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    Developmental Psychology PDF

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    Suneel Kumar Prajapati
    This document summarizes developmental psychology from infancy to old age according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. It outlines 8 stages from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key developmental crisis and outcome at each phase. Infancy is characterized by trust vs mistrust, early childhood by autonomy vs doubt, and middle childhood by initiative vs guilt. Development is influenced by social and environmental factors throughout the lifespan. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human growth and change from conception to death.

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    Developmental Psychology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Suneel Kumar Prajapati
    274 views2 pages
    This document summarizes developmental psychology from infancy to old age according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. It outlines 8 stages from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key developmental crisis and outcome at each phase. Infancy is characterized by trust vs mistrust, early childhood by autonomy vs doubt, and middle childhood by initiative vs guilt. Development is influenced by social and environmental factors throughout the lifespan. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human growth and change from conception to death.

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    This document summarizes developmental psychology from infancy to old age according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. It outlines 8 stages from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key developmental crisis and outcome at each phase. Infancy is characterized by trust vs mistrust, early childhood by autonomy vs doubt, and middle childhood by initiative vs guilt. Development is influenced by social and environmental factors throughout the lifespan. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human growth and change from conception to death.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    274 views2 pages

    Developmental Psychology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Suneel Kumar Prajapati
    This document summarizes developmental psychology from infancy to old age according to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. It outlines 8 stages from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key developmental crisis and outcome at each phase. Infancy is characterized by trust vs mistrust, early childhood by autonomy vs doubt, and middle childhood by initiative vs guilt. Development is influenced by social and environmental factors throughout the lifespan. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human growth and change from conception to death.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Stages of Development of Psychology of People at Different Ages from Infancy to Old

    Age!

    1. ​Meaning and Definition:


    Development means “a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable
    pattern as a result of maturation and experience”.

    The development of human being is a continuous process from conception to death.

    2. ​Psychology of People at Different Ages from Infancy to Old Age:


    Developmental psychology is concerned with the scientific understanding of age-related
    changes in experience and behaviour. Its task, as La Bouvie has pointed is “not only description
    but also explication of age-related changes in behaviour in terms of antecedent-consequent
    relationships”. Although most developmental theories have been specifically concerned with
    children, the ultimate aim is to provide an account of development throughout the life span.

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    Some developmental psychologists study developmental change covering the life span from
    conception to death. By so doing, they attempt to give a complete picture of growth and decline.
    Among the different developmental psychologists, the views presented by Erickson and
    Havighurst appear to give a comprehensive picture of development of human individual from
    infancy to old age. These views are presented here.

    Erik Erickson (1902-1994) was a student of Sigmund Freud. He offered a modified Freudian
    view of development of personality identity through the life span. His theory presents a
    progression through eight psychosocial stages. At each stage there is a crisis and its resolution
    leads to development of a virtue.

    Erickson differed from Freud however, in giving more emphasis to social and cultural forces of
    development.

    Freud believed that personality is formed mainly in the first 6 years, through unconscious
    processes under the influence of one’s parents, and that personality formation is irreversible.
    Erickson considered personality formation to be more malleable and to continue throughout life,
    to be influenced by friends the family and society.The following are the stages of development:

    1. ​Infancy​:
    This period extends from birth to 18 months of age. This is called the age of trust v/s mistrust.
    The infant who comes to the new environment, from mother’s womb needs only nourishment. If
    the child’s caretaker, the mother anticipates and fulfills these needs consistently, the infant
    learns to trust others, develops confidence. Inevitably the child will experience moments of
    anxiety and rejection. If the infant fails to get needed support and care, it develops mistrust
    which affects the personality in later stages of life.

    2. ​Early childhood:
    This stage ranges from 18 months to 3 years. By second year of life, the muscular and nervous
    systems have developed markedly, and the child is eager to acquire new skills, is no longer
    content to sit and watch. The child moves around and examines its environment, but judgement
    develops more slowly.

    The child needs guidance. In the crisis of autonomy v/s doubt faced during this period, the
    critical issue is the child’s feeling of independence.

    In an extremely permissive environment, the child encounters difficulties that it cannot handle,
    and the child develops doubt about its abilities. Similarly if the control is severe, the child feels
    worthless and shameful of being capable of so little.

    The appropriate middle position, respecting the child’s needs and environmental factors,
    requires the caretaker’s careful and constant attention.

    3. ​Middle childhood:
    This stage extends from 3-5 years. The crisis faced during this period is initiative v/s guilt. Once
    a sense of independence has been established, the child wants to tryout various possibilities. It
    is at this time the child’s willingness to try new things is facilitated or inhibited.

    If the care taker recognises the child’s creative effort in attempting to do some activities is
    encouraged, the crisis will be resolved in favourable direction and this outcome, if repeated,
    should influence the future initiative. Otherwise the child develops feelings of guilt.

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