Fig.1 General Model of Off-Line UPS

METHOD:
Always connect the UPS to a 230V, 16A, 3 Pin type mains socket with earthing. The socket must be
connected to appropriately protected branch of the mains (fuse/circuit breaker). Connection to any
other type of socket may result in shock hazard. To switch off the UPS output, in an emergency, use the
switch on the front panel to switch the UPS off. And disconnect the power cord from the mains
&remove at least one battery connector. The off-line UPS is providing surge protection and battery
backup. The protected equipment is normally connected directly to incoming utility power. When the
incoming voltage falls below or rises above a predetermined level, the standby UPS turns on its internal
DC to AC inverter circuit. The standby UPS is the mechanical switches which is connected equipment on
to its DC to AC inverter output. The switch over time can be as long as 25msec. it depends on the
amount of time. It takes the standby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage [5] [6]. The general off-line is
shown in figure 1.
Fig.1 general model of off-line UPS
There are three modes of operation:

Normal mode of operation
During normal mode of operation, the power to the load is continuously supplied via the
rectifier/charger and inverter; a double conversion, that is, AC/DC and DC/AC takes place (Erickson et al.,
2001; Kassakian et al., 1981; Mohan et al., 1995; Popescu et al., 1999). It allows very good line
conditioning. The AC/DC converter charges the battery set and supplies power to the load via the
inverter, therefore it has the highest power rating in this topology, increasing the cost. In this mode of
operation, the step-up voltage converter is not functional, but the single-phase rectifier, the single-
phase voltage inverter, and the step-down voltage converter are functioning.
Stored-energy mode of operation
The duration of this mode is the duration of the pre-set UPS backup time or until the AC line returns
within the pre-set tolerance. The inverter and the battery maintain continuity of power to the load when
the AC input voltage is outside the pre-set tolerance (Popescu et al., 2004). When the AC line returns, a
phase-locked loop (PLL) makes the load voltage in phase with the input voltage and after that the UPS
system returns to the normal operating mode. In this mode of operation, the single-phase rectifier and
the step-down voltage converter are not functioning but the single-phase voltage inverter and the step-
up voltage converter are functioning.
Bypass mode of operation
In case of an internal malfunction such as over-current, the UPS will operate in this mode. This mode is
also used for fault clearing. The output frequency should be the same as the AC line frequency in order
to ensure the transfer of power. In some cases, there can be a maintenance bypass as well. A manual
switch usually operates it. The main advantages of on-line UPS are very wide tolerance to the input
voltage variation and very precise regulation of output voltage. In addition, there is no transfer time
during the transition from normal to stored energy mode. It is also possible to regulate or change the
output frequency. The main disadvantages of this topology are low-power factor, high THD at the input,
and low efficiency. The input current is distorted by the rectifier unless an extra power factor correction
(PFC) circuit is added (Lascu, 2004; Kamran et al., 1998; Park et al., 2001), but this adds to the cost of the
UPS system. The on-line UPS cannot efficiently utilize the utility network and local installation because of
this inherently low input power factor. Because of the double-conversion nature of this UPS, the low
efficiency is inherent to this topology. Compared to off-line and line-interactive UPS systems, the power
flow through the rectifier and inverter during the normal operation means higher power losses and
lower efficiency. Despite the disadvantages, double-conversion UPS is the most preferred topology in
performance, power conditioning, and load protection. This is the reason why they have a very broad
range of applications from a few KAV to several MVA. This broad range of applications brings a large
diversity of topologies in on-line UPS systems. Each topology tries to solve different specific problems
and the particular choice depends upon the particular application. However, generally, there are two
major types of double-conversion topologies: With a low-frequency transformer isolation and with a
high-frequency transformer isolation (Erickson et al., 2001; Kassakian et al., 1981; Popescu et al.,1999).
Proposed Method OF offline UPS

Fig.1 General Model of Off-Line UPS

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Fig.1 General Model of Off-Line UPS

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METHOD:

Fig.1 general model of off-line UPS

There are three modes of operation:

Proposed Method OF offline UPS

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