A

Project Report
On

“Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic

Voltage Restorer for Various Faults”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Session 2019-2020)

Submitted to - Submitted by-

Mr. Mahesh Meena Abhishek Prajapat (PCE16EE010)
Assistant Professor Aftab Khan (PCE16EE015)
Dept. Of Electrical En Aditya Singh (PCE16EE014)
Ajay Singh (PCE16EE018)
4th Yr.,EE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
 Department Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. / Mrs. , registration no. ,

of the Department of Elecrtical Engineering ,

has submitted this Project report entitled

“Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for

Various Faults” under the supervision of Prof.

Mr. Mahesh Meena , working as Associate Prof. in department of

Electrical Engineering as per the requirements of the Bachelor of Technology program of

Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Name: Dr. Virendra Sangtani Name: Mr. Mahesh Meena

Head, Coordinator-Project
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Department Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. / Mrs. , registration no. ,

of the Department of Elecrtical Engineering ,

has submitted this project report entitled

“Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for

Various Faults” under the supervision of Prof.

Mr. Mahesh Meena , working as Associate Prof. in department of

Electrical Engineering as per the requirements of the Bachelor of Technology program of

Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Name: Dr. Virendra Sangtani Name: Mr. Mahesh Meena

Head, Coordinator-Project
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Department Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. / Mrs. , registration no. ,

of the Department of Elecrtical Engineering ,

has submitted this project report entitled

“Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for

Various Faults” under the supervision of Prof.

Mr. Mahesh Meena , working as Associate Prof. in department of

Electrical Engineering as per the requirements of the Bachelor of Technology program of

Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Name: Dr. Virendra Sangtani Name: Mr. Mahesh Meena

Head, Coordinator-Project
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Department Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. / Mrs. , registration no. ,

of the Department of Elecrtical Engineering ,

has submitted this project report entitled

“Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for

Various Faults” under the supervision of Prof.

Mr. Mahesh Meena , working as Associate Prof. in department of

Electrical Engineering as per the requirements of the Bachelor of Technology program of

Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Name: Dr. Virendra Sangtani Name: Mr. Mahesh Meena

Head, Coordinator-Project
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
 Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project report entitled “Power

Quality Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various

Faults” in the partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electrial Engineering, submitted in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Poornima

College of Engineering, Jaipur, is an authentic record of my own work done during the period

from July 2019 to December 2019 under the supervision and guidance of Mr. Mahesh

Meena (Associate Prof.).

I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project report for the award of any

other degree.

Dated: Abhishek Prajapat (PCE16EE010)

Aftab Khan (PCE16EE015)
Aditya Singh (PCE16EE014)
Place: Ajay Singh (PCE16EE018)

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my

knowledge.

Dated: Mr. Mahesh Meena

Place: Associate Prof.

Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my profound sense of reverence and admiration to my supervisor

Mr. Mahesh Meena (Associate Prof.) Department of Electrical Engineering, Poornima
College of Engineering, for his intense concern, attention, priceless direction, guidance and
encouragement throughout this research work.

I am grateful to Dr. Mahesh Bundele, Director of Poornima College of Engineering for his
helping attitude with a keen interest in completing this dissertation in time.

I extend my heartiest gratitude to all the teachers, who extended their cooperation to steer the
topic towards its successful completion. I am also thankful to non-teaching staff of the
department to support in preparation of this dissertation work.

My special heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr. Virendra Sangtani, HOD, Department of

Electrical Engineering, Mr. Mahesh Meena, Project Coordinator, Department of
Electrical Engineering Poornima College of Engineering, for unvarying support, guidance
and motivation during the course of this research.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards management of Poornima College
of Engineering including Dr. S, M. Seth, Chairman Emeritus, Poornima Group and former
Director NIH, Roorkee, Shri Shashikant Singhi, Chairman, Poornima Group, Mr. M. K. M.
Shah, Director Admin & Finance, Poornima Group and Ar. Rahul Singhi, Director
Poornima Group for establishment of institute and providing facilties my studies.

I would like to take the opportunity of expressing my thanks to all faculty members of the
Department, for their kind support, technical guidance, and inspiration throughout the course.

I am deeply thankful to my parents and all other family members for their blessings and
inspiration. At last but not least I would like to give special thanks to God who enabled me to
complete my dissertation on time.

Abhishek Prajapat (PCE16EE010)

Aftab Khan (PCE16EE015)

Aditya Singh (PCE16EE014)

Ajay Singh (PCE16EE018)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, B. Tech., Department of Electrical Engineering Engineering Page iv
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. Fig. No. Description Page No.

1 1.1 Dynamic voltage restorer operational principle 8
2 1.2 Components of DVR 9
3 2.1 Topology of 1 phase 13
4 2.2 Topology of 3 phase 13
5 2.3 CRO output of SIT 14
6 2.4 Voltage regulation Plot 15
7 2.5 Frequencies Plot 15
8 2.6 Voltage regulation Gain/Phase Plot 16
9 2.7 DVR 17
10 2.8 DVR Schematic Diagram 17
11 2.9 Electric Propulsion system Block Diagram 18

12 2.10 PI Control loop 19

13 2.11 PI Control Algorithm Block Diagram 19

14 2.12 Prapotional Term Graph 20

15 2.13 Data plotted as controller error 20

16 3.1 Simulation of DVR for improvement of power quality for 23

various faults

17 3.2 Load Voltage during 3 phase fault 23

18 3.3 Load voltage after the DVR operation on 3phase faults 24

Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

19 3.4 Load Voltage of A phase on 1Phase fault 25

20 3.5 Load Voltage of A after the DVR Operation on single phase 25

fault
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Serial ACRONYM FULL FORM

Number
1 MATLAB Matrix Laboratory

2 DWT Fast Fourier Transform

3 DCT Copy-Move Forgery

4 DFT Copy-Move Forgery Detection

5 JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

6 LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch

7 GUI Graphical User Interface

8 VHDL Verilog Hardware Description Language

9 FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays

10 LPF Low Pass Filter

11 HPF High Pass Filter

12 DWPT Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform

13 PRNG Pseudo-Random Number Generator

14 SVD Singular Value Decomposition

Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Table of Contents Format

Chapter No. / Heading / Title Page No.

Subheading No.
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
1.1 Power Quality 3
1.1.1 Improvement of Power Quality 3
1.1.2 Factor Affecting Power Quality 5
1.1.2.1 Methods Of Improvement 6
1.1.2.2 Various Methods 7
1.2 Introduction To DVR 8
1.2.1 Types of DVR 9
1.2.1.1 Components of DVR 9
1.2.1.2 Main Applications 10

Chapter 2 Working Principle of DVR 11

2.1 Working Principle 11
2.1.1 Voltage Source Invertor 13
2.1.1.1 Series Injection Transformer 14

2.2 Operational Principle 16

2.2.1 PI Controller 18
2.2.1.1 Operation of PI Controller 20

Chapter 3 Simulation 22
3.1 Simulation of DVR 23

3.2 Final Result 23

3.3 Conclusion 25

References 26
Appendix A -

Appendix B -

Appendix C -

List of Publications if -

any

6
 ABSTRACT

This Report proposes the application of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to enhance the power
quality and improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of a three-phase medium-
voltage network connected to a hybrid distribution generation system. In this system, the
photovoltaic (PV) plant and the wind turbine generator (WTG) are connected to the same point of
common coupling (PCC) with a sensitive load. The WTG consists of a DFIG generator connected
to the network via a step-up transformer. The PV system is connected to the PCC via a two-stage
energy conversion (dc–dc converter and dc–ac inverter). This topology allows, first, the
extraction of maximum power based on the incremental inductance technique. Second, it allows
the connection of the PV system to the public grid through a step-up transformer. In addition, the
DVR based on fuzzy logic controller is connected to the same PCC. Different fault condition
scenarios are tested for improving the efficiency and the quality of the power supply and
compliance with the requirements of the LVRT grid code. The results of the LVRT capability,
voltage stability, active power, reactive power, injected current, and dc link voltage, speed of
turbine, and power factor at the PCC are presented with and without the contribution of the DVR
system.

Power quality improvement has become a very serious concern in present days due to increase in
modern sensitive and sophisticated loads connected to the Distribution System. Because non-
standard voltage, current or frequency causes a failure of the loads connected to the system.
Power electronics and advanced control technologies have made it possible to improve the quality
of power and operate the sensitive loads satisfactorily. One of the major problems dealt in this
paper is the voltage quality which is very severe for the industrial customers as it can cause mal-
functioning of several sensitive electronic equipment. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a
solution to improve voltage quality, which is connected in series with the network. This paper
presents modeling, analysis, and simulation of DVR in MATLAB/SIMULINK, which includes PI
controller and discrete PWM generator for control purpose of DVR. Simulation results of
performance of DVR under different fault conditions such as single line to ground fault, double
line to ground fault, double line fault, three phase fault etc. are presented in this paper. The results
exhibit clearly the performance of the DVR in voltage quality improvement.
Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Chapter 1

Introduction
Electric Power Utilities and end users of electric power are becoming increasingly more serious
about the electric power quality. The term “Power Quality” has become most popular word in the
power industry since the late 1980s. There are following reasons for the increased concern
towards power quality. Newer generation load equipment, with microprocessorbased controls and
power electronic devices, is more sensitive to power quality variations than was the equipment
used before the late 1980s. Increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted
in continuous growth in the application of devices such as high-efficiency, adjustable-speed
motor drives and shunt capacitors for The purpose of power factor improvement so that losses
can be reduced. This is resulting in increasing harmonic levels on power systems and has many
people concerned about the future impact on the system capabilities. End users have an increased
awareness of power quality issues. Utility customers are becoming better informed about such
issues as interruptions, sags and switching transients and are challenging the utilities to improve
the quality of power delivered. Many devices are now interconnected in a network. Integrated
processes mean that the failure of any component has much more important consequences. Load
equipment. Interestingly, the equipment installed to increase the productivity is also often the
equipment that suffers the most from common power disruptions and the equipment is sometimes
the source of additional power quality problems. When entire processes are automated, the
efficient operation of machines and their controls becomes increasingly dependent on quality of
the power. Power quality can be defined as those properties of the power supply which allows the
electrical apparatus to function properly. But in actual sense power quality is ultimately a
customer driven issue, and the end user’s point of reference takes preference [1]. So any power
problems manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that result in failure or mal-
operation of the customer equipment can be categorized into power quality problem. To deliver
clean and pure power ie. pure sinusoidal voltage waveform, FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission System) devices are used. There are many FACTS devices which are being used in
the modern electrical network, some of them are Static Synchronous Compensator( STATCOM),
Static Synchronous Series Compensator( SSSC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC),
Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC), etc.

. In actual practice FACTS devices were designed for the transmission system and these are
modified to be used in distribution system and named as “Custom Power Devices”. Some of
the widely used custom power devices are Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator
(DSTATCOM), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Active Filter (AF), Unified Power
Quality Conditioner (UPQC). With the help of these devices the quality problems are reduced
to great extents. DVR is one of the most efficient and effective custom power devices due to
its fast response lower cost and smaller size [2]. There are many power quality problems in
distribution system such as sag, swell, harmonics, transients etc., but voltage sag is the most
severe disturbance which is generally caused by the faults. Voltage Sag and swell can be

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Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

instantaneous, momentary or temporary. If voltage sag occurs for 0.5 to 30 cycles and voltage
magnitude remains between 0.10 to 0.9 pu then it comes under the category of instantaneous
voltage sag. If it occurs for 30cycles to 3 seconds and voltage magnitude remains between
0.10to 0.9 pu known as momentary voltage sag and in the temporary voltage sag it occurs for
3 seconds to 1 minute & voltage magnitude remains in between 0.10to 0.9 pu. Similarly
voltage swell are also of three types: Instantaneous, Momentary and Temporary. If voltage
swell exists for 0.5 to 30 cycles and its magnitude lies in between 1.1 to 1.8 pu, it is a case of
instantaneous voltage swell. In momentary, it occurs for 30 cycles to 3 seconds and
magnitude remains in between 1.1 to 1.4pu. In temporary voltage swell, it lasts for 3 seconds
to 1 minute and its magnitude remains in between 1.1 pu to 1.2 pu. In order to mitigate
voltage sag and swell in distribution system DVR is one of the efficient and effective custom
power devices[9]. DVR is connected in series with the line and injects or absorbs voltage in
order to compensate the voltage sag or swell in the load side and remains the flat voltage
profile at the load end.

1.1 Power Quality

Electric power quality, or simply power quality, involves voltage, frequency, and waveform.
Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed
range, steady a.c. frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve waveform
(resembles a sine wave). In general, it is useful to consider power quality as the compatibility
between what comes out of an electric outlet and the load that is plugged into it.[1] The term
is used to describe electric power that drives an electrical load and the load's ability to
function properly. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction,
fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of
poor quality and many more causes of such poor quality power.
The electric power industry comprises electricity generation (AC power), electric power
transmission and ultimately electric power distribution to an electricity meter located at the
premises of the end user of the electric power. The electricity then moves through the wiring
system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric
energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variations in
weather, generation, demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the quality of
supply to be compromised.
While "power quality" is a convenient term for many, it is the quality of the voltage—rather
than power or electric current—that is actually described by the term. Power is simply the
flow of energy and the current demanded by a load is largely uncontrollable.

1.1.1 Improvement of Power Quality

power quality problems can be defined as the difference between the quality of power
supplied and the quality of power required for reliable operation of the load equipment.
Several types of power enhancement devices have been developed over the years to

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protect equipment from power disturbances. Some of the effective and economic measures
can be identified as following:
i)Power conditioning devices
ii)Custom power devices
i)Power conditioning devices
1-Lightning and surge arrestors : Arrestors are using to protect The transformers from
lightning and voltage surges but are certainly not sufficient for limiting voltage
disturbances to protect sensitive electronic circuits from voltage surges.
2-Transient Voltage Surge Capacitors (TVSC): These units clamp spikes to a level that it is
safe for the sensitive loads. Employing an entire facility protection strategy will safeguard
the electrical system against most transients.
3-Filters: Provide protection against high frequency low voltage noises. Filters are
designed to pass the fundamental frequency and reject the higher frequency noise such
as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and ratio frequency interference (RFI). Harmonics
filters prevent the harmonics
content of non linear loads from back to the power source.
4-Isolation transformer: Provides a degree of filtering and isolation. Isolation transformers
reduce electrical noise by separation of the primary and secondary through magnetic
isolation. Isolation transformer reduce noises and harmonics but it does not compensate
for power outages
and voltage fluctuations
5-Voltage Regulators Voltage regulators maintain output voltage at nominal voltage
under severe input voltage variations. There are three basic types of regulators:
i)Tap changing Transformer: Designed to adjust for varying voltages by automatically
transferring taps on a power transformer. The main advantage of tap changers is high
efficiency , wide input range, high over load current capability and good noise
isolation compared to other voltage regulation technology. Disadvantages are noise created
when changing taps and no waveform correction. The tap-changing transformer is: slow in
response, exhibits contact erosion needs routine maintenance of its parts, has an
uneconomical size and requires frequent replacement of transformer oil[11]
ii)Buck boost: Utilizes similar technology to the changers except the transformer being not
isolated. One of the advantages is that it can withstand high in-rush currents. Disadvantages
are noise created when changing taps, poor noise isolation and no waveform correction

iii)Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT): It is also known as Ferro resonant transformer. The
CVT is a static regulator that maintains a nearly constant output voltage during large voltage
variations in the input voltage. Advantages are superior noise isolation, very precise output
voltage and
current limiting for overload protection. The lack of moving parts means that the transformer
requires little maintenance. Disadvantages are large size, audible noise and low efficiency.

6-Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

UPS systems provide protection in the case of a complete power interruption. There are
three major UPS topologies each providing different levels of protection : off-line UPS, Line
interactive UPS and on-line UPS. Topology may be considered according to the load
requirement based on efficiency, cost and transfer time. Moreover, UPS also requires a high
level of maintenance because of, leakage of batteries and also needs replacement for every
five years.
ii)CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

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Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

Customers are demanding electrical power with high quality from the electric utilities.
Custom power devices are capable to solve power quality problems. The concept of
custom power is based on the use of power electronic controllers in the distribution
system for the purpose of
providing reliable and high quality power that is needed by sensitive equipments to power
quality variations.

1.1.2 Factor Affecting Power Quality

The objective of the power quality Standards is to ensure reliable and quality power to the
electricity consumers. The Electricity Act 2003 has enshrined the basic need of consumers to
be provided with continuous, reliable and quality supply by the distribution utilities.
Meanwhile the accelerated growth of renewable energy along with meteoric rise of non-
linear loads, are posing serious challenges for quality of conventional unidirectional power
flow from generation to consumption points. India is the 4th largest consumer of electricity in
the world but in spite of being one of the leaders both in electricity generation and
consumption, it is facing major issues related to power quality. The issue of power quality
remained largely ignored in the electricity supply industry of India. There are many reasons
like huge gap between demand and supply just a decade back, lack of awareness and capacity
to understand issues and challenges associated with quality of power, restricted availability of
technology in detecting and overcoming such challenges.

Power quality is drawing increasing attention due to the heavy penetration of power
electronics-based loads in every walk of our lives. Power quality parameters like frequency,
voltage quality (interruptions, variations, unbalances, flicker, sags, and swells), harmonics
and power factor are key matrices/indicators for defining a good power quality environment.
Poor quality of power lead to premature failure or reduced/degraded performance of
equipment. It also caused increased system losses. Discerning consumers are looking for
clean and quality power to drive their sensitive equipment at all levels. In this context, issues
pertaining to power quality need for greater regulatory intervention in ensuring quality of
power supply.

At present, a few parameters related to power quality are covered under the Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) and SERCs Regulations. The Grid Code, Supply Code and
Standard of Performance laid by various SERCs do mandate the quality of power to be
maintained. The State Regulations, when dealing with the aspect of power quality through
Supply Code/Grid Code or Standards of performance are not harmonious across different
States and does not cover all aspects of power quality. Even there are lot of variations in
similar power quality parameters specified by different SERCs. Therefore, there is a strong
need to introduce a harmonised regulation on power quality across all states. SERCs are also
required to put emphasis on measurement and introducing incentive/dis-incentive mechanism
to ensure compliance to power quality parameters within certain limits.

Business and the economy in digital era also depend upon reliable and quality power supply.
So far, the focus of the sector was limited to providing uninterrupted power supply to
consumers. This was understandable at the time of deficit when the limited supply of power
was available to meet peak demand and the expectation of end consumers was availability of
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power supply. But now the India has become one of the purples power country, thus, the
quality power supply becomes the priority.

1.1.2.1 Methods of Improvement

Manufacturers have developed a range of equipment to help consulting engineers and facility
personnel address specific power-quality issues. In some cases, the options are pretty cut and
dried, while situations may require a bit more thought.

Transients. Transient voltage surge suppressors are the best option for protecting against
transients in a power system.
Voltage sags and interruptions. The best choice here depends on extent of any
interruption. Uninterruptible power supplies and other energy-storage options could do
well with shorter-term sags or interruptions, but back-up generators or self-generation
equipment is needed when longer outages are encountered. Other solutions could include
static transfer switches and dynamic voltage restorers with energy storage. Schneider
Electric’s MGE Galaxy 5000 series.
Harmonics. Active filters are the recommended solution for harmonic mitigation, thanks
to their flexibility and high correction performance. Alternative approaches could involve
passive filters, multi-pulse arrangement transformers or harmonic correction at the
equipment level (for example, by integrating harmonic filtering into variable speed
drives). The AccuSine power-correction system from Schneider Electric offers a
complete harmonic-filtering solution.
Power factor. Reducing power factor requires producing reactive energy as close as
possible to connected loads. Installing capacitors on the network, such as Schneider
Electric’s VarSet LV capacitor banks, is the easiest and most common way to achieve this
goal.
With all these approaches, remote monitoring capabilities have become a standard
customer request. Today’s end users want to be able to verify the efficiency of any
applied corrective actions – possibly through a dashboard-style interface,

Addressing power-quality issues is often a reactive process – a response to a problem that has
already occurred. But by implementing a more proactive process of continuous power-quality
improvement, facility managers can minimize the risk of costly future problems and
interruptions and maximize both operational efficiency and equipment lifespans. The
following short- and long-term steps can help facility managers improve their uptime, energy
efficiency and asset management:

Within the next few weeks: Plan a project roadmap. As a starting point consider
monitoring the power quality at plant level, or at critical areas with sensitive loads.

Within the next 6 months: Analyze the results of your monitoring and their impact on
your equipment and installation. Assess the power-quality correction technologies.
Identify an initial project with reasonable investment that can result in positive results
over a relatively short period of time (for example, an immediate opportunity to deploy
power-quality equipment for a particular device or process).

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Within the next 12 months: Plan methods for expanding power quality more broadly
throughout your organization. Collaborate with internal stakeholders and/or seek out
expert services organizations that have the technical expertise and global presence to
support a long-term infrastructure integration project.

1.1.2.2. Various Methods

Recently a large interest has been focused on power quality domain due to: disturbances
caused by the non-linear loads, Increase in the number of electronic devices and growth of
renewable energy sources. Power quality measures the efficiency of electric power
transmitted from generation to the industrial, domestic and commercial consumers. At least
50% of power quality problems are of voltage quality type. In a power system voltage sags
and voltage distortion introduced by harmonics are considered to be the most severe affecting
power quality, because of both utilities and consumers are affected by these disturbances.
These problems could be solved by: design equipment's and electrical systems to prevent
electrical disturbances from causing equipment's or systems to malfunction, Analyze the
symptoms of a power quality problems to determine its causes and solutions, study the
medium that is transmitting the electrical disturbance and eliminate or reduce the effect of
that medium, Treat the symptoms of the power quality problems by using the power
conditioning device and custom power device. This paper presents the power quality
problems such as, sags, swells, harmonics, voltage interruptions and transient and the paper
presents power quality enhancement techniques which are two categories power conditioning
devices and custom power devices the second method is the most efficient and effective
method to solve the power quality problems and protective the sensitive loads from power
disturbances. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of a power distribution system was
achieved using MATLABL/Simulink. Three phase fault and double line to ground fault are
created with the proposed system, and the faults are initiated at a duration of 0.8sec till
0.95sec. Comparison the power quality problems with and without custom power device are
presented. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is used to treat the power quality problems.

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Power Quality Improvement Using Repetitive Controlled Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Various Faults 2019

1.2 Introduction to DVR

The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) detects and compensates for sags in the voltage of the
AC power source so that the loads are insulated from these power reliability issues. The
operating principle for the DVR is illustrated in Fig. 17.3 [3]. The DVR consists of DC power
sources, an IGBT converter, and an injection transformer which is connected in series with
the power line and the sensitive load. The DC power sources that can be used are batteries,
supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic storage units, and flywheels. A sag in the input
AC power line voltage may propagate through the power network due to a fault in one of the
distribution feeder lines. The DVR detects the sag and generates AC power from the DC
power source by using the IGBT converter. The generated power is fed to the line by the
transformer to correct the sag so that the sensitive load receives a highly reliable AC input
power.

Figure 1.1. Dynamic voltage restorer operating principle.

Siemens has published several papers that describe their SIPCON (SIemens Power
CONditioner) DVR technology. A 300-kW system was described in 1999 for use with
sensitive loads such as industrial plants and railway lines [5]. By creating modular DVRs,
Siemens was able to scale them to applications with loads of up to 50 MVA by 2000 [6]. The
2 MVA DVR was used to provide reliable power for a large paper mill in Scotland. It
provided protection against voltage sags at power levels up to 47 MW to stop disruptions in
paper production. It was also used in Phoenix, Arizona, for protection of a semiconductor
power plant at a power level of 17 MVA. A sag in the power line voltage stopped the exhaust
fans from functions requiring evacuation of the semiconductor facility with large losses in
productivity. In addition to voltage sags, the SIPCON system can be utilized for harmonic
filtering [7]. The authors state: “The SIPCON system is composed of two main elements.

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The fundamental component of the system is a PWM converter based on IGBT technology.
No additional control hardware is necessary.”
The DVR technologies described above can of course also be applied to compensating
for voltage sags in power delivery systems to financial institutions, credit card services,
and banks.

1.2.1 Components of DVR

The basic principle of dynamic voltage restoration is to inject a voltage of

the magnitude and frequency necessary to restore the load side voltage to the desired
amplitude and waveform, even when the source voltage is unbalanced or distorted. Generally,
devices for dynamic voltage restoration employ gate turn off thyristors, (GTO) solid state
power electronic switches in a pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverter structure. The DVR
can generate or absorb independently controllable real and reactive power at the load side. In
other words, the DVR is a solid state DC to AC switching power converter that injects a set
of three-phase AC output voltages in series and synchronicity with the distribution and
transmission line voltages.
The source of the injected voltage is the commutation process for reactive power demand and
an energy source for the real power demand. The energy source may vary according to the
design and manufacturer of the DVR, but DC capacitors and batteries drawn from the line
through a rectifier are frequently used. The energy source is typically connected to the DVR
through its DC input terminal.
The amplitude and phase angle of the injected voltages are variable, thereby allowing control
of the real and reactive power exchange between the dynamic voltage restorer and the
distribution system. As the reactive power exchange between the DVR and the distribution
system is internally generated by the DVR without the AC passive reactive components.

Figure 1.2 Components of DVR

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1.2.2 Applications of DVR

Modern power systems are complex networks, where hundreds of generating stations and
thousands of load centers are interconnected through long power transmission and
distribution networks.. However, in practice. As a result, the purity of waveform of supply
lost. This ends up producing many power quality problems..

The consequence of power quality problems could range from a simple nuisance flicker in
electric lamps to a loss of thousands of rupees due to power shutdown.. Power quality
problems associated with an extensive number of electromagnetic phenomena in power
systems with broad ranges of time frames such as long duration variations, short duration
variations and other disturbances. To compensate the sag/swell in a system, appropriate
devices need to be installed at suitable locations has recently been proposed as an alternative
power conversion concept as they have both voltage buck and boost capabilities.

The Zsource converter employs a unique X-shaped impedance network on its dc side for
achieving both voltage buck and boost capabilities this unique features that cannot be
obtained in the traditional voltage-source and current-source converters. In this paper the
modeling and control of voltage sag/swell compensation using Z-Source inverter based
dynamic voltage restorer are simulated using MATLAB software. The simulation results are
presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method

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Chapter 2

Working Principle of DVR

2.1 Principle
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) protects the load from voltage disturbances. DVR maintains
the load voltage at a predetermined level during any source voltage abnormal conditions such
as voltage sags/swells or distortion. The working principle of the DVR can be explained
through the Under normal operating conditions, let the three phase voltage phasors Va1, Vb1
and Vc1. During abnormal conditions, the phase voltage vectors may be altered to Va2, Vb2
and Vc2. DVR does not supply any real power in the steady state.

This implies that the phase angle difference between DVR voltage phasor and current phasor
must be 900 in the steady state. DVR injects the required compensating voltage through
transformer. The transformer is connected in series to the load. DVR operates only during the
abnormal conditions and remains idle during normal operating conditions. During operation,
DVR has a capability to supply and absorb active and reactive power. Dynamic voltage
restorer corrects the load voltage by supplying reactive power generated internally on the
occasion of small fault. DVR develops active power when it is required to balance larger
faults.

It requires dc energy device to develop the active power. Usually, dc capacitor banks are used
as the dc energy storage device. Most often caused voltage disturbances are voltage sags as
they can cause load tripping. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a series controller connected
in series to the load. DVR injects voltage in series to the load through the injection
transformer and voltage source converter. The injecting transformer injects the required
voltage vector (magnitude and angle) which adds to the source voltage to restore the load
voltage to pre-abnormal condition.

The components of DVR are:

a) Energy Storage: usually batteries are used to provide the required energy for compensation
of load voltage during abnormal conditions. In online monitoring and conditioning systems,
required energy for compensation is drawn from supply line feeder through a rectifier and a
capacitor. In low power applications, photovoltaic cells can also provide energy.

b) Inverter circuit: Since the loads in distribution system operate with ac power supply,
inverter is required to invert the dc power from the energy storage into ac power. Usually for
normal three phase supply, three phase voltage source inverter is used. Three phase VSI
cannot control the output voltage instead only transform the dc signal to corresponding ac
with same magnitude. Hence requires large energy storage for high voltage injection.
Moreover, voltage source inverter output waveform shape is step waveform (treated as highly

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harmonic content waveform) and hence requires a filter at the output of the inverter to modify
the step output into sinusoidal.

c) Series injection transformers: Three single phase injection transformers are used to inject
the voltage at the load end. Usually 1:1 ratio is used, but if required step up transformer can
also be used. The injection transformers are provided with suitable MVA rating, the primary
winding voltage and current ratings, short circuit impedance values.

d) Filter Unit: Since the semiconductor devices exhibit non-linear characteristics resulting in
distorted waveforms associated with high frequency harmonics at the inverter output. Hence
to minimize the harmonics, a harmonic filtering unit is required. In turn the filtering unit can
cause voltage drop and phase shift in the fundamental component of the inverter output. To
overcome this problem, multilevel topology can be used in voltage source inverter which has
double impact in reducing filter size and energy storage requirement simultaneously.

e) Controller and auxiliary circuits: By-pass switches, breakers and protection relays are
some auxiliaries to the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) block. In addition to all these,
PWM controller is required to generate pulses to the inverter in accordance to the
abnormality in load voltage. Most often PI controller is used. When tuning becomes difficult,
PI controller is tuned with proper methodology.

2.1.1 Voltage Source Invertor

Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 show the typical power-circuit topologies of a single-phase and a three-
phase voltage source inverter respectively. These topologies require only a single dc source
and for medium output power applications the preferred devices are n-channel IGBTs. ‘Edc’
is the input dc supply and a large dc link capacitor (Cdc) is put across the supply terminals.
Capacitors and switches are connected to dc bus using short leads to minimize the stray
inductance between the capacitor and the inverter switches. Needless to say that physical
layout of positive and negative bus lines is also important to limit stray inductances. Q1, Q2,
Q3 etc. are fast and controllable switches. D1, D2, D3 etc. are fast recovery diodes connected
in anti-parallel with the switches. ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ are output terminals of the inverter that get
connected to the ac load.

A three-phase inverter has three load-phase terminals whereas a single-phase inverter has
only one pair of load terminals. The current supplied by the dc bus to the inverter switches is
referred as dc link current and has been shown as ‘idc’ in Figs 33.4(a) and 33.4(b). The
magnitude of dc link current often changes in step (and some times its direction also changes)
as the inverter switches are turned on and off. The step change in instantaneous dc link
current occurs even if the ac load at the inverter output is drawing steady power. However,
average magnitude of the dc link current remains positive if net power-flow is from dc bus to
ac load.

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The net power-flow direction reverses if the ac load connected to the inverter is regenerating.
Under regeneration, the mean magnitude of dc link current is negative. [The dc link current
may conceptually be decomposed into its dc and ac components. The individual roles of the
‘dc voltage source’ and the ‘dc link capacitor’ may be clearly seen with respect to the dc and
ac components of the dc link current. For the dc component of current the capacitor acts like
open circuit. As expected, under steady state, the capacitor does not supply any dc current.
The dc part of bus current is supplied solely by the dc source. A practical dc voltage source
may have some resistance as well as some inductance in series with its internal emf. For dc
component of bus current, the source voltage appears in series with its internal resistance
(effect of source inductance is not felt). But for ac component of current, the internal dc emf
of source appears as short and its series impedance (resistance in series with inductance)
appears in parallel with the dc-link capacitor.

Thus the ac component of current gets divided into these two parallel paths. However, the
high frequency component of ac current mainly flows through the capacitor, as the capacitive
impedance is lower at high frequencies. The step change in dc link current is associated with
significant amount of high frequency components of current that essentially finds its path
through the capacitor.] For an ideal input (dc) supply, with no series impedance, the dc link
capacitor does not have any role. However a practical voltage supply may have considerable
amount of output impedance. The supply line impedance, if not bypassed by a sufficiently
large dc link capacitor, may cause considerable voltage spike at the dc bus during inverter
operation. This may result in deterioration of output voltage quality, it may also cause
malfunction of the inverter switches as the bus voltage appears across the non-conducting
switches of the inverter. Also, in the absence of dc link capacitor, the series inductance of the
supply line will prevent quick build up or fall of current through it and the circuit behaves
differently from the ideal VSI where the dc voltage supply is supposed to allow rise and fall
in current as per the demand of the inverter circuit.

It may not be possible to reduce supply line inductance below certain limit. Most dc supplies
will inherently have rather significant series inductance, for example a conventional dc
generator will have considerable armature inductance in series with the armature emf.
Similarly, if the dc supply is derived after rectifying ac voltage, the ac supply line inductance
will prevent quick change in rectifier output current. The effect of ac line inductance is
reflected on the dc side as well, unless this inductance is effectively bypassed by the dc side
capacitor. Even the connecting leads from the dc source to the inverter dc bus may contribute
significantly to the supply line inductance in case the lead lengths are large and circuit lay out
is poor. It may be mentioned here that an inductance, in series with the dc supply, may at
times be welcome.

The reason being that for some types of dc sources, like batteries, it is detrimental to carry high
frequency ripple current. For such cases it is advantageous if the dc source has some series
inductance. Due to series inductance of the source, the high frequency ripple will prefer to flow
through the dc link capacitor and thus relieve the dc source.] The dc link capacitor should be put
very close to the switches so that it provides a low impedance path to the high frequency
component of the switch currents. The capacitor itself must be of good quality with

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very low equivalent series resistor (ESR) and equivalent series inductor (ESL). The length of
leads that interconnect switches and diodes to the dc bus must also be minimum to avoid
insertion of significant amount of stray inductances in the circuit. The overall layout of the
power circuit has a significant effect over the performance of the inverter circuit.

Figure 2.1 Topology of 1 phase Figure 2.2 Topology of 3 phase

2.1.1.1 Series Injection Transformer

These analyzers are made to plot the characteristics of closed control loops (gain and phase)
by injecting a (very small) signal into the loop and to find out how the regulator reacted to it.
There are commercial products that can do that (e.g. Keysights E5061B-3L5 Network and
Impedance Analyzer with a frequency range up to 5Hz (!) to 3GHz, costing a whopping 35k€
list price w/o VAT), looking like this:

Figure 2.3 CRO output of series injection transformer

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Another machinery that can do gain / phase measurements is a device called Bode 100 from
Omicron Labs. This one costs a lot less (4.5k€), but is only usable up to 50MHz.

Regardless if you do it by hand or use an expensive machine, one fundamental question

always arises:

How on earth do I get my injected signal into the control loop without disturbing or altering
its characteristics ? Rescue is near, here comes the injection transformer ! A good injection
transformer has the following characteristics:

A very broad frequency range, covering the whole range of frequencies that may show up
in your system. Broad frequency range means that the S21 of this transformer is really
flat (0.1dB), not just 3dB down.
Phase stability. Over the whole frequency range of interest, allowed phase shift from
input to output is only a few degrees maximum.
Ideally, the in-loop side of your injection transformer looks like a short circuit. What
comes close is a very small resistor (max. 10-20 Ohms) in parallel with a transformer
coil.
A good injection transformer has perfect galvanic isolation in the Multi-Gigaohms, and a
very small capacitance between primary and secondary.
If the injection transformer lies in a signal path also running DC current, this must not
saturate the transformer or change its characteristics. This primarily affects low
frequencies, obviously.
The transformer must operate linearly in the whole range of signal amplitudes we want to
inject (10mVpp should be enough).
To illustrate the use on an injection transformer, lets invent a very simple voltage regulator
and insert our injection transformer there (*):

Figure 2.4 Volage Regulation Plot

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and now lets plot the response. We would want it to be below the input, of course, plus we
want a nice gain and phase margin so nothing comes even close to oscillations.

Figure 2.5 Frequencies Plot

Looks fine. At low frequencies, a positive input leads to a damped, negative output. There is
a peak at 20kHz, but 6dB down from the input level. 60% phase margin occurs at 20dB down
amplitude, so OK.

Even if its still safe, but why the peak ? Lets model some ESR into the output cap and see
what happens then. Circuit now looks like this (note the ESR in the output cap):

Figure 2.6 Voltage Regulation Gain/Phase Plot

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2.2 Operational Principle

DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) is a static var device that has seen applications in a variety
of transmission and distribution systems. It is a series compensation device, which protects
sensitive electric load from power quality problems such as voltage sags, swells, unbalance
and distortion through power electronic controllers that use voltage source converters (VSC).

The first DVR was installed in North America in 1996 - a 12.47 kV system located in
Anderson, South Carolina. Since then, DVRs have been applied to protect critical loads in
utilities, semiconductor and food processing. Today, the dynamic voltage restorer is one of
the most effective PQ devices in solving voltage sag problems. However, cost and installation
restrictions have limited its implementation to where there is obvious requirement for a stable
voltage supply.

Figure 2.7 DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer)

The basic principle of the dynamic voltage restorer is to inject a voltage of required
magnitude and frequency, so that it can restore the load side voltage to the desired amplitude
and waveform even when the source voltage is unbalanced or distorted. Generally, it employs
a gate turn off thyristor (GTO) solid state power electronic switches in a pulse width
modulated (PWM) inverter structure. The DVR can generate or absorb independently
controllable real and reactive power at the load side. In other words, the DVR is made of a
solid state DC to AC switching power converter that injects a set of three phase AC output
voltages in series and synchronism with the distribution and transmission line voltages.

The source of the injected voltage is the commutation process for reactive power demand and
an energy source for the real power demand. The energy source may vary according to the
design and manufacturer of the DVR. Some examples of energy sources applied are DC
capacitors, batteries and that drawn from the line through a rectifier.

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Figure 2.8 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Schematic Diagram

Operation

In normal conditions, the dynamic voltage restorer operates in stand-by mode. However,
during disturbances, nominal system voltage will be compared to the voltage variation. This
is to get the differential voltage that should be injected by the DVR in order to maintain
supply voltage to the load within limits.

The amplitude and phase angle of the injected voltages are variable, thereby allowing control
of the real and reactive power exchange between the dynamic voltage restorer and the
distribution system. The DC input terminal of a DVR is connected to an energy storage
device of appropriate capacity. As mentioned, the reactive power exchange between the DVR
and the distribution system is internally generated by the DVR without AC passive reactive
components. The real power exchanged at the DVR output AC terminals is provided by the
DVR input DC terminal by an external energy source or energy storage system.

Also, there is a resemblance in the technical approach to DVRs to that of providing low
voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability in wind turbine generators. The dynamic response
characteristics, particularly for line supplied DVRs are similar to LVRT-mitigated turbines.
Moreover, since the device is connected in series, there are conduction losses, which can be
minimized by using Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) technology in the
inverters.

2.2.1 PI Controller

The limiter is strategically place between the ESC and the battery so that it can monitor the
power being drawn from the battery. The limiter is designed to even out the playing field by
forcing each competitor to perform under the same power constrains and penalize any teams
that exceed the 1000W threshold.

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The following figure shows the block diagram of the electric propulsion system of this year’s
aircraft.

Figure 2.9 Electric Propulsion System Block Diagram

This year’s system has three additional components: a current and voltage sensor as well as
the P.I Controller. in the diagram, a solid black arrow indicates a power signal, a dashed
arrow a PWM signal , a blue dashed an analog signal, and a green solid arrow a constant,
which is determined by the user within the code.

Before I go any further, let me provide you with a brief description about the function of a P.I
controller.

Figure 2.10 P.I Control Loop

A P.I Controller is a feedback control loop that calculates an error signal by taking the
difference between the output of a system, which in this case is the power being drawn from
the battery, and the set point. The set point is the level at which we’d like to have our system
running, ideally we’d like our system to be running near max power (990W) without causing
the limiter to engage.
It is important to point out that due the the complexity of the electronic components within
the circuit path( i.e ESC, power limiter, and motor) I was not able to accurately create model
(transfer function) for the system. Having a transfer function would have allowed me to
simulate the system in a software package such as MATLAB/Simulink and assist me in
finding the right proportional and integral constant parameters for the controller.
Unfortunately, due to the lack of a model, the parameters were obtained via a trial and error
format.

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Figure 2.11 P.I Control Algorithm Block Diagram

The figure above shows a software level block diagram of the P.I control algorithm. The
controller receives a current and voltage measurement which it then uses to calculate the
power being drained from the battery. Once the power is measured the error signal is
calculated by taking the difference between the set point and the power measured. The error
signal then goes into the P.I control loop where it gets multiplied by the proportional and
integral constant. The output of the P.I control is a power value and in order to convert it to a
quantity that is comparable to that of the control signal, it goes through a power to PWM
signal converter. The adjusted PWM signal ( output of PWM converter) then gets compared
with the throttle signal, which is also a PWM signal, that is being sent by pilot,the least of the
two gets sent to the controlled system. The controlled system block encompasses the battery,
motor, speed controller, and limiter.

2.2.1.1 Operation of PI Controller

As with the P-Only controller, the proportional term of the PI controller, Kc·e(t), adds
or subtracts from CObias based on the size of controller error e(t) at each time t.

As e(t) grows or shrinks, the amount added to CObias grows or shrinks immediately and
proportionately. The past history and current trajectory of the controller error have no
influence on the proportional term computation.

The plot below illustrates this idea for a set point response. The error used in the
proportional calculation is shown on the plot:

At time t = 25 min, e(25) = 60–56 = 4

At time t = 40 min, e(40) = 60–62 = –2

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Figure 2.12 Proportional Term graph

Recalling that controller error e(t) = SP – PV, rather than viewing PV and SP as separate
traces as we do above, we can compute and plot e(t) at each point in time t.

Below (click for a large view) is the identical data to that above only it is recast as a plot of
e(t) itself. Notice that in the plot above, PV = SP = 50 for the first 10 min, while in the error
plot below, e(t) = 0 for the same time period.

Figure 2.13 Data Plotted as Controller Error

This plot is useful as it helps us visualize how controller error continually changes size and
sign as time passes.

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Chapter 3

Simulation

3.1 Simulation of DVR

In order to show the performance of the DVR in voltage sags and swells mitigation, a simple
distribution network was simulated using MATLAB R2014a (Fig.4). A DVR was connected
to the system through a series transformer with a capability to insert a maximum of 50% of
the phase to ground system nominal voltage [6],[7]. In this simulation in-phase compensation
method is used ie. voltage required to mitigate the sag in voltage will be in phase with the
load voltage. The components required for constructing DVR test Model is shown in Fig(a)
and Table-1.

Table 1 : System Parametrs

Fault Analysis: A case of various faults was simulated. The simulation diagram is shown in
fig.(4a).

As shown in the simulation diagram a PI controller is used for controlling the IGBT based
universal bridge[8]. The output of the PI controller is given to discrete PWM generator(mask)
in order to send the controlling pulses to the DVR. A three phase fault has created between
the instant 0.4 sec to 0.6 sec using external fault block as shown in the Simulink model. The
threephase voltage during the fault is shown in the fig.(4b). It can be obserbed from the figure
that during the three phase fault the line voltage was reduced below 0.4 pu. After the
operation of the DVR the load voltage were recovered to its nominal value till the fault
cleared. Thus it is quite sure that dynamic voltage restorer is suitable for voltage sag
mitigation during the fault on the distribution line. The similar result is also true for the other
type of faults like single phase to ground fault, double line to ground fault etc.

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Figure 3.1 Simulation of DVR for Improvement of Power Quality For Various Faults

3.2 Final Result

Figure 3.2 Load Voltage during 3-Phase Fault

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Figure 3.4 Load Voltage after the DVR operation on 3-Phase Fault

Figure 3.5 Load Voltage of a phase on Single Phase Fault

Figure 3.6 Load Voltage of Phase-A after the DVR Operation on Single Phase Fault

it can be observed that during line to ground fault, the voltage on phase is reduced to 0.5 pu
and after the application of DVR, it is recovered back to its nominal value until the fault

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clearance. It is observed from the above figures that due to the fault the load voltage reduce
to a very low value. If we compare the waveforms of load voltage with and without DVR, we
observed that when the DVR is in operation the voltage dip is compensated almost
completely and the r.m.s voltage at the sensitive load is maintained at desired value ie. near
about the nominal value. The DVR is designed to supply or absorb difference in voltage
under different fault conditions ie. until the fault is cleared from the distribution system.

3.3 Conclusion

For the distribution networks with static linear and non-linear loads , PI controller is used
with the device to improve its performance. Test system is analyzed and results are presented
in the simulation section.

The results exhibit the satisfactory performance of DVR in the distribution networks under
different fault conditions and it can be concluded that DVR improves more effectively the
power quality in distribution networks as compared to the other custom power devices.

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REFERENCES:

[1] Roger C. Dugan/Mark F. Mc Granaghan/Surya Santoso/H. Wayne Beaty, Electrical

Power Systems,Quality, Second edition, Mc Graw Hill Publication.

[2] N.G Hingorani, Flexible AC Transmission, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30, pp. 40-44,1993.

[3] N.G Hingorani, “ Introducing Custom Power”, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 32, pp. 41-48,1995
Distribution Custom Power Task Force, 2003

[4] K.R Padiyar, FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution, new age
international publicaions

[5] Smriti Dey, Performance of DVR under various fault conditions in Electrical Distribution
Systems, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics engineering, vol-8,Issue 1,pp-03-12,
dec-2013

[6] C. Benachiba and B. Ferdi, Power Quality Improvement using DVR, American Journal of
Applied Sciences 6(3): 396- 400, 2009 ISSN 146-9239

[7] Samrat Shende and Nilesh Chamat, D- Statcom & DVR in power quality enhancement in
distribution Network under various fault conditions, International Jouranal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN : 2319-8753

[8] M.H Rashid Power Electronics : circuits, devices and applicatins, prentice hall NJ, vol.2-
1998.

[9] H.P. Tiwari and Sunil kumar Gupta “ Dynamic Voltage Restorer against Volage sag”
International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology vol.1 no.3, pp. 232-237,
2010

[10] Math Works, (2012) : Power System Toolbox: Users Guide (R2012a)

[11] https://www.mathworks.com/

[12] https://ieeeexplore.ieee.org

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