Computer Networking

Network Model
Chapter 2
Protocol Layering
 Protocol: The rules that the sender, receiver and all
intermediate devices follow to communicate effectively
 Simple communication  Simple protocol
 Complex communication  Protocol layering

 Computer networks are complex systems

 Tasks involve varieties of hardware and software components,
and protocols

 Networking task is divided into several subtasks, or layers

 Real World Example
 Communication between managers of two companies

Communicate
 What Actually happens
 Communication takes place thru many layers
Logical communication

Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message

Delivery boy: Delivery boy:

drops the letter takes the letter

Postal truck

Post office:
Processes and routes the letter
 Layer Model
 Layer N uses services provided by Layer N-1
HOST A HOST B
Logical
communication path
Layer N Layer N
Layer N protocol
Using
services Providing
services

Layer N-1 Layer N-1

Layer N-2 Layer N-2

Virtual Communication System

 Why Layers?
 Guidelines for protocol developments
 Reference model
 Modularity
 Eases maintenance and updating of systems
 A change in one layer is transparent to the rest
 It allows us to separate the services from the
implementation.
Two Principles of Protocol Layering
 Bidirectional communication.
 The objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical.
Internet Layer Model: TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 The Internet Protocol Stack
User
Application Layer Software

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware

Transmission
Medium
8
 Application Layer
Responsible for providing services to the user
 The only layer to interact with user

Data Data
Logical communication

Application SMTP HTTP FTP SMTP HTTP FTP

Layer
Data H5 Data H5

to Transport from Transport

 Transport Layer
Responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another
 Duties/services
 Port addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control (end-to-end)
 Error control (end-to-end)
 Transport Layer
Process Process … Process Process …

PORT # PORT #

Data Data

Transport Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4 Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4

Layer (segments)

to Network from Network

 Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets
from the original source to the destination
 Duties/services
 Logical addressing
 Routing
 Network Layer

from Transport to Transport

Data Data

Network Data H3 Data H3

Layer (packet)

to Data Link from Data Link

 Network Layer
Data 1.1 5.7
1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 5.7, ... are logical addresses
1.1 1.2
Network 1

R1
6.1
Network 6

6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8
 Data Link Layer
Responsible for transmitting frames
from one node to the next

 Duties/services
 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control (hop-to-hop)
 Error control (hop-to-hop)
 Access control
 Data Link Layer
from Network to Network

Data Data

Data Link T2 Data H2 T2 Data H2

Layer (frame)

to Physical from Physical

 Data Link Layer
A3, 3B, 82, 9F, ... are physical addresses

Data
9F 3B 82 A3

T2 Data 9F A3
H2
 Data Link Layer
Data 1.1 5.7

1.1 1.2
97 32 Network 1
Data 1.1 5.7 97 25 25
R1
6.1
79 Data 1.1 5.7 79 62 Network 6

6.6 6.3 62
12
R3
R2 5.2
54
88
3.3
Data 1.1 5.7 54 74
Network 5
5.7
Network 3 74
3.8
 Physical Layer
Responsible for transmitting individual bits
from one node to the next
 Duties/services
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
 Representation of bits
 Data rate (transmission rate)
 Synchronization of bits
 Physical Layer

from Data Link to Data Link

Data Data

Physical 01001011 01001011

Layer (bits)

Transmission medium
 The Big Picture

L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5

L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4

L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3

T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2

0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101

Transmission medium
 Internet Model

sender router
router receiver

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link D.L. D.L. D.L. D.L. Data Link
Physical P.L. P.L. P.L. P.L. Physical

Transmission medium
Internet Model
 Protocol Suites
• A set of protocols must be constructed
– to ensure that the resulting communication system is
complete and efficient
• Each protocol should handle a part of
communication not handled by other protocols
• How can we guarantee that protocols work well
together?
– Instead of creating each protocol in isolation,
protocols are designed in complete, cooperative sets
called suites or families
 Internet Protocol Suite

Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, DNS,
SNMP, IGMP, …
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...

Network IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP,

...
Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...

Physical RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...

Addresses in TCP/IP

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

 Addressing in TCP/IP

Packet Names Layers Addresses

Message Application Layer Specific Addresses

Segment/User
Datagram Transport Layer Port Addresses

Datagram/Packet Network Layer Logical Addresses

Frame Data Link Layer Physical Addresses

Bits Physical Layer

Physical Addresses

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Logical/IP Addresses

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Port Addresses

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

 OSI Model
User • OSI – Open Systems
7.Application Layer Interconnection
6.Presentation Layer • Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)
5.Session Layer
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer • Two additional layers
2.Data Link Layer – Presentation layer
1.Physical Layer – Session layer

Transmission
Medium
 Session Layer
Responsible for establishing, managing and
terminating connections between applications

• Duties/services
– Interaction management
 Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
– Session recovery
 Presentation Layer
Responsible for handling differences in
data representation to applications

• Duties/services
– Data translation
– Encryption
– Decryption
– Compression
 OSI Layers in Real World
7.Manager Handwrites Reads the
a message message

Prepares Summarizes or
6.Assistant
final version translates letter

Provides address Opens letter

5.Secretary and packs letter

Delivers letter Withdraws letter

4.Driver to post office from mailbox

Checks address Checks address

3.Postal staff
and sorts letter and sorts letter

Packs letters Unpacks

2.Postal staff for certain directions packages

Loads on truck Unloads

1.Postal staff from truck
transmission medium
Pictures from Wikipedia
 Lack of OSI Model’s Success
 Costly
 Some of layers were never fully defined
 Performance

Few Slides taken and modified from Chaiporn Jaikaeo