HAMDARD INSTITUTE OF LEGAL

STUDIES&RESEARCH

ASSIGNMENT ON

The Revolt Of 1857(THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE)

Submitted To - Dr ANGBIN YASMIN

Submitted by - MIRZA SHAQUIB

Semester - 2 nd(2019-20)

Section - (A)

Department - LAW
  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my History teacher ANGBIN YASMIN ma'am for giving me
an opportunity to do research work and providing me with the opportunity to learn
more about the given topic. It helped me in building my concepts.

I would like to thank my family and friends for their constant support and help
whenever I required.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

 The Revolt of 1857

 Causes of the Revolt
Political causes
Social & Religious causes
Economic causes
Military causes
Immediate causes
 Main events of the revolt
Capture of Delhi
Fall of Delhi
 Centres of revolt
Lucknow
Jhansi
 Suspension of revolt
 Cause of failure of the revolt
 Results of the revolt
INTRODUCTION
By the first half of 19th century, the East India Company had brought major portion
of India under control one hundred year after The Battle of Plassey, anger against
the unrest and oppressive British Government took the form of Revolt that shook
the very foundation of British rule in India. While the British historian called it a
sepoy mutiny, Indians called it revolt of 1857 or the first war of independence.
Revolt of 1857 has been preceded by series of disturbance in different part of the
country from the late 18th century onwards. The sanyasi rebellion in North Bengal
and the Chunar rebellion in Bihar and Bengal broke out in the late 18 th century.
There were several peasant uprising in the mid-nineteenth century the most
important of which were those by the Moplah present of the Malabar and the
Faraizi movement by Muslim peasants in Bengal. The first half of the 19 th Century
also witness and number of tribal revolts in this context mention may be made of
the rebellions of The Bhils of Madhya Pradesh, the Santhals of Bihar and the
Gonds & Khonds of Orissa. However, all these disturbance were localised.
Although serious and, in some cases, long-drawn, these did not pose any serious
threat to the existence of the British Empire.

THE REVOLT OF 1857:

The first expression of organised resistance was the revolt of 1857. It begin as a
revolt of the sepoy of the company’s Army but eventually secured the participation
of the masses. It causes lead deeply embedded in the grievance that all section of
Indian society nurtured against the British rule.
The Revolt 1857 forms one of the most important chapters in the history of
struggle of Indian people for liberation from the British rule. It shook the
foundation of the British Empire in India and at some points it seem as though the
British rule would and for all time to come. What started merely as a sepoy mutiny
soon engulfed the peasantry and other civilian population over wide area in
Northern India. The upsurge was so widespread that some of the contemporary
observe call it a national revolt.

Causes of the revolt:

(I) Political Causes: the political cause of The Revolt may be traced
to the British policy of expansion through the doctrine of lapse and
direct annexation. A large number of Indian ruler and cheese where
dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of other ruling families who
apprehended similar fate.

Rani Lakshmi Bai adopted son was not permitted to sit on the Throne
of Jhansi. Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi annexed under the doctrine of
lapse. Jaipur, Sambalpur and Udaipur were also annexed. Other rulers
feared that the annexation of their state was only a matter of time. The
refusal to continue the pension of Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Baji
Rao II, created hostility among the ruling class. Moreover, the
sentiments of the people were hurt when it was declared that the
descendants of that titular Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, would
not be allowed to live in the Red Fort. The annexation of Awadh by
Lord Dalhousie on the pretext of Administration left thousands of
nobles, officials, retainers and soldier jobless. This measure converted
Awadh, a Royal state, into a hot bed of discontent and intrigue.
(II) Social and religious causes: A large section of the population
was alarm by the Rapid spread of Western Civilization in India. An
act in 1850 change the Hindu law of inheritance enabling Hindu who
had converted into Christianity to inherit ancestral properties. Besides,
the Missionaries were allowed to make conversion to Christianity all
over India. The people were convinced that the government was
planning to convert Indian to Christianity.
The abolition of practices like Sati and female infanticide, and the
legislation legalising widow remarriage, were threat to the established
social structure. Even the introduction of Railways and telegraph was
viewed with suspicion.

(III) Economic Causes: in rural areas, peasant and zamindars resented

the heavy taxes on land and the stringent method of revenue collection
followed by the company. Many among these groups were unable to
meet the heavy revenue demands and repay the loan to money lenders,
eventually losing the land that they had held for generations. Large
 number of sepoys withdrawn from the peasantry and had family ties
in villages, so the grievance of the peasants also affected them.
Economic exploitation by the British and the complete destruction of
the traditional economic structure caused widespread resentment
among all section of the people. After the industrial revolution in
England, there was an influx of British manufactured goods into India
which ruined industries, particularly the textile industry of India.
Indian handicraft industry had to compete with cheap machine made
good from Britain. India was transformed into a supplier of raw
materials and consumer of good manufactured in Britain. All those
people who previously depended on royal patronage for the
livelihoods were rendered unemployed. So they both a deep seated
grievance against the British.
(IV) Military Causes: the revolt of 1857 started as a sepoy mutiny. It
was only later on that other elements of society join the revolt. Indian
sepoys from more than 87% of British troops in India. They were
considered inferior to British soldiers. Indian sepoy was paid less than
a European sepoy of the same rank. Besides, an Indian sepoy could
not rise to rank higher than that of a Subedar.
The extension of the British Empire in India adversely affected the
service condition of Indian sepoys. They were required to serve in
areas for away from their homes. In 1856 Lord Canning issued the
general service enlistment act which required that the sepoy must be
ready to serve even in British land across the sea.
The “Bengal Army” was recruited from high caste communities in
Awadh. They were not prepared to cross the ocean which was
Forbidden as per Hindu religious beliefs. They developed the
suspicion that the government was trying to convert Indians to
Christianity. After the annexation of Awadh the Nawab's army was
disbanded. The soldier lost their means of livelihood. They became
bitter enemies of the British.
(V) Immediate Causes: The revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over
the incident of greased cartridges. A rumour spread that the cartridges
of the new Enfield rifle was greased with fat of cows and pigs. Before
 loading this rifle the sepoys had to bite of the paper on the cartridges.
Both Hindu and Muslim refused to use them. Canning tried to make
amends for the error and offending cartridges was withdrawn, but by
then the damage had been done. There was unrest in several places.
In March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in Barrackpore, had refused
to use the cartridge and attack the senior officers. He was hanged to
death on 8th April. On 9th May, 85 soldier in Meerut refused to use the
new rifle and were sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.

Main events of the revolt:

Soon there was rebellion in the Meerut Cantonment. The Meerut mutiny mark the
beginning of the revolt of 1857. The Indian sepoys in Meerut murder the British
senior officer and brook open the Jail. On May 10,they marched to Delhi.
(I) Capture of Delhi:
In Delhi the mutineers were joined by Delhi sepoys and the City came under
the control. Next day on 11th May the sepoys proclaimed ageing Bahadur
Shah Zafar emperor of Hindustan. But Bahadur Shah was old and he could
not give able leadership to the sepoys. The occupation of Delhi was short
lived.

(II) Fall of Delhi:

The British finally attacked Delhi in September. For six days they was
desperate fighting. But by September 1857, the British reoccupied Delhi.
Thousands of innocent people were massacred and hundred where hanged.
The old king was captured and later deported to Rangoon where he died in
1862. His sons were shot dead. Thus, ended the Imperial dynasty of
Mughals.
(III) Centres of the revolt:
The Revolt spread over the entire area from neighbourhood of Patna to the
borders of Rajasthan. There were six main centres of Revolt in these regions
namely Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, Gwalior and Arrah in Bihar.
(IV) Lucknow:
 Lucknow was the capital of Awadh. There the mutinous sepoys were joined
by the disbanded soldier from the old Awadh army. Begum Hazrat Mahal,
one of the begums of the ex-king of Awadh, took up the leadership of the
revolt. Find the British forces captured Lucknow. The queen escaped to
Nepal.
(V) JHANSI:
In Jhansi, the 22 year old Rani Lakshmi Bai let the Rebels when the British
refused to accept the claim of her adopted son to the Throne of Jhansi. She
fought gallantly against the British forces but she was ultimately defeated by
the English. Rani Lakshmi Bai escaped, later on the Rani was joined by
Tantia Tope and together they marched to Gwalior and captured it. Sindhia,
a loyal ally of the British was driven out. Fierce fighting followed. The Rani
of Jhansi fought like a tigress. She died fighting to the very end and Gwalior
was recaptured by the British.

Suppression of the Revolt:

The revolt of 1857 lasted for more than a year. It was suppressed by the middle of
1858. On July 8 ,1858, fourteen months after the outbreak at Meerut peace was
finally proclaimed by Canning.

Causes of the failure of the revolt:

Limited uprising:
Although the revolt was fairly widespread, A large part of a country remain
unaffected by it. The Revolt was mainly confined to the Doab region. Sindh,
Rajputana, Kashmir, most parts of Punjab. The southern provinces did not take part
in it. It fail to have the character of an all India struggle. Important rulers like
Sindhia, Holkar, Rana of Jodhpur and other did not support the rebels.
No Effective Leaders:
The Rebels lacked an effective leader. Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope and Rani Lakshmi
Bai were brave leaders, no doubt but they could not offer effective leadership to
the movement as a whole.
Limited Resources:
The Rebels lacked resources in terms of men and money. The English, on other
hand received as steady supply of men money and arms in India.
No participation of the Middle Class:
The English educated middle class, the rich merchants, traders and Zamindars of
Bengal helped the British to suppress the revolt.

Results of the revolt:

The great uprising of 1857 was an important landmark in the history of modern
India. The Revolt marked the end of East India company’s rule in India. India now
came under the direct rule of the British crown. This was announced by Lord
Canning at Durbar in Allahabad in a proclamation issued one 1 November 1858 in
the name of the queen. Thus, Indian Administration was taken over by Queen
Victoria, which in effect, name the British Parliament. The Governor General
office was replaced by that of the viceroy.
The doctrine of lapse was abolished. Right to adopt Sans as legal heirs was
accepted. Revolt of 1857 paved the way for the future struggle for freedom in
India.

References:
 Bipin Chandra
 https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-revolt-of-
1857-the-first-war-of-independence/1581
 Scribed
 https://www.scribd.com/docs