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Sets and Venn Diagrams PDF

1. A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects that can be concrete or abstract. Sets are represented using capital letters and the element symbol Î. 2. There are two methods for describing sets - the roster method lists the elements in braces, while the rule method uses a property to define the set. 3. Basic set operations include union, intersection, difference, and complement. The union of sets contains elements in either set. The intersection contains elements common to both sets. The difference contains elements only in the first set. The complement contains elements not in the set.

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512 views4 pages

Sets and Venn Diagrams PDF

1. A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects that can be concrete or abstract. Sets are represented using capital letters and the element symbol Î. 2. There are two methods for describing sets - the roster method lists the elements in braces, while the rule method uses a property to define the set. 3. Basic set operations include union, intersection, difference, and complement. The union of sets contains elements in either set. The intersection contains elements common to both sets. The difference contains elements only in the first set. The complement contains elements not in the set.

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mark anthony matic
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sets and Venn Diagram

DEFINITION AND SET NOTATION

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct object. These objects maybe concrete


or tangible or they maybe abstract concepts. Each distinct object is called element or
member of the set.
A capital letter is used to name a set and the symbol Î is used to mean the object
is an element or a member of the set. Braces are used to enclose the member of the
set.

Example:
The set of letter in the word love maybe written A = {l,o,v,e}.
Since l is an element of set A, this is written l Î A which is read “l is an
element or member of set A”.
Similarly x is not a member of set A, then this is written x Ï A which is read
“x is not an element of set A”.

Two Ways of describing set

1. Tabular or roster method - indicate a set by listing or tabulating the elements and
enclosing them in braces.

Example: the set of names of the month starting with letter J maybe described by
N = {January, June, July}

2. Rule method or defining property method - Indicate a set by enclosing in


braces a descriptive phrase and agreeing that those objects and only those, which have
the described property, are elements of the set.

Example: the set of the names of the month starting with letter J maybe described by

N={x|x is a name of a month starting with letter J}.


The vertical bar is read “such that”

Illustration

Roster method Rule method

a) C = {x,y,z} a) C={x|x is one of the last three letters of the English


alphabet}

b) D = {1,2,3,4} b) D = {x|x is a counting number less than 5}

c) roster method cannot be used c) E = {x|x is a student in the Philippines}

d) F = {Mary, square root 5, China} d) Rule method cannot be used


NOTE:
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• The roster method is used when the elements are few and / or when they are
unlike have no common characteristic.
• The rule method is used when the elements have a common characteristics or
property whether they are few or so numerous and uncountable.

Cardinality of a set
The cardinality of a set refers to the number of its elements.
Consider D = {2,4,6,8}. Set D has 4 elements so the cardinality of a set D is 4
which is written n(D) = 4.

Kinds of Sets

Equal Set – Sets A and B are equal if and only if they have the same element and it is
denoted by A = B.

Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,1,3} then A = B

Equivalent Set – Sets A and B are said to be equivalent if and only if there exist a one-
to-one correspondence between their elements or if they have the same number of
elements, and it is denoted by A ~ B.

Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {a,b,c,d} then A ~ B

Empty Set or Null Set – is a set which has no element and it is denoted by the symbol
Ø (phi).

Example: A = {} and B = {x|x is month of the year containing 35 days}

Finite Set – is a set with definite number of elements.

Example: A = {a,e,i,o,u}
B = {x|x is is a counting numbers less than ten}

Infinite Set – is a set with no definite number of elements.

Example: A = {x|x is is a counting numbers}


B = {2,4,6,8,10,12,…}

Universal Set – is the totality of elements under consideration.

Example: A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
Then U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

Unit Set or Singleton Set – is a set with only one element.

Example: A = {x} B = {2}


Joint Sets – Sets with common elements.
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Example: A = {a,e,i,o,u}
B = {a,b,c,d,e}

Disjoint Sets – set A and B are said to be disjoint if and only if they have no common
elements.

Example: A = { a,e,i,o,u }
B = {2,4,6,8,10}

Subsets – set A is a subset of set B if every element of A belongs to B and it is denoted


by A Í B. If A is a subset of B and there are elements of B that are not elements of A,
then A is a proper subset of B and it is denoted by A Ì B.

Example: A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c,d,e} then A Ì B

Note:
• A given set is a subset of itself
• An empty set is a subset of any given set

To determine the number of subsets of a given set use the formula 2n. where n is the
number of elements of a given set.

Example: A = {a,b,c} find all the subsets

Solution. n=3, then 2n = 23 = 8 subsets

List of subsets: {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, A, Ø

B = {a,e,i,o,u} find all the subsets

OPERATIONS ON SETS
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1. UNION OF SETS – The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements that belongs
to A or B.
U A B
A È B = {x/xÎA or xÎB}

Example: A = {a,b,c}
B = {c,d,e}
A È B = {a,b,c,d,e}

2. INTERSECTION OF SETS – The intersection of two sets A and B is the set


containing the elements of A and B.
U A B
A Ç B = {x/xÎA and xÎB}

Example: A = {a,b,c}
B = {c,d,e}
A Ç B = {c}

3. DIFFERENCE (RELATIVE COMPLEMENT) – The difference of two sets A and B is


the set of elements which belongs to A but does not belong to B, denoted by A – B.

A - B = {x/xÎA and xÏB}


U A B

Example: A = {a,b,c}
B = {c,d,e}
A - B = {a,b}
B - A = {d,e}

4. COMPLEMENT OF A (ABSOLUTE COMPLEMENT) – The complement of a set A is


the set of elements in the Universal set but is/are not found in A, denoted by A’ (A
prime).

A’ = {x/xÏA and xÎU}


U A B
Example: U = {1,2,3,4,…,10}
A = {1,2,3,4,5}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
A’ = {6,7,8,9,10}
B’ = {1,3,5,7,9}

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