is used to ask and get information about place.

Ex: Where is your house?  My house is in Nasir bagh.

Ex: Where is your school?  My school is in Board.

Near & Next to

These are prepositions, but sometimes the word near also functions as an adjective. near means close or not so far,
but there should be a little space between two things. The word {next to} means touch or very close and there
shouldn‟t be any distances between two things.

Ex: Where is Awalgul „s house?  It is next to my house.

Ex: Where is Noor „s house?  It is near my house.

In the first example it means his house walls and ours are touched each other, but the second example means it is not
very close there is a little distance. For example there are two houses between my house and his.
(()) Simple present tense (())

It expresses an action, which happens regularly and habitually

Structure: Subject + verb + object + time expression.

Ex: We play football everyday.

Note: In this tense with singular nouns and pronouns we can add s or es with verbs in positive sentences. When the
verbs finish by o, s. ss, sh, ch, x, then we can add es with verbs, but without these litters we can
add only s.

Ex: He washes the car every month.  Ex: She watches t.v every night.
Ex: Fatima goes to school everyday.  Ex: Ali fixes the car every week.
Ex: Ms Hussia teaches English every day.  Ex: He works in shop all the time.

In this tense we have two auxiliary verbs.

1  {Do}.
2  {Does}.

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1  The auxiliary Do we use for plural nouns and pronouns like {I, we, you, they, Bahader and Mustafa and etc}.
The pronoun {I} is singular but we can also used it with do. The negative form of do is do not the short form is don‟t
which is used in negative sentences.

Ex: Do you study English everyday?  Yes I do.

Ex: Do they go to pool everyday?  No they don‟t.
Ex: I don‟t play football well.

2  The auxiliary Does we use for singular nouns and pronouns as he, she, it, Pamir and etc. The negative form of
does is doesn‟t.

Ex: Does she drive to school everyday?  Yes she does.

Ex: Does he wash his car every Sunday?  No he doesn‟t.
Ex: She doesn‟t speak with him anymore.

Here & There

The words here and there are adverbs or expressions of place, which are used to express existence and location. We
use the word here for something near to us, but the word there is used for something far from us.

Ex: Here is a computer in the office.  Near with us in one location.

Ex: There is a car next to the tree.  In one location, but far from us.

When we use the word there for something in a whole country or city then the meaning of it is also here.

((())) *** ((())) ON ((())) *** ((()))

The word on is a preposition, which is used before the following things below.

1  We use the word {on} before names of roads.

Ex: Nawab khan Ahmadzai lives on Nasir bagh Road.

Ex: Rais khan Ahmadzai lives on Main Road.

2  We can also use it before names of streets.

Ex: Ms Shabana lives on Tajabad Street.

Ex: Ms Karima lives on Gulabad Street.

3  We can use it before days of the week and months of the years.

Ex: I will call you on next Sunday.  Ex: Wali will receive his result on Friday.
Ex: We will go to Kabul on May first.  Ex: She will get married on July fifteenth.

4  We can also use it for the surface of something.

Ex: The telephone is on the table.  Ex: The book is on the cupboard.

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What is the contrast between on and in before time. When we use on before time. It means on specific time neither
late nor early, but when we use in before time then it means before the specific time.

Ex: Ali khan came to class on time.  It means his class is at 3:00 he came specific at 3: 00.
Ex: Ali khan came to class in time.  It means his class is at 3:00 he came 2: 50.

We can also use the prepositions on & in before my way / the way with different functions.

A  In the way is used for the problems or obstacles, which stop us going where we want to go
Ex: I couldn‟t get to college on time because there were many traffic jams in the way.

B  On the way means during the trip, departure, movement and coming.
Ex: We will check the car and change the oil on the way.

( Adjective )

Adjective is a word or a group of words, which modify nouns and pronouns. We always use adjectives as
Near the nouns as possible and they give more information about the nouns.

Ex: He is a talented teacher in PELCA.  Pronoun +Adjective + Noun.

Ex: She is the best doctor in NTH.  Pronoun + Adjective + Noun.

Extra information: Adjectives are used in two cases, which are followed below.

1  Attributive case.
2  Predicative case.

1  When an adjective is used before nouns and pronouns then it is called attributive Case.

Ex: They bought a nice car.  Adjective + noun.

2  When an adjective is used after linking verbs then it is called predicative case.

Ex: Ikramullah khan seems happy.  Linking verb + Adjective.

Imperative sentences

Imperative sentences are those sentences, which are used when we order someone to do something, but
Sometimes we order someone not to do something as in negative imperative sentences. Imperative
sentences are used to show request and command.

Note: If we order someone by friendly and polite way then it shows request, but if we Order someone by strict way
then it shows command or order. Imperative sentences are always started by base or simple form of the verbs.

Ex: Bring me a glass of water please.  Polite Request.

Ex: Don‟t talk and get out soon.  Order or Command.

Extra Information: Imperative sentences are divided into two kinds or types, which follows below.

1  Positive Imperative.
2  Negative Imperative.

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1  We use positive imperative sentences when we want to order someone to do something.

Ex: Open the books please.  Ex: Close the door.

2  We use negative imperative sentences when we want to order someone not to do something.
Ex: Don‟t eat in the class.  Ex: Don‟t smoke in the class.

The subject of imperative sentences are always you, but not express. How we know it is you. Because when we are
making negative imperative sentences we use don‟t why we are not using doesn‟t.

Ex: Don‟t talk.  It means you don‟t talk.

“Taste, Look, smell + Adjective”

For things we use taste, look and smell, but for people we can use only look not Smell or taste according to the
structure we can use smell or taste, but logically these two words give negative meanings like look
at below examples.

Ex: The rice smells good.  Right.

Ex: The rice tastes good.  Right.
Ex: The rice looks good.  Right.
Ex: U. Aziz looks tired.  Right.

Ex: U. Aziz Smells tired.  Wrong.

Ex: U. Aziz tastes tired.  Wrong.

In the above all examples we use look, taste, and smell before adjectives.

Extra information: The verbs smell, taste and look are linking verbs. What are linking verbs? Linking verbs are
those verbs, which are used before adjectives to make link between the subject and adjectives. The following are
linking verbs below. Seem, look, smell, taste, all to be verbs like is, am, are, was, were and many more .
“For & With”

The words for and with are prepositions. We use the word for for many purposes in the following cases below.

1  We use the word for duration.  Ex: Shafiq stayed in Kabul for three days.
2  We use it before noun object for purpose.  Ex: Malalee went to city for food.

3  We use it before indirect object.  Ex: Amanullah bought a pen for Najeeb.

2  The word with means one thing with another thing, one person with another person and one place with another
place simply we can say together.

Ex: Fatima likes to go to park with Shareefa.  It means one person with another.
Ex: Kajal wants to love Saraj khan.  It means also one person with another.

Ex: U. Mustafa likes to eat rice with meat.  It means one thing with another thing.
Ex: U. Rauf likes to drink tea with cake.  It means one thing with another thing.

Ex: Pakistan is with Afghanistan.  One place with another place.

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Ex: Our Center is with Mosque.  One place with another place.

During and For

The word during is used to say when something happen, but the word for is used to say how long an action lasts.

Ex: We went to park during the morning.

Ex: We were in park for two hours.

We can also use during when we are talking about an event, activity or experience for a long time not for a period of
time.

Ex: She had a strange beauty during her academic service.  Not in her academic service.

“Numbers”

Numbers are divided into two types or groups. The first one is called ordinal numbers and the second one is called
coordinal numbers.

1  Ordinary numbers are those numbers, which we use in grades or positions or when we want to arrange or order
something in series. We can use them.

Ex: My friend Arshad got first position in college.

Ex: Ahmad came the second swimmer in the race.

Ex: Zuhra came first in cooking.  Ex: Nadia got third position.

2  Coordinal numbers are those numbers, which we use for counting like in pages, lines and many more.

Ex: In page one the story was about crime.  Ex: We saw eight provinces in two weeks.
Ex: U Pamir ate three apples in lunch.  Ex: We rode in four buses yesterday.

Before & After

The words before and after are prepositions here in this structure, but they also function as conjunctions and
adverbs. The word before means earlier, in front and ahead, but the word after means later, behind and back.

1  When we use them before time expression and nouns then they function as prepositions.

1  Zahid came to class before 8:00.  Before + Time expression.

2  Naeem plays cricket after 3:00 p.m.  Before + Time expression.

3  Rahmat- Shah got his result before Arif.  Before + Noun.

4  Ali Khan came to house after Mujahid.  Before + Noun.

2  When we want to use them with clause then they function as conjunctions.

Ex: Mateen killed himself after he was punished by his girlfriend.  Here we use it with clause.
Ex: You have to make a lot of money before you are buying a car.  Here we use it with the clause.

3  When they belong to time in the past and they are used at the end of the sentence Then they function
as adverbs.

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Ex: You have called me before.  At the end of the sentence.

Ex: They have greeted each other after.  At the end of the sentence.

<<<()>>> Conjunction < <<()>>>

Conjunction is a word or a group of words, which are used to connect or join two, clauses, phrases,
Sentences and etc.

But: The word but is a coordination conjunction, which is used to connect or join two opposite ideas or sentences.
We use it in the middle two sentences and comma {,} must be placed before it.

Ex: Rais Ahmadzai didn‟t practice, but he won the match.

Ex: Shayasta didn‟t study, but she passed the test.

<<<()>>> And <<<()>>>

The word and is a conjunction, which is used to connect two equal or similar sentences and etc. we usually use it
with the adverb too.

Pamir is a teacher.  Nasar is a teacher.

Ex: Pamir is a teacher and Nasar is too

Extra information

Conjunctions are not only connected two clauses, phrases, ideas, sentences and etc; they also show how the
meanings of two clauses, phrases, sentences are related as in below examples with their functions.

Ex: I brought the food and he cooked.  Addition.

Ex: He was poor but he was honest.  Contrast.

Ex: We could go to park or we could watch film.  Alternative.

Ex: People dislike him because he was so rude.  Cause.

Ex: She will call you when she graduates.  Time.

((( * ))) Really ((( * )))

The word really is an adverb, which is used before adjective in this structure to show emphasis the degree of
adjective and we can also use it before an adverb. It means very.

S1: Dr Fazal-Hadi is a good doctor.

S2: You are right. He is a really good doctor.  Really + Adjective.

S1: Nasrat is a very fast player.

S2: You are right. He is a really fast player.  Really + Adverb.

Have & Has

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The words have and has are main verbs, which are used before nouns
To express Possession and ownership. We use has for singular nouns
And Pronouns, but have for plural nouns and pronouns.

Ex: Basher has a nice car.  Ex: Aman and Najeeb have a good class.

Note: But when we want to make negative sentences and questions then
We can also use have for Singular nouns and pronouns like He, She, It,
Wali, Hazrat Wali and many more.

Ex: Does Naseer have an English book?  Right.

Ex: She doesn‟t have a dangerous illness.  Right.
Ex: Does Shafiq has a motorcycle.  Wrong.
Ex: Sadeqa doesn‟t has a television.  Wrong.

Extra information: When we want to use have and has in present perfect tense then they are not
Main verbs. They are auxiliary verbs.

Ex: We have played football many times.  Ex: She hasn‟t seen Kabul yet.

((())) Want (((()))

The word want is a desire verb, which is used before to + verb or Nouns to express desire.

Ex: Shah-Jahan wants to eat something soon.  Want + To + Verb.

Ex: Nazeer and Yousaf want a building.  Want + Noun.

Extra information: The word Want is also called main verb and Infinitive verb when we use it after
Subject before object then it functions As main verb like in the first example, but when we use it before

Infinitive. It means before to + verb then it functions as an infinitive verb As in the second example.
Ex: He wants a garden.  Functions here as Main verb.
Ex: They want to study very hard.  Functions here as an infinitive verb.

In informal British English we can say that a thing (wants)  (needs) something particularly with reference to
actions.

Ex: That car wants a talented driver.  Means that car needs a talented driver.
Ex: Your hair wants a good brush.  Means your hair needs a good brush.

In informal speech the word want to often gives the sound of wanna it is sometimes spelt like this in order to repeat
conversational pronunciation for example as in comic strips. .

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are those adjectives, which are used before nouns to show possession and ownership, but we
can‟t use them before pronouns. The following are Possessive adjectives like my, his, her, our, their, its and your.

Ex: This is my younger brother.  Ex: That is her teacher.

Ex: I have a car. Its color is red.  Ex: Zuhra has teacher. His name is Ali.
Ex: that is their father.  Ex: Is she your older sister?

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Ex: Najeeb is my brother.  Ex: U. Pamir is my dear friend.

<< Need >>

The word need is a main verb here in this structure, which is used before noun and to + verb to show necessity and
obligation.

Ex: Sharif and Ajmal need a car.  Need + Noun.

Ex: U. Kareema needs to study hard.  Need + to + verb.

Extra Information: The word need also functions as a noun, verb, and an auxiliary verb and in these functions the
meanings can also be changed as in the following cases below.

1  When the word need is used as a noun then the meaning is requirement.

Ex: The applicant you talked about can‟t complete our need.
It means he can‟t complete our requirement.

2  When the word need functions as a verb or auxiliary verb then the meaning is should or require.

Ex: Receiving first position needs hard working.  Functions as a verb.

Ex: She needs not call you this time.  Function as an auxiliary.

How Much & How Many

How much and how many are information or w.h question phrases, which are used to ask or get complete
information about someone or something.

Ex: How much electricity is your machine using in an hour?

It is using ten units electricity in an hour.  About something.

Ex: How many brothers do you have Rais Ahmadzai?

I have three brothers.  About someone.

Extra Information: The phrase how many is used before plural count nouns not singular count or not non count
nouns. We use it whenever we want to ask about the number of something or people.

Ex: How many cars do you have Samad?  I have two cars.
Ex: How many teachers do you have in your center?  I have twenty teachers.

2  The phrase how much is used before non count nouns and we can also use it with math problems. We use it
when we want to ask about the quantity of something.

Ex: How much milk do you need Najeeb?  I need two kilos.
Ex: How much is five plus ten?  Five plus ten is fifteen.

<<>> How old <<>>

How old: This is also an information or w.h question phrase, which is used to ask about the age of someone.

Ex: How old are you?  I am nineteen years old.

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Ex: How old is Akhmad?  He is ten.

Extra information: In the above two answers years old is optional if you want to use or not, but we can‟t say He is
ten years if we use years then old must be used as in the below answers.

1  I am twenty-five years old.  Right.

2  I am twenty-five.  Also right.
3  I am twenty-five years.  Wrong.

((( Let me + verb )))

Let: Is a verb, which is used before object pronoun me and base or simple form of another verb to get permission.

Ex: Let me see your wedding gifts.  Ex: Let me drive your car.

We can also use other object pronouns in the place of me like when we are telling someone to give permission to
another person.

Excuse me sir: Let him use your computer.  Ex: Let her drive your car today.

“How far”

How far: Is an information or w.h question phrase, which we use when we want to ask about place, way, or we can
say distance between two places.

Ex: How far is it to Azra town?  We can answer by two ways.

1  It is 100 kilometers far.

2  It is along way. We have to change the car in Jalal-Abad city.

(*) Name (*)

It is a term, which we can use for specification or identification of a person, place, thing and etc. These are the types
of names below.

1  First Name: The name, which is given to someone, for the first time. It means in the birth of someone or when
someone born.  Ex: Malalai.

2  Second Name: The name, which is used instead of the real name like {Zahidullah Ehtaj} people are calling
him.  Ex: Ihteyaj.

3  Third Name: The name of family and we can also call it last name.

Ex: Ahmadzai.  Ex: Afredi.

4  Title Name: The name, which is given to someone because of his or her achievement.

Ex: Amanullah Ghazee.  Ex: DSP Saleem.

Simple past tense

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It expresses or shows an action, which started and ended, specific or particular time in the past is called simple past
tense. In this tense we have one auxiliary verb did we use it for all nouns and pronouns when we want to make
question and the negative form is didn‟t

Ex: Did you go to school yesterday?  Yes I did.

Ex: Did she give the test last week?  No she didn‟t.
Ex: He didn‟t study hard last year.  Ex: He didn‟t pass that year.
Ex: We didn‟t go to the park last Friday.  Ex: You didn‟t call last night.

When we want to make positive sentences in simple past tense then we can use the second form of the Verbs, but in
interrogative or in negative sentences the base or the simple form of the verbs must be used.

Ex: He went to Kabul last week.  Ex: She finished school last year.
Ex: They ate lunch at 12: 00.  Ex: We played football last Sunday.

When we want to talk about past existence and state of being then we can use the second form of to be verbs was &
were. For singular nouns and pronouns we use was and for plural nouns and pronouns we
Use were. The negative form of was is wasn‟t and the Negative form of were is weren‟t.

Ex: He was in Canada ten yeas ago.  Ex: We were in Swat last week.
Ex: They were in Afghanistan yesterday.  Ex: She was at home last Sunday.

Ex: Naeem wasn‟t in class last Tuesday.  Ex: They weren‟t at school at 1:00
Ex: We weren‟t in Peshawar in 1980.  Ex: He wasn‟t in the class yesterday.

Ex: Where were you born?  Ex: I was born Peshawar.

Ex: When were you born?  Ex: I was born in 1981.

((( * ))) By ((( * )))

The word by is a preposition, which is used with transportation system here in this structure.

Ex: Anait khan Ahmadzai went to Saudi Arabia by plane.

Ex: Yousaf khan Ahmadzai went to bazaar by walking.

Ex: Nazeer khan Ahmadzai went to Swat by Suzuki car.

Ex: Rais Khan Ahmadazi went to USA by Boat.

Ex: Nawab khan Ahmadzai went to Kabul by car.

Ex: Habib khan Ahmadzai went to bazaar by bicycle.

Ex: Aman khan Ahmadzai went to Iran by helicopter.

Ex: Rafiq khan Ahmadzai went to city by Motorcycle.

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Ex: Shafiq khan Ahmadzai went to Kabul by bus.

Ex: Najeeb khan Ahmadzai went to Karachi by planecooch.

Ex: Ahmad – Wali khan Ahmadzai went Karachi by train

Ex: Ahmadzai was sent to hospital by ambulance.

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