Compressible Flow - Hanakuse (Part 1)

SEMM 2323 Fluid II
Section 3 & 4
Lecture slides for April 5, 2020

(Sunday)
Prepared by: Dr. Ken Wong K. Y.
We will learn “Compressible flow” for
coming three weeks:
Chapter 3: Compressible Flow

1st week Introduction
Speed of Sound and the Mach number
2nd week Isentropic nozzle flow

- Stagnation condition
- Critical condition
3rd week Normal shock wave
- Normal shock wave in a constant area duct
- Normal shock wave converging-diverging nozzles
** Don’t worry, we will go through one by one. ☺ **

This week, we will learn:
** Introduction
** Speed of Sound and the Mach number
Introduction:
Compressibility of a fluid is:-

A measure of the change in density that will be
produced in the fluid by a specific change in pressure
and temperature.
*Gases are highly compressible

*Liquids have a very low compressibility
A compressible gas can also be considered as

incompressible with constant  if changes in elevation
are small, acceleration is small and temperature
changes are negligible.
Introduction:
Definition of “Gas dynamics”

The study on the compressible flow where:
(i) the speeds comparable to or exceed the speed of sound
(ii) causing a significant change in temperature and pressure
Must remember!
Assumptions in the study of compressible flow:

1. The gas is continuous.
2. The gas is perfect (obeys the perfect gas law)
3. Gravitational effects on the flow field are negligible.
4. Magnetic and electrical effects are negligible.
5. The effects of viscosity are negligible.
Introduction:
Basic Equations of compressible fluid flow:

i) Continuity equation
ii) Momentum equation
iii) Energy equation and
iv) Equation of state

(i) Continuity Equation
• The continuity equation is obtained by applying the

principle of conservation of mass to flow through a
control volume.
• Control volume is defined as a volume in space

(geometric entity, independent of mass) through
which fluid may flow.
Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space
As shown in Figure, the mass enters through the left hand face of the
control volume must be equal to the rate at which mass leaves through
the right hand face of the control volume, therefore
m 1 = m
2
Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space
(AV )1 = (AV )2
OR
AV = ( + d )( A + dA)(V + dV )
AV = ( + d )( A + dA)(V + dV )
By neglecting the higher order terms and dividing by

ρAV , we get
d dA dV
+ + =0
 A V
This is the continuity equation in differential form.

(ii) Momentum Equation
The momentum equation for compressible fluid can be

obtained by applying the same principle to the
incompressible fluid:-
The rate of change of momentum is equal to the net

force exerted on the control volume.
Figure: Forces on control volume

Figure: Forces on control volume
For an incompressible flow, i.e, if the density can be assumed

constant
V2 p
+ = constant Bernoulli equation
2 
Therefore, it is understood that the Bernoulli’s equation only can

be applied for incompressible flow
(iii) Energy Equation
For flow through control volume considered above, the

conservation of energy states that
V22 V12
h2 + = h1 + +q−w
2 2
where
h enthalphy per unit mass
V velocity
q Heat transferred into the control volume per unit mass of fluid
w work done by the fluid per unit mass
If we limit our discussion on the flow in which no work is

done and calorically perfect gases are being considered,
i.e. w = 0 and h = c pT
**Then the energy equation becomes
V22 V12
c pT2 + = c pT1 + +q
2 2
Flow through differential short control volume
Applying previous to the flow through differentially short control

volume, then
c pT +
V2
+ dq = c p (T + dT ) +
(V + dV )2
2 2
Neglecting higher order terms because dx is very small
c p dT + VdV = dq
**For compressible flow, changes in velocity will

induces changes in temperature and that heat addition
can cause velocity changes as well as temperature
changes.
If there is no heat transfer to or from the flow

(adiabatic flow), the energy equation is expressed as
c p dT + VdV = 0
(iv) Equation of state
The equation of state between two points in the flow

can be expressed as
p1 p
= 2
1T1  2T2
(iv) Equation of state
If the equation is applied between the inlet and exit of

the differentially short control volume, it yields
p p + dp
=
T ( + d )(T + dT )
Neglecting higher order terms gives
p p  dp  d  dT 
= 1 + 1 − 1 − 
T T  p    T 
Upon completing all the slides, please
confirm your attendance by scanning the
QR code.
SEMM 2323 (03) SEMM 2323 (04) SKMM 2323 (03)

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SEMM 2323 Fluid II

Lecture slides for April 5, 2020

Chapter 3: Compressible Flow

2nd week Isentropic nozzle flow

** Don’t worry, we will go through one by one. ☺ **

Compressibility of a fluid is:-

*Gases are highly compressible

A compressible gas can also be considered as

Definition of “Gas dynamics”

Assumptions in the study of compressible flow:

Basic Equations of compressible fluid flow:

ii) Momentum equation

iii) Energy equation and

iv) Equation of state

• The continuity equation is obtained by applying the

• Control volume is defined as a volume in space

Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space

Figure: Mass flow through one-dimensional space

By neglecting the higher order terms and dividing by

This is the continuity equation in differential form.

The momentum equation for compressible fluid can be

The rate of change of momentum is equal to the net

Figure: Forces on control volume

Figure: Forces on control volume

For an incompressible flow, i.e, if the density can be assumed

Therefore, it is understood that the Bernoulli’s equation only can

For flow through control volume considered above, the

If we limit our discussion on the flow in which no work is

**Then the energy equation becomes

Flow through differential short control volume

Applying previous to the flow through differentially short control

Neglecting higher order terms because dx is very small

**For compressible flow, changes in velocity will

If there is no heat transfer to or from the flow

The equation of state between two points in the flow

If the equation is applied between the inlet and exit of

Neglecting higher order terms gives

SEMM 2323 (03) SEMM 2323 (04) SKMM 2323 (03)

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Don’t worry, we will go through one by one. ☺