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02 Bonding

Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of electrons or protons in each atom. Atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons in the element. Electronegativity Ranges from 0. To 4.0, Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

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76 views24 pages

02 Bonding

Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of electrons or protons in each atom. Atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons in the element. Electronegativity Ranges from 0. To 4.0, Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Uploaded by

iron_tr
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2:

Atomic Structure and


Atomic
Interatomic Bondingg
Th St
The Structure
t off th
the Atom
At

• Atom consists of nucleus encircled by moving electrons


• The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of
electrons or protons in each atom.
• The atomic mass of an element is equal to the average number
of protons and neutrons in the atom.
• The Avogadro number of an element is the number of atoms or
molecules
l l iin a mole.
l
Atomic Models

© 2003 Brooks/Colle Publishing / Thomsson Learning™


The atomic structure of sodium, atomic number 11, showing the electrons in the K,
L, and M quantum shells
THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure

6
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity


Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:
Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons 7
to become + ions. to become - ions.
r0 = Equilibrium separation E0 = Bonding Energy ,
Energy @ r0 required
to separate two atoms
Basics of atomic bonding in solid state

Crystal is a solid composed of atoms, ions


or molecules that demonstrate long range
periodic order in three dimensions
Effect of temperature
IONIC BONDING
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large
L diff
difference in
i electronegativity
l t ti it required.
i d
• Example: NaCl

Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron

Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
IONIC BONDING

© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

An ionic bond is created between two unlike atoms with different


electronegativities. When sodium donates its valence electron to chlorine, each
becomes an ion; attraction occurs, and the ionic bond is formed
EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics

Give up electrons Acquire electrons


Ionic Bonding is Nondirectional.
COVALENT BONDING

• Requires shared electrons


• Example: CH4 shared electrons
H
C: has 4 valence e, from carbon atom
CH4
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e, H C H
needs 1 more
shared electrons
Electronegativities H from hydrogen
are comparable.
p atoms
COVALENT BONDING

© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson


n Learning™
Covalent bonding requires that electrons be shared between atoms in such a way
that each atom has its outer sp orbital filled. In silicon, with a valence of four, four
covalent bonds must be formed
EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING

• Molecules with nonmetals


• Elemental
El t l solids
lid (RHS off P
Periodic
i di TTable)
bl )
• Compound solids (about column IVA)
Covalent Bonding:
METALLIC BONDING
• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).
• Primary bond for metals and their alloys
© 2003 Brrooks/Cole Publishing

The metallic bond forms


when atoms g give up
p their
g / Thomson Learning

valence electrons, which then


form an electron sea. The
positively charged atom
cores are bonded by mutual
g™

attraction to the negatively


charged electrons
SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron ex: liquid
q H2
clouds H2 H2

+ - secondary + - H H H H
d
secondary
bonding bonding

• Permanent dipoles
dipoles-molecule
molecule induced
secondary
-general case: + - bonding
+ -

secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl
secon
-ex:
ex: polymer dary
bond
ing
SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Bond Energy Comments

Ionic Large! Nondirectional (ceramics)

Variable Directional
Covalent large-Diamond semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)

Variable
Metallic large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
ll M
Directional
Secondary smallest inter chain (polymer)
inter-chain
inter-molecular
Summary (Chapter 1-2)
SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS

Ceramics Large bond energy


large Tm
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
large E
small a

Metals Variable bond energy


(Metallic bonding): moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate a

Polymers Directional Properties


(Covalent & Secondary): Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
secon
dary small E
bond
ing large a
Reading Assignment:
C
CHAPTER 2 Atomic Structure
2: S and
d Interatomic Bonding
d
of Callister

• Fundamental Concepts
• Electrons in Atoms
• The Periodic Table
• Bonding Forces and Energies
• Primary Interatomic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding

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