Eib 2
Eib 2
Eib 2
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
DHULIKHEL, KAVRE
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
Binisha Shrestha, 21
APPROVAL LETTER
To,
Respected ma’am,
We, the students of 3rd year, 1st semester are foreseeing to do a project on water quality index
and hereby submit our proposal for the project titled ‘Study of Water Quality Indices in
Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley’ for your review. The report is submitted as per the
requirement of the course ‘Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, ENVS 302’. Within this
proposal you will find basic introduction, objectives and methodology of the proposed
project.
We will be starting the project after your approval. We are looking forward to your valued
suggestions and future guidance.
Sincerely,
Shreya Kaphle
Bigyapti Nepal
Eva Rajbhandari
Isha Shakya
Binisha Shrestha
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Problem statement.......................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................3
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................5
3.1 Site selection................................................................................................................................5
3.4 Parameters to be tested................................................................................................................6
3.5 Chemical Analysis......................................................................................................................6
3.6 Data Analysis...............................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED OUTCOME...............................................................................................8
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................9
Chapter 6: REFERENCES..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water is indispensable for life, but the availability and dispersion of fresh water are not
evenly distributed throughout the globe. Proportionally, water covers 70 % of the total
landmass of the earth in which 97.5% of available water on earth is occupied by the salt
water, remaining 2.5% of water is available as freshwater. Out of available freshwater, only
2% of water is used for drinking purpose, rest 98% is used for cleaning and hygiene (ADB,
1985).
Safe drinking water is defined as the water that does not represent any significant risk to
health over a lifetime of consumption. Drinking water must be free of pathogenic
microorganisms and others chemicals that are harmful to human health. According to WHO,
about 80% of all diseases in human being are caused by the contamination of drinking water.
In the last 25 years, Nepal has made significant progress in expanding the coverage of
improved water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices. According to 2016, Nepal
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 95% of households are using improved drinking
water.
However, there is still a lot to be done for access to improve sanitation. It was then the
government of Nepal prioritized sanitation and hygiene. As a result, access to improve
sanitation increased dramatically from 40% in 2011 to 65% in 2016 and 45 out of 75 districts
have achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) status by end of 2017 setting a remarkable
precedent for South Asians countries.
1
1.2 Objectives
The overall objectives of the study is to:
2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
In the study of water quality in Kathmandu valley, near Lalitpur by Thapa, K., Shrestha,
S.M., Rawal, D.S. quality of drinking water for different parameters was carried out. 20
water samples of each source were collected and tasted for parameters. Twenty water
samples of each source, physical (temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity), chemical
(calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), and microbiological (total coliform—TC)
parameters. It was found that the physical parameters such as temperature, pH, and
electrical conductivity (EC) were within the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking
water quality guidelines. Generally, for all the water sources the average concentration of
calcium was below the WHO drinking water quality guidelines as well as DRI (Dietary
Reference Index) recommendations. Moreover, the concentration of magnesium, sodium,
and potassium was also found below the DRI recommendations for all the water sources.
Microbiological parameter enumerated for TC in processed drinking water depicted
bacterial population from 0 CFU/100 mL to 46 CFU/100 mL. The presence of TC in
processed drinking water makes the water unacceptable for drinking purpose, although the
physical parameters were almost within the WHO drinking water quality guidelines.
A report prepared by the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) shows that
more than 50% of the bottled water available in the market is contaminated with coliform
bacteria. The report of NAST says the increasing trend of contamination indicates an
impending public health problem (Poudel, 2011, April 3). Drinking water supplied by the
government and ground water in Kathmandu is highly contaminated according to the latest
report by NAST. The autonomous apex body that promotes science and technology is the
country said 61.4% of 114 samples of the drinking water supplied by Kathmandu Upatakya
Khanepani Limited (KUKL) were contaminated with th coliform bacteria. Similarly, 84%
from a total of 926 samples of ground water were found contaminated. (Poudel, 2011, March
27).
3
human fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from built-up as compared to
agricultural areas (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.60, p = 0.002). Likewise, the ruminant
fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from agricultural as compared to built-
up areas (AOR = 2.90, p = 0.018). These findings suggest the preparation of mitigation
strategies for controlling fecal pollution based on land cover and well types.
Another study, Assessments of drinking water supply quality at squatter and indigenous
settlements of Bagmati River Corridors in Kathmandu was done. This study made an attempt
to acquire information on water availability and assess the drinking water quality level of
Bagmati river corridors. It identified the different modes of water supply sources and then
examined drinking water quality in 37 squatters and 5 indigenous communities which
consists 3693 households within Kathmandu Valley. To assess the state of drinking water
quality at sources and points of use (POU), the standard water quality indicators were
obtained through different parameters. 90 representative water sources’ samples for testing
the water quality at point of use were carried-out through random sampling of households in
the communities in May that is, pre-monsoon season of the year 2015. The result showed that
the maximum samples of the water consumed in the squatter settlements are poor in quality
and unhygienic for drinking proposes which did not meet National Drinking Water Quality
Standard-2006. Out of 90 source sample, 81 source samples were contaminated in one or
many forms. Tube well source had been found contaminated both in biological and chemical
form. Tanker source was also emerging as the second major water supply source supplying to
a large number of households consists with coliform, and had been noticed in almost all type
of sources. P/A vial test concludes that even Jar water, which was considered to be most pure
and safe, is contaminated with coliform bacteria.
4
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.2 Location
source:https://www.123rf.com/photo
Satellite image of the site from where the sample will be collected
5
eeee
3.3 Sampling
The tap water will be taken from 3-5 different houses. The samples will be acidified to pH<2
with HNO3 and H2SO4 before analysis in order to dissolve the trace elements and to prevent
their adsorption on the walls of the bottles used for sample collection for simple parameter
testing the water will be stored in plastic jerry cans.
Microbiological: E-coli.
Reagent
Nessler reagent
Rochelle salt solution
Stock ammonia solution
Standard ammonium solution
Method: Nesslerization
FOR NITRATE
Material Required
Reagent
6
Material Required
Reagent
Standard phosphate
Ascorbic acid
DDH2O
FOR pH
Method: pH meter
FOR TURBIDITY
Method: Turbidimeter
7
CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED OUTCOME
After the completion of this experiment, the drinking water of the selected site is expected to
be pure. Supplied water quality ranges from excellent to good (according to Water Quality
Index Protocol). Water could also be used for different forms of uses except drinking
(irrigation, washing).
8
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
The water quality indices physical (Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity),
chemical(: pH, BOD,COD, Cations (Na+, K+), Hardness(Mg++, Ca++), Fe++,Mn++,Cr++,
Ammonia, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, Phosphorous ) , biological(E-coli) will be tested in drinking water
of Naikap, Chandragiri Municipality. It is one of the most important research that should be
carried out in order to know the quality of drinking water and to prevent any health related
issues like diarrhea, cholera, heavy metal poisoning, etc. Hence this project incorporates the
measurement of all the important parameters of water using various instruments and
chemicals.
9
Chapter 6: REFERENCES
Thapa, K., Shrestha, S.M., Rawal, D.S. et al. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.
(2019).
Malla, B.; Ghaju Shrestha, R.; Tandukar, S.; Bhandari, D.; Inoue, D.; Sei, K.; Tanaka,
Y.; Sherchand, J.B.; Haramoto, E. Identification of Human and Animal Fecal
Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using
Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays. Water 2018, 10, 1796.
Dhungana, R. P. (2019). The Current Status of Physicochemical Parameters and
Water Quality of Sundarijal Reservoir. Journal of Science and Engineering, 6, 64-70.
Phuyal R.M; Maharjan R.; Maharjan Ra,; Devkota N.(2019). Assessments of drinking
water supply quality at squatter and indigenous settlements of Bagmati River
Corridors in Kathmandu. Journal of Research and Essays.14(8),53-67.
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014: Key
findings report, CBS and UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2014.
10