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Knowledge Management & Specialized Information Systems

The document discusses knowledge management systems and artificial intelligence. It describes how knowledge management systems use an organization's knowledge and experience to increase profits and reduce costs. It also outlines the major branches of artificial intelligence, including expert systems, robotics, vision systems, and natural language processing. Expert systems are noted as capturing an expert's knowledge to make it available to others through the use of heuristics.

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Antony
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743 views21 pages

Knowledge Management & Specialized Information Systems

The document discusses knowledge management systems and artificial intelligence. It describes how knowledge management systems use an organization's knowledge and experience to increase profits and reduce costs. It also outlines the major branches of artificial intelligence, including expert systems, robotics, vision systems, and natural language processing. Expert systems are noted as capturing an expert's knowledge to make it available to others through the use of heuristics.

Uploaded by

Antony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Knowledge Management &

Specialized Information Systems

3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 1
Knowledge Management Systems

Knowledge: Awareness and understanding of a


set of information and the ways in which
information can be made useful to support a
specific task or reach a decision.

Knowledge management system uses an


organization’s knowledge and experience.

3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 2
Overview of Knowledge Management Systems

• Increase profits and reduce costs.


• Stores and processes knowledge.

• Explicit knowledge: objective, measurable, can be


documented in reports, papers and rules.
• Tacit knowledge: hard to measure and document.

• Creation of knowledge:
– One individual learns directly from another individual.
– Two pieces of explicit knowledge is combined.
– Expert writes a book teaching others.
– When someone reads a book.
3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 3
Obtaining, storing, sharing and using knowledge

• Knowledge workers create, use and


disseminate knowledge.
• Chief knowledge officer (CKO) helps
organizations work with a KMS to create,
store, and use knowledge to achieve
organizational goals.
• After knowledge has been created it is stored
in a knowledge repository.

3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 4
Technology to Support Knowledge Management

• ERP tools example SAP


• Groupware
• Lotus Notes. Figure 7.1
• Domino
• MS Sharepoint

3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 5
Artificial Intelligence = AI
Systems and Machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence.

Characteristics of intelligent behavior:


– Learn from experience and apply the knowledge acquired from
experience.
– Handle complex situations.
– Solve problems when important information is missing.
– Determine what is important.
– React quickly and correctly to a new situation.
– Understand visual images :: Perceptive system
– Process and manipulate symbols.
– Be creative and imaginative.
– Use heuristics.

– Table 7.1 p256


3/28/2011 12:42:12 PM 6
The major branches of Artificial Intelligence

• Expert systems:
– Stores knowledge and makes inferences similar to a human expert.

• Robotics:
– Mechanical or computer devices that performs tasks that require a high
degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous to humans.
– Figure 7.6

• Vision systems:
– Allows computers to capture, store and manipulate visual images.
– Figure 7.5
3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 7
The major branches of Artificial Intelligence

• Natural Language Processing and Voice Recognition.


– Natural Language Processing: allows computers to react to statements
made in a natural language such as English.
– Voice recognition: Converting sound waves into words.

• Learning systems.
– Allows a computer to change how it functions based on feedback it
receives.

• Neural networks.
– System that attempts to simulate the functioning of a human
brain.
3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 8
Other branches of Artificial Intelligence

• Genetic algorithm
– An approach to solving large, complex problems in which a
number of related operations or models change and
evolve until the best one emerges.

• Intelligent agent
– Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific
task for a person, a process, or another program; also
called intelligent robot or bot.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 9
Expert Systems
• Outputs a recommendation based on answers
given to it by users.
• Intention: capture the expert’s knowledge and
make it available to those who lack the
knowledge.
• Use heuristics, or rules of thumb to arrive at
conclusions or make suggestions.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 10
Develop an Expert Systems if it can:
• Provide a high potential payoff or reduce risk.
• Capture and preserve irreplaceable human
expertise.
• Solve a problem that is not easily solved using
traditional programming techniques.
• Develop a system which is more consistent
than human experts.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 11
Develop an Expert Systems if it can:
• Provide expertise needed at a number of
locations at the same time or in a hostile
environment that is dangerous to human health.
• Provide expertise that is expensive or rare.
• Develop a solution faster than human experts
can.
• Provide expertise needed for training and
development to share the wisdom and
experience of human experts with many people.
3/28/2011 12
Components of Expert Systems
• The Knowledge base
– Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships
that the expert system uses.
– Assembling human experts, Fuzzy logic, Rules & Cases

• The inference engine


– Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and
provides answers, predictions, and suggestions the way a human
expert world.
– Backward & forward chaining

• The explanation facility


– Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert
system arrived at certain conclusions or results.
3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 13
Components of Expert Systems
• The knowledge acquisition facility
– Part of the expert system that provides convenient and
efficient means of capturing and storing all the
components of the knowledge base.

• The user interface


– Makes it easy for users and decision makers to develop
and use.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 14
Expert Systems Development
• Requires a systematic development approach.
• Determine requirements.
• Identify domain experts.
• Construct the components of the system.
• Implement the result.
• Maintain and review the system.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 15
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

• Domain: The area of knowledge addressed by the


expert system.
• Domain expert: Has the expertise or knowledge
one is trying to capture.
• Knowledge engineer: Has training or experience
in the design, development, implementation, and
maintenance of an expert system.
• Knowledge user: The person or group who uses
and benefits from the expert system.
3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 16
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

• Can theoretically be developed using any


programming language.
• COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP, PROLOG.

• Expert system shell: Collection of software


packages and tools used to design, develop,
implement and maintain expert systems.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 17
Virtual Reality
• Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-
simulated environment.

• Through immersion, the user can gain a deeper understanding


of the virtual world’s behavior and functionality.

• Virtual reality simulations require special interface devices


that transmit the sights, sounds, and sensations of the
simulated world to the user.

• Augmented reality: The combination of computer generated


data with stimuli from the real world.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 18
Interface Devices
• Head-mounted display (HMD)
• Large screens.
• Stereo glasses.
• Speakers.
• Gloves for
haptic interfaces.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 19
Forms of Virtual Reality
• Fully Immersive

• Not fully immersive –


mouse controlled
navigation through a
three-dimensional
environment.

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 20
Virtual Reality Applications
• Hundreds of applications
• Gesture Technology
• E.g zooming in when pointing at the picture
with your finger

3/28/2011 12:42:13 PM 21

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