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qkd&ygrnf/ tNidrfhMunfhNyD; &&SdvmrnfhESvkH;om;udk tNidrhf\tusKd;aus;Zl; &v'f
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tEkynmwpfck\ &oudk ae&mrSefrSef ay;ydkYwwf&efonf tEkynm&SifwdkY\
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00cHpm;Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/ uAsmht&omESihfywfoufí armifomEkd;u &Sif;jy
xm;ygonf/ ]]t&omqkdonfrSm pum;vkH;wdkY&JU toHoGm;toHvmuae jzpfay:
vmonfh uAsm&oudk cHpm;&onfht&om? ½Icif;½IuGufav;rsm;udk omref
azmfusL;jy½kH jyxm;ojzihf tm½kHrSm xifjrifcHpm;&onfht&omudk qkdvkdonf/
uAsm\t&omudk wif;jynfhcHpm;wwf&ef uAsmxJu azmfjyxm;aom tawGU
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tNidrfhuAsmrsm;onf uAsmajrmufonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ ]]uAsmq&m[m olwkdY
b0? olwdkYcHpm;ykHudk udk,fpm;jyKoDa<u;jyonf/ þenf;jzihf acwfay:
uAsmq&mrsm;onf acwfay:cHpm;rIudk a&;jyonf/ cHpm;rIudk a0rQ ray;Ekdif
1
omEdk;armif? 1999? 122
450 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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½kd;&Sif;aompum;vkH;rsm;udkom okH;EIef;í ykHazmfxm;ygonf/ uAsmwGifokH;xm;
aom tñTef;jyKrsm;onf uAsmzwfol\ tm½kHudk tajymif;tvJjzpfapcJhygonf/
tif*svDem*sKdvD? a*smhbk&SfESihf bifvm'ifwkdYonf tEkynmavmuESifh EkdifiHa&;
avmuü xl;jcm;olrsm;jzpfygonf/ urÇmausmfyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfygonf/ rwlnD
aomavmurS yk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;udk uAsmzefwD;olrsm;u a&SmifxGufvkd[ef&Sd
onf/ xkdYaMumihf okcrdefvdIif\uAsmh yef;wkdifudk uAsmzwfolu tvG,fwul
jrifEkdifygonf/ ]]vG,fwm&JUaemufuG,frSm av;eufrI&Sdoihfw,f}} [laom
oabmudk tNidrfhuAsm tpDtpOfrsm; (26-yk'f) zwfNyD;rSom odjrifvmEdkifyg
onf/ ]]uAsmqkdwm MunfEl;rIeJYpNyD; OmPftodrSmqkH;&onf}} [laom a&mbwf
za&mpfwf\ tqkdtrdefYESihf udkufnDrI&Sdonf[k azmfjyvdkygonf/

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Munfh&mwGif uAsmcHpm;ol\ tm;xkwfrIonf txl;vdktyfonf[kjrifygonf/
txl;ojzihf acwfay: uAsmrsm;udk avhvm&mü acwfay:uAsmzefwD;olwdkY\
awG;axmihfudk apmihfMunfhEkdif&rnf[k qdkvkdcsifygonf/ acwfay:uAsmrsm;wGif
1
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okcrdefvSdKif? 2011? 110
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 451

tvsm;vkduf ykHoP²mefxuf axmifvkdufykHoP²mefrsm;? tuGufqefaom

taMumif;t&mrsm;? jzefYBuJxm;aom 'DZkdif;rsm;udk okH;í cGeftm;aumif;aom?
opfvGifaom awG;axmihfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;í uAsmhtmedoifudk xufjrufap
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wpfyk'fonf tNidrfhuGufwpfuGufomjzpfí uAsmzwfolu uAsm&Sif\tawG;udk
jrifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOf (uAsm 26yk'f)udkzwfNyD; tawG;pOf
trQifwef;MunfhrSom? tawG;*,uf vif;vufEkdifrSom uAsmhtvSESihf uAsmh
aus;Zl;udk jrifa,mifNyD; cHpm;vmwwfEkdifrnf[k ,lqygonf/
tEkynm&Sif\ yifudkqE´rSm vl\ wpfa,mufcsif; avhvmoHk;oyfrI?
tm½HkcHpm;rIESifh awG;ac:rIwdkYü tav;teufjyKEdkiforQ jyKum us,f0ef;aom
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aomb0ü r[kwfbJ wu,fhvIyf&Sm;wuf<uaomb0üom aexdkifvdkMuay
onf/ vlonf zefwD;aomZmwfaumifavmuüom r[kwfbJ wu,fhvlU
avmuBuD;tv,fü tm;rmefESifhzefwD;vsuf aexdkifvdkMuayonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\
aqmifyk'frSm tEkynmtwGufb0 r[kwfbJ b0twGuf tEkynm jzpfay
onf[k urÇmausmfqdkAd,uf½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwm yla'ghuif\tqdktrdefYudk udk;um;
í '*kefwm&mu tEkynm&Sif\&yfwnfcsufudk wifjycJhygonf 1 þtqdktrdefY
t& uAsmq&monfvnf; tEkynm&SifwpfOD; jzpfayonf/ tEkynm&SifwpfOD;
jzpfaom acwfay: uAsmq&m\&yfwnfcsufudk pl;prf;&SmazGoifhonf[k ,lqí
okcrdefvdIif\ acwfay:uAsmrsm;rS uAsmq&m\&yfwnfcsufudk pl;prf;&SmazG
cJhygonf/
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vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ toH&SifjzpfcJhayonf/}}2 [laom tqkdtrdefYt& avhvmwifjy
vkdjcif;jzpfygonf/

1
bkef;Edkif? wuúodkvf? 1994? 46/
2
wm&m? '*kef? 1974? 141/
452 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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apvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufaMumifh þu@udk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rQom wifjycJhjcif;
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh okcrdefvdIif\acwfay: uAsmrsm;onf tbd"r®m&Sdaom
uAsmjzpfygonf[k oHk;oyfvdkygonf/ tbd"r®mwpfckckjzifh &nfñTef;aeaom
acwfudk ay:vGifap&ef BudK;pm;NyD;azmfjyaeaom tEkynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpfcH,lNyD;?
&yfwnfNyD; acwfay:uAsmrsm;udk zefwD;xm;onf[k ,lqygonf/
okcrdefvdIifonf olBuKHawGU&aomacwfwGif tNidrfhobif\ tmedoif
avsmhyg;vmrIudk? ajymif;vJvmrIudk azmfjyEkdifcJhaom acwfay:uAsmwpfOD;
jzpfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/ olUacwf\toHudk uAsmzwfolwdkYtm; Mum;a,mif
apcJhygonf/ tNidrfhobifESifhywfoufaom acwfay:uAsmrsm; tawGU&enf;
ygonf/ xkduGufvyfudk okcrdefvdIif\ tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfu jznfhpGuf azmfjy
EkdifcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tawG;opfjzihf zefwD;xm;aom tNidrfhuAsmrsm;onf
uAsmzefwD; ol\ apwemESihfuAsmhtvSudk ay:vGifaponf/ acwfay:uAsm
avmuudk tvSqiftouf0ifaprnfh uAsmht&om xufjrufaom uAsmrsm;
jzpfonf[k azmfjyvdkygonf/

acwfay:(armf'ef)uAsmq&m okcrdefvdIif\ uAsmtawG;? uAsmhtvSESihf

uAsmhaus;Zl;udk ay:vGifap&ef tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfrsm;udk avhvmwifjycJh
ygonf/ jrefrmhtNidrfhESihf ywfoufí apwemoufa&mufcJhaom acwfay:uAsm
q&mwpfOD;\ tEkynmvuf&mrsm;onf jrefrmuAsmzGHYNzdK;wkd;wuf&ef tusKd;jyK
uAsmrsm;[k okH;oyfvdkygonf/
tNidrfhyGJwpfyGJ\ t*Fg&yfrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif wkdYxdoGm;aom acwfay:
uAsmwpf&yftawG;pOfESifh apwemudk av;pm;zG,f awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ ]]tNidrfh&Sd
w,f? uRefawmf 'DvkduAsmzGJUw,f? trsm;BuD; r&nf&G,fygbl;/ enf;enf;yg;yg;
aysmf½kHavmufyg/ enf;enf;yg;yg; vGrf;½kHavmufyg/ 'grS wpfzufESihfwpfzuf
ulnDEkdifrSmav}} [laom uAsmhyef;wkdifudk jrifatmif ykHazmfEkdifcJhonf[k qdkcsifyg
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 453

onf/ uAsmq&m\acwfrSm xif&Sm;cJhaom tNidrfhynm&Sifrsm;udk av;pm;pGm

azmfjyoDukH;xm;jcif;onf acwfay:uAsmzwfolrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;rIudk jzpfa pNyD;
uAsmht&omudk xufjrufaponf[k ,lqygonf/ NrdKUawmfaygpH? "mwfqD?
"mwfqH? avbmwDjr&if? &Gmpm;BuD;pdefaA'g? eef;a&SU q&mwif ponfh ynm&Sif
rsm;onf jrefrmhtNidrfhavmuü rSwfwkdiftjzpf xif&Sm;pGm csef&pfcJholrsm; jzpfyg
onf/
tNidrfhyGJtp ukuúdKvfyifxdyfzsm;rS avmfpyDumBuD;ESihf tus,fBuD;atmfykH?
&GmvkH;uRwf yGJoGm;&ef jyifqifxm;Muyk? tNidrfhyGJaps;wef;ü aumufn§if;
usnfawmuf? a&rkefY? rkefYavayG? rkd;ysH&[wf? aq;rifaMumifxkd;oHwdkYudk jrif&
Mum;&ykH? vljyufBuD;rsm; jyufvkH;xkwfykH tEkynmygí ESvkH;om;rSm NidcJhykH
tv,f? tNidrfhNyD;í taysmfrsm;usefcJhykHtqkH; uAsmzwfoljrifa,mif Mum;a,mif
atmif wifjyEkdifcJhí uAsmhaus;Zl; ay:vGifcJhonf[k xifjrifygonf/
tNidrfhyGJ\ tmedoifBuD;rm;ykHudk okcrdefvdIifu cHpm;rItm;vkH;rsm;okH;í
wifjycJhygonf/ ]]EkysKdjcif;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]&,farmjcif;<uufom;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]rukef
rcef;cGeftm;rsm;&Sd&m}}? ]]&,farmp&mawGeJY wefqmqif&m}}? [lí wifpm;xm;yg
onf/ qkdif;oHAkHoHMum;&í aeaumif;ap&ef rif;orD;av;vSí pdwfcsrf;om
ap&ef vl&Tifawmf &,f&íaysmfap&ef tNidrfhu pGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/ þjrefrmh
tNidrfh aysmufuG,foGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfaom acwfay:q&mwpfOD;\ uAsmhtawG;
onf jrefrmuAsmrsm; qufvuf&Sifoefap&ef tmedoif&Sdonf[k okH;oyfvdkyg
onf/
okcrdefvdIifonf tNidrfhuAsmtpDtpOfudk a&;zGJU&mwGif ½kd;&Sif;aom
pum;tokH;tEIef;udk okH;EIef;í zGJUqkdxm;onf/ toHpD;qif;rIonf oGufvufí
e&Dpnf;0g; rdonf/ toHajyjypfrI&SdNyD; em;0ifcsKdí tvG,fwulrSwfrdaponf/
tNidrfhyGJwpfyGJMunfhNyD; auseyfoGm;&ouJhodkY cHpm;Ekdifygonf/ awGUBuKHcJh&aom
tNidrfhyGJrsm;udk jyefvnfjrifa,mifvmapEkdifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf
ujyazsmfajzoGm;cJhaom tNidrfhuAsmpkrsm;[k wifpm;csifygonf/
454 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tEkynmzefwD;olESihf cHpm;olwdkY\ b0tawGUtBuKH uGm[rI enf;onf

ESihftrQ xkdtEkynm\oufwrf; ydk&Snfwwfygonf/ *E¦0ifajrmufaom
acwfay:uAsmrsm;udk rSwfwkdiftjzpfpdkufxlEkdifí jrefrmhuAsmavmu &eHYoif;Ekdif
ygawmhrnf[lí ,kHMunfygonf/

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