Virtualization Software and

Linux Installation
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Virtualization Software and
Linux Installation
Virtualization Technology
( Hypervisor)
How many OS can we install
How many OS can we Run at
same time ???
Run a Virtual Machine
( Hypervisor)
Types of Hypervisor
 ( Hypervisor- Type1)

Xen, XCP-ng, Oracle VM Server for

SPARC, Oracle VM Server for
x86, Microsoft Hyper-V, Xbox One
system software, and VMware
ESX/ESXi.
 ( Hypervisor- Type2)

Xen, VMware Workstation, VMware

Player, Virtual Box, Parallels
Desktop for Mac and QEMU
Hypervisor to use?
Virtualization

We can run another system inside a system

i.e. Run Windows in Linux/ Run a Linux in Windows

Run a Linux in Linux/Run a Windows in Windows

Computer can virtualize hardware and have a new system

installed on it.  We call this new system Virtual Machine

•  portable
•  no hassle
Need a virtualization software

Only a virtualization software can "imitate" the hardware.  It

manages the Virtual Machines, so we normally call it virtual
machine manager.
 
Open-Source virtualization software
                         
                    VirtualBox 

Commercial virtualization software

                    VMware workstation     –- Paid one

Why not use a free one?

• Download at http://www.virtualbox.org
Windows(.exe) 
    Click "VirtualBox 6.0 for Windows hosts x86/amd64"
Ubuntu(.deb)  : Command-- dpkg -i pkgname.deb or use
Gdebi pkgname.deb (resolves package dependencies)
    Click "VirtualBox 6.0 for Linux hosts"                 
             Click "Ubuntu 10.04 LTS("Lucid Lynx") i386"

• Remember where you have saved the software package

• Double click the package and Click "Install package"  

or 
     Go to ( or run the command synaptic)
     System->Administration->Synaptic Package Manager->virtualbox-ose
Prepare for a VM

• An OS Installation CD or DISC image(.iso)

      Download Linux ISO from http://mirror.clarkson.edu/distributions.html
Distrowatch.com

• Enough free disk space on your computer

      At least 8Gigabytes free

• Enough memory on your computer

        Recommend at least 2G for the system, 1G for a VM 
      
• VirtualBox Installed in your system
Step 1: Create a VM

Go to Applications->System Tools-> Oracle VM VirtualBox

    "New"
Step 2: Specify a VM

Configure a VM's hardware specification

    1. Machine name

    2. Memory size

        At most, half of the physical machine's RAM size
 
    3. Disk size
        Less than the free space on the physical machine disk
Step 2.3.1: Disk Configuration

 
Step 2.3.2: Disk Configuration

 
Step 2.3.3: Disk Configuration

 
Step 3: Insert an Installation CD
Install a installation disc image (.iso)
            choose a virtual cd/dvd disc file...

 
OR   Insert an installation CD in DVD-ROM
Step 3: Run a VM
"Start"

Friendly Reminder:  Next time, when you run this VM

Remember to remove the installation CD/ CD image from the VM
Q&A: Manipulate a VM

How to get into a VM?

Click your mouse on the VM screen

How to get out of a VM?

press the key "Ctrl" on the right of the keyboard

How to stop a VM?

Close the window of the VM
  
 All the machine files are in
Places->Home Folder->VirtualBox VMs
Live Demonstration....
About LINUX Operating System
and
Installation Demonstration....
Linux Installation

LINUX INSTALLATION
Linux Installation

Download LINUX

https://distrowatch.com/
Linux Installation

Download LINUX

To install Red Hat, you will need to download the ISO

images (CD Images) of the installation CD-ROMs
from http://fedora.redhat.com
Download the i386 images for 32 Intel Processors,
PPC images for for Apple Macintosh and x86_64 for
for 64 bit AMD Processors
Burn the iso CD images on CDs and use these CDs
as Installation CDs (typically 4)
Linux Installation

What is a Partition?

Partitioning is a means to divide a single hard drive into

many logical drives.
A partition is a contiguous set of blocks on a drive that are
treated as an independent disk.
A partition table is an index that relates sections of the hard
drive to partitions.
Linux Installation

Why have multiple partitions?

Reduce the risk of system failure in case a partition

becomes full. Runaway processes or maniacal users can
consume so much disk space that the operating system no
longer has room on the hard drive for its bookkeeping
operations. This will lead to disaster. By segregating space,
you ensure that things other than the operating system die
when allocated disk space is exhausted.

Encapsulate your data. Since file system corruption is local

to a partition, you stand to lose only some of your data if an
accident occurs.
Linux Installation

Partition Fields
Device: This field displays the partition's device name.

Start: This field shows the sector on your hard drive where the
partition begins.

End: This field shows the sector on your hard drive where the
partition ends.

Size: This field shows the partition's size (in MB).

Type: This field shows the partition's type (for example, ext2, ext3,
or vfat).

Mount Point: A mount point is the location within the directory

hierarchy at which a volume exists; the volume is "mounted" at this
location. This field indicates where the partition will be mounted.
Linux Installation

Filesystem Types
ext2 — An ext2 filesystem supports standard Unix file types
(regular files, directories, symbolic links, etc). It provides the
ability to assign long file names, up to 255 characters. Versions
prior to Red Hat Linux 7.2 used ext2 filesystems by default.
ext3 — The ext3 filesystem is based on the ext2 filesystem and
has one main advantage — journaling. Using a journaling
filesystem reduces time spent recovering a filesystem after a
crash as there is no need to fsck the filesystem.
swap — Swap partitions are used to support virtual memory. In
other words, data is written to a swap partition when there is not
enough RAM to store the data your system is processing.
vfat — The VFAT filesystem is a Linux filesystem that is
compatible with Windows 95/NT long filenames on the FAT
filesystem.
Linux Installation

Recommended Partitioning Scheme

Unless you have a reason for doing otherwise, it is
recommended that you create the following partitions:
/boot partition – contains kernel images and grub configuration
and commands
/ partition
/var partition
/home partition 
Any other partition based on application (e.g /usr/local for
squid)
swap partition — swap partitions are used to support virtual
memory. In other words, data is written to a swap partition
when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is
processing. The size of your swap partition should be equal to
twice your computer's RAM.
Linux Installation

Disk Partition

IDE Disk Partitions

/dev/hda (Primary Master Disk)
/dev/hda1 (First Primary Partition)
/dev/hda2 (Second Primary Partition)
/dev/hdb (Primary Slave Partition)
/dev/hdb1
/dev/hdc (Secondary Master/Slave Partition)
/dev/hdc1
SCSI Disk Partitions
/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2
/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2
/dev/sdc1, /dev/sdc2
Linux Installation

Software RAID and LVM

 Software RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk)

 RAID 0 (Striping)
 RAID 1 (Mirroring)
 RAID 5 (Striping with Parity)
 LVM (Logical Volume Manager)
Linux Installation

Boot Loader

In order for the BIOS to load an OS it looks for instructions

on the first sector of a hard drive.

On the first sector of the hard drive resides the master boot
record (MBR), and is where a boot loader is initialized.

Depending on the boot loader, additional files may be

stored and read from a partition on the hard drive.

After this step the boot loader begins to start the operating
system, and is not used again until the next boot.
HTTP://SPOKEN-TUTORIAL.ORG/
Useful Websites and Resources
http://sourceforge.net or ( sf.net )

https://github.com

http://distrowatch.com

http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm

http://dspace.mit.edu
Useful Websites and Resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www-
128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-
linuxboot/

http://yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialInitPro
cess.html
Useful Websites and Resources
https://www.webminal.org/

http://www.pycs.net/lateral/stories/23.html

http://www.secguru.com/files/linux_file_structure

http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/commands/li
nux_crfilest.html

LinuxQuestions.org
UbuntuForums.org
Useful Websites and Resources

http://www.spoken-tutorial.org

http://doaj.org

http://ekalavya.it.iitb.ac.in/availableprojects.do
Useful Websites and Resources

1) http://knowfree.net/
2) http://www.linux-books.us/debian.php
3) http://www.ignouonline.ac.in/websancproj/
4) http://www.ignouonline.ac.in/sakshat/
5) http://www.ftacademy.org/materials
6) http://www.linux.com/directory/Books
7) http://ijeit.com/archive.php
8) http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/home
9) yolinux.com
10) http://opendatacommons.org/guide
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