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International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2012-13; 4(4); 190-194

ISSN: 0975-4873

Research Article

A Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaves and Latex of

Jatropha curcas L.
*Kumar Arun, Bhardwaj Anu, Guleria Ruchika
Department of Botany, Abhilashi Institute of Life Sciences, NerChowk, Distt. Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), India-175008

ABSTRACT
Different parts of Jatropha curcas L. has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes to cure various diseases. In the
present study the comparison of antibacterial activity of latex, leaves and their various extracts (methanolic and
ethanolic) has been investigated against Escherichia coli (gram negative species) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram
positive species) by using disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity of pure latex and its ethanolic extracts has been
found only against E. coli. But the ethanolic extract of leaves of Jatropha curcas L. showed antibacterial activity against
both the bacterial test species. Methanolic extract of latex as well as leaves also exhibit antibacterial activity against
both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The magnitude of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus found to be significantly higher in latex and its extracts as compare to leaves. Antibacterial
activity of latex and its extracts found to be higher then the antibacterial activity of standard tetracycline as compared to
leaves extracts.

Key Words: Antibacterial activity, Jatropha curcas L., Latex, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.

INTRODUCTION Solag village of Distt. Bilaspur (N : 31021.356’, E

Jatropha curcas L.is commonly known as physic nut, :76049.737’, Height: 938m amsl) in the month of April.
purging nut or pig nut or jablota (Himachali) (Fig.1). It is
a multipurpose shrub or small tree belonging to the Latex from the plants collected as liquid exudates from
family of Euphorbiaceae. Jatropha curcas L originated the cut stalk of leaves and young stem and stored in
in central America1, but now thrives in many parts of the coloured sterile bottles. Fresh leaves has been collected
tropics and sub-tropics in Africa/Asia2,3,4. from the same plants and stored at 4°C in aluminum foil
These plants have been used since time immortal to treat (Fig.2).
various diseases. In our traditional medicines the Preparation of Plant Extract
Jatropha curcas used for the treatment of fever, mouth Latex: Known quantity of fresh latex (1 ml) was mixed
infections, jaundice, guinea worm sores and joint with varying amount of ethanol (1 ml,2 ml,3 ml,4 ml,5
rheumatism5,6. Members of rural communities of Churu ml,6 ml) for preparing ethanolic extract and methanol (1
district in the Thar Desert, India, used the juice from ml,2 ml,3 ml,4 ml,5 ml,6 ml) for preparing methanolic
leaves of Jatropha curcas to cure diseases such as extract. Then mixtures were placed in auto shaker with
dysentery and colic7.This plant also get attention due to very low speed for overnight and then filtered through the
its anti cancerous activities8. The latex of this plant Whattman’s filter paper for use.
applied on the cuts and bleeding wound soon stops the Leaves: Fresh leaves were collected from Jatropha
bleeding due to procoagulant activity 9,10,11. Previous curcas L. were dried at room temperature and then
studies reveals the presence of antibacterial agents in ground into fine powder by using the mortal pastel. Then
different parts of Jatropha curcas L.12,13,14. For the known concentration of powder of leaves (10 mg, 20
developing herbal treatment from various parts of mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg and 60 mg) were mixed with
Jatropha curcas L. which part must be more effective 10 ml of ethanol or methanol for preparing respective
against bacteria.The present study aimed to compare the extracts and kept undisturbed for 24 hrs and filtered
antibacterial potential of leaves, latex and their various through the Whatman’s filter paper for use.
extracts (methanolic and ethanolic) against Escherichia Media Used: Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, Eosin Methyl
coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These two bacterial Blue (EMB), Alcohol were used from Hemidia
species causes various diseases in human beings. Laboratories Bombay. All the solutions and media were
prepared in distilled water.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Test Organisms Used: In the present study two bacterial
Collection of Samples: The samples were collected from strains Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium) and
the wild patch of Jatropha curcas L. plants grown at the Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium) were
procured from Department of Microbiology, Abhilashi

Author for correspondence:E-mail: E.mail : [email protected]

 Kumar Arun et.al./ A Comparative Study…

Fig.1 : Jatropha curcas L. plant in their natural habitat.

Solag (Bilaspur)
N : 31021.356’
E :76049.737’
Height: 938m

Fig.2: Place and Sample collections from Jatropha curcas L. plant.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Institute of Life Sciences, Tanda, Distt. Mandi, Himachal All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data
Pradesh. analysis done by using MS office 2010. Data are
Preparation of Suspension of Bacterial Culture: The presented as arithmetic means and the results obtained
tested organisms used in this study (Escherichia coli, were analyzed in terms of standard deviation.
Staphylococcus aureus) were firstly cultured in nutrient
broth, incubated for 24 hrs in incubator shaker at 120 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
rpm at 37°C ± 1°C. Latex of Jatropha curcas L.: Pure latex showed inhibition
Determination of antibacterial activity zone of 7.6 mm against Escherichia coli and found to be
Paper Disc Method: In this Whatman’s filter paper disc ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus. Methanolic
of 6mm in diameter were saturated with extract of known extract of this latex at concentrations 1ml: 2ml and 1ml:
quantity. Sterile nutrient agar (for Staphylococcus aureus) 3ml (Latex: methanol) has been found to exhibit
and Eosin Methyl Blue (Escherichia coli) plates were maximum antibacterial activity with inhibition zone of
inoculated with tested organism and allowed the plates to 7.3 mm and 6.6 mm against Escherichia coli and
dry and then discs were placed. These plates were concentrations 1ml:4ml and 1ml:5ml, 1ml: 6ml found to
The activity index15 of the crude plant extract was calculated as
Mean of zone of inhibition
Activity index (A. I. ) =
Zone of inhibition obtained for standard antibiotic drug
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incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs in incubator, after which the be ineffective as compared to tetracycline (zone of
zone of inhibition measured. inhibition 7 mm), Where as against Staphylococcus
Determination of activity index aureus, maximum zone of inhibition 8.6 mm has been
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 Kumar Arun et.al./ A Comparative Study…

Table 1: Antibacterial activity of latex of Jatropha curcas L.

S.No. Concentration Test Bacterial spp.
(latex:methanol)
Or Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus
(latex:ethanol) Zone of Inhibition Activity Zone of inhibition Activity
(ml/ml) (mm) Index (mm) Index
Mean (± SD) Mean (± SD)
Tetracycline 7.0( ± 0.0) - 5.0( ± 0.0) -
Pure latex 7.6 (± 0.9) 1.08 NIZ** 0
1. 1:1 NIZ 0 6.3 (± 2.6) 1.26
2. 1:2 7.3(± 2.4) 1.04 NIZ 0
Methanolic 3. 1:3 6.6( ± 1.4) 0.94 NIZ 0
Extract 4. 1:4 NIZ 0 NIZ 0
of Latex 5. 1:5 NIZ 0 8.6 (± 0.9) 1.72
6. 1:6 NIZ 0 8.6( ± 2.0) 1.72
1. 1:1 NIZ 0 NIZ 0
2. 1:2 7.6 (± 0.4) 1.08 NIZ 0
Ethanolic 3. 1:3 7.3 (± 0.9) 1.04 NIZ 0
Extract 4. 1:4 NIZ 0 NIZ 0
of Latex 5. 1:5 NIZ 0 NIZ 0
6. 1:6 NIZ 0 NIZ 0
* Data are the arithmetic means ± S.D. n=3.
** No Inhibition Zone

a b
c

d e
f
Fig. 3: Zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (a.- c.) a. Tetracycline b. Latex Methanolic extract(1:5) c.
Latex Methanolic extract(1:6) and Escherichia coli (d. – f.) d. Tetracycline e. Latex Methanolic extract (1:2) f.
Latex Methanolic extract (1:3).
observed with methanolic extract of latex at Leaves of Jatropha curcas L.: Methanolic leaf extract of
concentrations 1ml: 5ml and 1ml:6ml respectively and Jatropha curcas L. has been showed maximum
minimum zone of inhibition observed with methanolic antibacterial activity with inhibition zone 6.6 mm at
latex extract of 1ml:1ml i.e. 3mm as compared to concentration 50mg/10ml and minimum antibacterial
tetracycline (zone of inhibition 5 mm). activity with inhibition zone 3.6 mm at concentration
Ethanolic extract prepared in the ratio of 1ml: 2ml and 60mg/ml against Escherichia coli, other concentrations of
1ml: 3ml had showed maximum zone of inhibition methanolic leaf extracts i.e. 10mg/10ml, 20mg/10ml,
7.5mm and minimum 7.3 mm against Escherichia coli as 40mg/10ml showed equal effect with zone of inhibition
192

compared to tetracycline (zone of inhibition 7 mm). 4.0 mm against Escherichia coli. Where as extract
Where as other concentrations 1ml:1ml, 1ml:4ml, concentration 30mg/10ml showed maximum antibacterial
1ml:5ml, 1ml:6ml found to be ineffective, Ethanolic activity with inhibition zone 6.3 mm and minimum
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extract showed no antibacterial activity against antibacterial activity with inhibition zone 3.0 mm at
Staphylococcus aureus. [Table 1][Fig.3]. concentration 20mg/10ml against Staphylococcus aureus.

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 Kumar Arun et.al./ A Comparative Study…

On the other hand ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

curcas L. showed maximum antibacterial activity with Authors thanks to Department of Botany, Abhilashi
Table 2: Antibacterial activity of leaves of Jatropha curcas L.
S.No. Test Bacterial spp.
Concentration
of Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus
Leaf : ethanol or
methanol Zone of Inhibition (mm) Activity Zone of inhibition (mm) Activity
(mg /10 ml) Mean (± SD) Index Mean (± SD) Index

Tetracyclin 7.0 ( ± 0.0) - 5.0 (± 0.0) -

e
1. 10 4.0 (±1.4) 0.57 4.0 (± 0.0) 0.80
Methanol 2. 20 4.0( ± 0.8) 0.57 3.0 (± 0.8) 0.60
Leaf 3. 30 5.3 (± 1.2) 0.76 6.3 (± 2.0) 1.26
Extract 4. 40 4.0( ± 1.6) 0.57 4.0( ± 0.8) 0.80
5. 50 6.6 (± 0.9) 0.94 3.3 (± 0.9) 0.47
6. 60 3.6( ± 1.2) 0.51 4.3( ± 1.2) 0.61
1. 10 6.3 ( ± 2.6) 0.90 3.0( ± 0.8) 0.60
Ethanol 2. 20 3.3( ± 1.2) 0.47 7.0 (± 1.4) 1.40
Leaf 3. 30 2.0 (± 0.8) 0.29 4.3 (± 0.4) 0.61
Extract 4. 40 5.3 (± 2.0) 0.76 5.3 (± 0.4) 1.06
5. 50 4.0( ± 1.4) 0.57 5.3 (± 0.4) 1.06
* Data are the arithmetic means ± S.D. n=3
inhibition zone of 6.3 mm at concentration 10mg/10ml Institute of Life Sciences (affiliated to Himachal Pradesh
and minimum antibacterial activity with inhibition zone University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh) for providing full
2.0 mm has been observed at concentration 30mg/10ml support for this work.
against Escherichia coli and extract of 40mg/10ml
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