Exercise 4C

1 a P.E. lost = mgh = 0.4 × 9.8 × 7

= 27.44
The P.E. lost is 27.4 J (3 s.f.)

= 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
b K.E. gained
2 2
1
= × 0.4 × v 2 − 0
2
P.E. lost = K.E. gained
27.44 =1 × 0.4 × v 2
2
27.44
v2 =
0.2
v = 11.71
The final speed of the particle is 11.7 m s–1 (3 s.f.)

= 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
2 a K.E. gained
2 2
1
= × 0.5 × 122 − 0
2
= 36
The K.E. gained by the stone is 36 J

b P.E. lost = K.E. gained

= 36 J
The P.E. lost by the stone is 36 J

c P.E. lost = mgh

36 = 0.5 × 9.8 × h
36
h=
0.5 × 9.8
h = 7.346
The height of the tower is 7.35 m (3 s.f.)

K.E. 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
a Increase in =
2 2
= 1 × 6 × 52 − 1 × 6 × 2.52
2 2
= 56.25
The increase in K.E. of the box is 56.3 J (3 s.f.)

b The work done by the force is 56.3 J

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3 c F = ma
10 = 6a
5
a=
3
Substituting into:
2
v= u 2 + 2as
5
With u = 2.5 m s−1, v = 5 m s−1 and a = m s−2 gives:
3
5
52 2.52 + 2   s
=
3
10
25 6.25 + s
=
3
s = 5.625 m
s = 5.63 m (3 s.f.)

lost 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
a K.E.=
2 2
= × 0.4 × 82 − 1 × 0.4 × 42
1
2 2
= 9.6
The K.E. lost by the particle is 9.6 J

b The work done against friction is 9.6 J Work done = change in energy

c Resolving perpendicular to the surface: R = 0.4 g

Friction is limiting: F = µ R
F 0.4 g × µ
=
Work done = Fs
= 0.4 g × µ × 7
9.6
9.6
=µ = 0.3498
0.4 × 9.8 × 7
The coefficient of friction is 0.350 (3 s.f.)

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5

µ = 0.4

a K.E.=lost 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
2 2
1 2
= × 3× 6 − 0
2
= 54
The kinetic energy lost by the box is 54 J

b The work done against friction is 54 J

c Resolving perpendicular to the floor: R = 3 g

Friction is limiting: F = µ R
F 0.4 × 3g
=
Work done = Fs
54 = 0.4 × 3 g × s
54
= s = 4.591
0.4 × 3 g
The distance AB is 4.59 m (3 s.f.)
6 P.E. lost = mgh
= 0.8 × 9.8 × 5
= 39.2
K.E. gained = P.E. lost
= 39.2
= 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
K.E. gained
2 2
39.2 = 1 × 0.8v 2 − 0
2
39.2 × 2
v2 =
0.8
v = 9.899
The particle hits the ground at a speed of 9.90 m s–1 (3 s.f.)

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 = 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
7 K.E. gained
2 2
=1 × 0.3 × 202 − 0
2
= 60
P.E. lost = K.E. gained
= 60
P.E. lost = mgh
60 = 0.3 × 9.8 × h
60
h=
0.3 × 9.8
h = 20.40
The cliff is 20.4 m high (3 s.f.)

8 P.E. gained = mgh

= 0.3 × 9.8 × 5
K.E. lost = initial K.E. − final K.E.
=×1 mu 2 − 2.1
2
1
=× 0.3u 2 − 2.1
2
K.E. lost = P.E. gained
1 × 0.3u 2 − 2.1 = 0.3 × 9.8 × 5
2
0.3 × 9.8 × 5 + 2.1
u2 =
2 × 0.3
1

u = 10.58
The value of u is 10.6 (3 s.f.)

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9

a P.E. lost = mgh

=5 × 9.8 × (2sin 35°)
= 56.21
The P.E. lost is 56.2 J (3 s.f.)

b The K.E. gained is 56.2 J

= 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
c K.E. gained
2 2
56.21 = 1 × 5 × v 2 − 0
2
56.21× 2
v2 =
5
v = 4.741
The final speed of the package is 4.74 m s–1 (3 s.f.)

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10

= 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
K.E. gained
2 2
= 1 × 0.5 × 22 − 0
2
=1
P.E. lost = mgh = 0.5 × 9.8 × ( x sin 30°)
P.E. lost = K.E.gained
0.5 × 9.8 × ( x sin 30°) =1
1
x=
0.5 × 9.8 × sin 30°
= 0.4081
The value of x is 0.408 (3 s.f.)

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11

K.E.=lost 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
2 2
= 1 × 0.2 × 92 − 0
2
P.E. gained = mgh
= 0.2 × 9.8 × ( x sin 30)
P.E. gained = K.E. lost
0.2 × 9.8 × ( x sin 30°) = 1 × 0.2 × 92
2
2
2 × 0.2 × 9
1
x=
0.2 × 9.8 sin 30°
= 8.265
The value of x is 8.27 (3 s.f.)

12 K.E.=lost 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
2 2
= 1 × 0.6u 2 − 0
2
P.E. gained = mgh
= 0.6 × 9.8 × (5 sin 40°)
K.E. lost = P.E. gained
1 × 0.6u 2 = 0.6 × 9.8 × 5 sin 40°
2
0.6 × 9.8 × 5 sin 40°
u2 =
2 × 0.6
1

u = 7.936
The speed of projection is 7.94 m s–1 (3 s.f.)

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 13

K.E.=lost 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
2 2
= 1 × 2 × 62 − 0
2
= 36
P.E. gained = mgh
=2 × 9.8 × ( x sin 30°)
= 9.8 x

Resolving perpendicular to the plane: R = 2g cos 30°

Friction is limiting: F = µ R
1 2
× 2 g cos30° =
F= g cos30°
3 3
2
Work done against friction
= = Fx gx cos 30°
3
K.E. lost = P.E. gained + work done against friction
2
⇒ 36= 9.8 x + gx cos30°
3
 2 
36 =9.8 x 1 + cos30° 
 3 
36
= x = 2.328
 2 
9.8 1 + cos30° 
 3 
The particle moves 2.33 m up the plane (3 s.f.)

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14

a Work done by resistive forces on the skier = change in total energy of the skier
Loss in P.E. = mgh
Increase in K.E. = 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
2 2
Total loss of energy = P.E. lost – K.E. gained
= mgh + 1 mu 2 − 1 mv 2
2 2
Force × distance = 1 1
mgh + mu − mv 2
2
2 2
( ) (
50 R = (80 × 9.8 × 50 sin 30°) + × 80 × 32 − 1 × 80 × 122
1
2 2 )
50 R = 14 200
R = 284
The value of R is 284.

b The resistive force may not be constant, and could depend on speed, for example.

15

K.E. 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
Change in = Consider energy changes from start to end – do
2 2
not divide the motion into two parts.
= 0−0
Loss of P.E. = mgh
= 70 × 9.8 × (60 sin 20°)
Work done against resistance = Fs
=R × (60 + 50)
= 110 R
Work done against resistance = loss of P.E.
110 R = 70 × 9.8 × (60sin 20°)
70 × 9.8 × 60sin 20°
R=
110
R = 127.9
The value of R is 128 (3 s.f.)
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16

Loss of P.E. = mgh Consider energy changes from start to end – do

= 40 × 9.8 × ( x sin 25° − 25 sin 6°) not divide the motion into three parts.
K.E. 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
Change in =
2 2
= 0−0
Work done against resistance = Fs
= 18 × ( x + 15 + 25)
= 18 × ( x + 40)
Work done against resistance = loss of P.E.
18 x + 18 × 40 = 40 × 9.8 × x sin 25° − 40 × 9.8 × 25 sin 6°
(40 × 9.8 sin 25° − 18) x= 18 × 40 + 40 × 9.8 × 25 sin 6°
18 × 40 + 40 × 9.8 × 25 sin 6°
x=
40 × 9.8 sin 25° − 18
x = 11.81
The girl travels 11.8 m down the slope.

Challenge

Let the mass of a hydrogen molecule = m

So the mass of an oxygen molecule = 8m

Consider the average kinetic energy of the oxygen molecules:

1
2 mv 2 =12 × 8m × 4002 =23 kT

Consider the average kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules:

Average K.E. =32 kT =12 × 8m × 4002 =12 mv 2
2 2
So 2 × 8m × 400 =2 mv
1 1

8 × 4002 =
v2
v = 1 280 000
= 1131.3
The average speed of the hydrogen molecules is 1130 m s−1

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