Sorsogon State College

Sorsogon City Campus

College of Education
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Sorsogon City

PROJECT IN BASIC CALCULUS

(Logarithmic Functions)

Submitted to:
Anthony L. Madrazo
Teacher

Prepared By:
John Benedict Comes
Karl Angelo Jardiolin
Mark Soliman
Jenine Cecilia H. Deyto
Kecy Guevara
11- Thymine
 Logarithmic functions

Logarithmic functions are the inverses of exponential functions, and any exponential function can be expressed in
logarithmic form. Similarly, all logarithmic functions can be rewritten in exponential form.

A logarithmic function is a function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑥 > 0, where 𝑏 > 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1. which is read
“𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏” 𝑜𝑟 “𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔, 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏, 𝑜𝑓 𝑥. ”

Graphing Logarithmic Functions

We can graph logarithmic functions using transformation.

Reference equation/graph 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)

The negative in front of log will lead the graph to reflect over the x-axis 𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
 The negative sign in front of x will lead the graph to reflect over the y-axis 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−𝑥)

The negative sign in front of log and x will lead the graph to reflect over the origin 𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−𝑥)

Examples:

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 − 2)
• The vertical asymptote of the graph shift 2 units to the right

𝑥−2 = 0
𝑥=2

• The sign is positive; positive so it points to Q1 from the VA

• The domain will start from the lowest number which is 2 up to infinite D (2, +∞)
2. − log(𝑥 + 2)
• The VA shifts 2 units to the left

𝑥+2 = 0
𝑥 = −2
• The sign is positive (x) and negative (log) so it reflects over the x-axis or simply to Q4
• The domain would start from the VA to infinite D (-2, +∞)
 3. 𝑦 = log(3 − 𝑥)
• The VA will shift 3 units to the right

3−𝑥 = 0
3=𝑥
• The sign is negative (x) and positive (log), the graph points to Q2.
• The domain would be (-∞, 3)

We can graph logarithmic functions by using the inverse which is the exponential and plotting the points

The function 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is the inverse function of the exponential function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 .

Consider the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 . It can be graphed as:

The graph of inverse function of any function is the reflection of the graph of the function about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 . So,
the graph of the logarithmic function 𝑦 = log 3 𝑥 which is the inverse of the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 the reflection of the above
graph about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

x 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27 81

𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒙 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Given the function 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 is the inverse of 𝑦 = 2𝑥

Substitute values to 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥

𝒙 1 2 4 8

𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 0 1 2 3

The given points are (1,0) (2,1) (4,2) (8,3)

Next, substitute values to 𝑦 = 2𝑥

Since 5, 6, and 7 aren't powers of 2 either, I'll skip them and move up to x = 8. Since 23 = 8, then log2(8) = 3, so (8, 3) is
on the graph. The next power of 2 is 16: since 24 = 16, then log2(16) = 4, and (16, 4) is on the graph.
 y = 2x y = log2(x)

comparison of the two graphs,

showing the inversion line in red

The domain of the function is the set of all positive real numbers.

When no base is written, assume that the log is base 10.

x 1/1000 1/100 1/10 1 10 100 1000

𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 -3 -2 -2 0 1 2 3
The logarithmic function, y=logb(x), can be shifted k units vertically and h units horizontally with the equation 𝑦 =
log 𝑏 (𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑘

Vertical shift

If 𝑘 > 0, the graph would be shifted upwards.

If 𝑘 < 0, the graph would be shifted downwards.

Horizontal Shift

If ℎ > 0, the graph would be shifted left.

If h<0, the graph would be shifted right.

Example:

1. y = log 3 𝑥

𝑥 = 3𝑦

• Use the table of values (𝑥 = 3𝑦 )

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27

• Note: the table of values are for the equation 𝑥 = 3𝑦 which is the inverse of y = log 3 𝑥, we need to interchange
the x and y-coordinate of each point to obtain the necessary points for the original equation.

x 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27
y -2 -1 0 1 2 3

• Then plot the points and connect.

 2. 𝑦 = log 5 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 − 1 = 5𝑦
𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 1

• Use the table of values (𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 1)

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1.04 1.2 2 6 26 126

• Interchange the x and y-coordinate

x 1.04 1.2 2 6 26 126

y -2 -1 0 1 2 3

• Then plot the points and connect.

3. 𝑦 = log 2 (x + 5)

𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑦
𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 5

• Table of values (𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 5)

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -4.75 -4.5 -4 -3 -1
 • Interchange the x and y-coordinate

x -4.75 -4.5 -4 -3 -1
y -2 -1 0 1 2

• Then plot the points and connect.

4. 𝑦 = −log 3 (𝑥 + 6)

𝑥 + 6 = 3−𝑦
𝑥 = 3−𝑦 − 6

• Table of values (𝑥 = 3−𝑦 − 6)

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 3 -3 -5 -5.7 -5.9

• Interchange x and y-coordinate

x 3 -3 -5 -5.7 -5.9
y -2 -1 0 1 2
 • Then plot the points and connect.

We can graph logarithmic functions by using the table of values.

Example:

1. log 3 (𝑥 + 2) − 1

• Equate to 0 (VA); 3 (base); and 1 the inside part 𝑥 + 2

x+2 =0 (Vertical Asymptote)

𝑥 = −2
𝑥+2 = 1 (Points)

𝑥 = 1−2
𝑥 = −1
𝑥+2 = 3 (Base)

𝑥 = 3−2
𝑥=1

• Table of Values

x -1 1
y -1 0
𝑦 = log 3 (−1 + 2) − 1
𝑦 = log 3 (1) − 1
𝑦 =0−1
𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = log 3 (1 + 2) − 1

𝑦 = log 3 (3) − 1
𝑦 =1−1
𝑦=0

• Graph the points and vertical asymptote.

D(−𝟐, +∞)

2. log 4 (𝑥 − 3) + 2

• Equate the inside part 𝑥 − 3 to 3 different numbers

x−3 =0 (Vertical Asymptote)

𝑥=3
𝑥−3 = 1
𝑥 = 1+3
𝑥=4
𝑥−3 = 4 (Base)

𝑥 = 4+3
𝑥=7

• Table of values

x 4 7
y 2 3

𝑦 = log 4 (4 − 3) + 2
𝑦 = log 4 (1) + 2
𝑦 =0+2
𝑦=2

𝑦 = log 4 (7 − 3) + 2
𝑦 = log 4 (4) + 2
𝑦 =1+2
𝑦=3

• Graph the points and vertical asymptote.

D(𝟑, +∞)
 3. 𝑦 = ln(𝑥)
y = lne𝑥

• Equate 𝑥 in 3 ways

𝑥 = 0 (VA)

𝑥=1
𝑥=𝑒

• Table of values

x 1 𝑒
y 0 1

Note: The natural log of 1 would always be 0.

The natural log of 𝑒 would always be 1.

• Graph the points.

D(𝟎, +∞)
 4. 𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) + 1

• Equate −𝑥 in 3 ways

−𝑥 = 0 (VA)

=0
−𝑥 = 1
= −1
−𝑥 = 𝑒
= −𝑒

• Table of Values

x -1 -𝑒
y 1 2

𝑦 = ln[−(−1)] + 1
𝑦 = ln(1) + 1
𝑦 =0+1
y= 1

𝑦 = ln[−(−𝑒)] + 1
𝑦 = ln(𝑒) + 1
y= 1 + 1

𝑦=2

• Graph the points.

 D(−∞, 𝟎)

5. 𝑦 = 2 − ln(3 − 𝑥)

• Let 3 − 𝑥 equal to 0, 1 and 𝑒

3−𝑥 = 0
3=0
3−𝑥 = 1
3−1 =𝑥
2=𝑥
3−𝑥 = 𝑒
3−𝑒 =𝑥
3 − 2.7 = 𝑥
0.3 = 𝑥

• Table of values

x 2 0.3
y 2 1

𝑦 = 2 − ln(3 − 2)
𝑦 = 2 − ln(1)
𝑦 =2−0
𝑦=2
𝑦 = 2 − ln[3 − (3 − 𝑒)]
𝑦 = 2 − ln(3 − 3 + 𝑒)
𝑦 = 2 − ln(𝑒)
𝑦 =2−1
𝑦=1

• Graph the points and vertical asymptote.

D(−∞, 𝟑)