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LASER Is Abbreviation of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Laser is an acronym that stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". Lasers produce an intense, coherent beam of light through stimulated emission. Key properties of lasers include a narrow, focused beam consisting of a single wavelength of light where all waves are in phase. For laser emission to occur, three main processes must be satisfied: population inversion, stimulated emission, and a pumping source to excite the lasing medium.

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Mohammed Faleh Mahdi
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126 views4 pages

LASER Is Abbreviation of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Laser is an acronym that stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". Lasers produce an intense, coherent beam of light through stimulated emission. Key properties of lasers include a narrow, focused beam consisting of a single wavelength of light where all waves are in phase. For laser emission to occur, three main processes must be satisfied: population inversion, stimulated emission, and a pumping source to excite the lasing medium.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Faleh Mahdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of

L.A Luma Hafedh h Medical Physics Kufa Collage of


Dentistry

LASER is abbreviation of Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission of


Radiation. Laser apparatus is a device that produce an intense concentrated, and
highly parallel beam of coherent light.

Properties of Laser

• narrow beam of light (focus).


• single wavelength (monochromatic).
• each wave is in phase (coherent) with other near it.

Basic theory for laser

If an incident photon is energetic enough, it may be absorbed by an atom, raising


the latter to an excited state. It was pointed out by Einstein in 1917 that an excited
atom can be revert to a lowest state via two distinctive mechanisms:

 Spontaneous Emission and

 Stimulated Emission

Spontaneous emission:

Each electron can drop back spontaneously to the ground state emitting
photons. Emitted photons bear no incoherent. It varies in phase from point to point
and from moment to moment. e.g. emission from tungsten lamp.

To generate laser beam three processes must be satisfied:-

1. Population inversion. COLLIMATED


BEAM
2. Stimulated emission.
3. Pumping source.
MEDIUM

1.Population
MIRROR
inversion
PUMP
Generally electrons tends to (ground state). What would happen if a
substantial percentage of atoms could somehow be excited into an upper state
leaving the lower state all empty? This is known as a population inversion. An
University of
L.A Luma Hafedh h Medical Physics Kufa Collage of
Dentistry

incident of photon of proper frequency could then trigger an avalanche of


stimulated photon- all in phase (Laser).

Consider a gas enclosed in a


vessel containing free atoms
having a number of energy
levels, at least one of which is
Metastable. By shining white
light into this gas many atoms
can be raised, through resonance,
from the ground state to excited
states, and the population inversion condition is satisfied.

• E1 = Ground state,
• E2 = Excited state (short life time ns),
• E3 = Metastable state (long life time from ms to s).

2.Stimulated emission:

Each electron is triggered into emission by the presence of electromagnetic


radiation of the proper frequency. This is known as stimulated emission and it is a
key to the operation of laser. e.g. emission from Laser

Excited state

hν
Stimulated
emission
Ground

Absorption:
University of
L.A Luma Hafedh h Medical Physics Kufa Collage of
Dentistry

Let us consider an atom that is initially in level 1 and interacts with an


electromagnetic wave of frequency n. The atom may now undergo a transition to
level 2, absorbing the required energy from the incident radiation. This is well-
known phenomenon of absorption.

EE2 1

Absorption ν=E2 –
hν

3.Pumping Sources
 Optical Pumping: Suitable For Liquid And Solid Laser Because They Have
Wide Absorption Bands.
 Electric Pumping: Suitable For Gas Laser Because They Have Narrow
Absorption Band.
 Chemical Reaction.

Types of lasers
 According to the active material: solid-state, liquid, gas, excimer or
semiconductor lasers.
 According to the wavelength: Infra-red (IR), Visible, Ultra-violet (UV) or
X-ray Lasers.

1- Solid-state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix (such as


ruby or Nd-YAG). Flash lamps are the most common power source. The
Nd-YAG laser emits infrared light at 1.064 nm.
2- Semiconductor lasers, sometimes called diode lasers, are p-n junctions.
Current is the pump source. Applications: laser printers or CD players.
3- Gas lasers are pumped by current. Helium- Neon (He-Ne) lasers in the
visible and IR. Argon lasers in the visible and UV. CO2 lasers emit light in
the far-infrared (10.6 mm), and are used for cutting hard materials.
University of
L.A Luma Hafedh h Medical Physics Kufa Collage of
Dentistry

4- Excimer lasers: use reactive gases, such as chlorine and fluorine, mixed
with inert gases such as argon, krypton, or xenon. Excimers laser in the UV.

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