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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
DHULIKHEL, KAVRE

Study of Water Quality Indices in Drinking Water of Kathmandu


Valley

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

Shreya Kaphle, 09 Mrs. Rita Bhatta

Bigyapti Nepal, 15 Project Supervisor

Eva Rajbhandari, 18 Department of Chemical Science and

Isha Shakya, 19 Engineering

Binisha Shrestha, 21

Date of Submission: 26 September 2019


DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY, DHULIKHEL-KAVRE

APPROVAL LETTER

Sep 25, 2019

To,

Mrs. Rita Bhatta


Project Supervisor
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
Kathmandu University
Dhulikhel, Kavre.

Subject: Request for Project Approval

Respected ma’am,

We, the students of 3rd year, 1st semester are foreseeing to do a project on water quality index
and hereby submit our proposal for the project titled ‘Study of Water Quality Indices in
Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley’ for your review. The report is submitted as per the
requirement of the course ‘Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, ENVS 302’. Within this
proposal you will find basic introduction, objectives and methodology of the proposed
project.

We will be starting the project after your approval. We are looking forward to your valued
suggestions and future guidance.

Sincerely,
Shreya Kaphle
Bigyapti Nepal
Eva Rajbhandari
Isha Shakya
Binisha Shrestha
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives....................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Problem statement.......................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................3
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................5
3.1 Site selection................................................................................................................................5
3.4 Parameters to be tested................................................................................................................6
3.5 Chemical Analysis......................................................................................................................6
3.6 Data Analysis...............................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED OUTCOME...............................................................................................8
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................9
Chapter 6: REFERENCES..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water is indispensable for life, but the availability and dispersion of fresh water are not
evenly distributed throughout the globe. Proportionally, water covers 70 % of the total
landmass of the earth in which 97.5% of available water on earth is occupied by the salt
water, remaining 2.5% of water is available as freshwater. Out of available freshwater, only
2% of water is used for drinking purpose, rest 98% is used for cleaning and hygiene (ADB,
1985).

Safe drinking water is defined as the water that does not represent any significant risk to
health over a lifetime of consumption. Drinking water must be free of pathogenic
microorganisms and others chemicals that are harmful to human health. According to WHO,
about 80% of all diseases in human being are caused by the contamination of drinking water.

In the last 25 years, Nepal has made significant progress in expanding the coverage of
improved water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices. According to 2016, Nepal
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 95% of households are using improved drinking
water.

However, there is still a lot to be done for access to improve sanitation. It was then the
government of Nepal prioritized sanitation and hygiene. As a result, access to improve
sanitation increased dramatically from 40% in 2011 to 65% in 2016 and 45 out of 75 districts
have achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) status by end of 2017 setting a remarkable
precedent for South Asians countries.

In this study, change in water quality is reflected in its physical(Conductivity, Total


Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Color, Odor and Taste), chemical (pH, BOD,COD, Cations( Na +,
K+), Hardness(Mg++, Ca++), Fe++, Mn++,Cr++, Ammonia, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, Phosphorous) and
biological conditions (the presence or absence of E. coli).

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1.2 Objectives
The overall objectives of the study is to:

 To check the drinking water quality of related study area.

 To identify different parameters in drinking water.

 To study the principles, working mechanism and handling techniques of instrument

1.3 Problem statement


Like many developing countries, Nepal faces a plethora of problems regarding both its
drinking water quality and its availability. In Naikap, the drinking water is supplied from
Tinthana, Chandragiri Municipality. In Chandragiri municipality, most of the water sources
are stream water gravity flow and most of them are being tapped for drinking purpose. There
is a high possibility of contamination of water sources due to excess calcium ions,arsenic or
faecal contamination, and other upstream sources which can harm the overall water quality.
The main problem in Naikap is lack of regular supply of water and also the supplied water is
frequently turbid due to which the drinking water needs to be boiled.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

In the study of water quality in Kathmandu valley, near Lalitpur by Thapa, K., Shrestha,
S.M., Rawal, D.S. quality of drinking water for different parameters was carried out. 20
water samples of each source were collected and tasted for parameters. Twenty water
samples of each source, physical (temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity), chemical
(calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), and microbiological (total coliform—TC)
parameters. It was found that the physical parameters such as temperature, pH, and
electrical conductivity (EC) were within the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking
water quality guidelines. Generally, for all the water sources the average concentration of
calcium was below the WHO drinking water quality guidelines as well as DRI (Dietary
Reference Index) recommendations. Moreover, the concentration of magnesium, sodium,
and potassium was also found below the DRI recommendations for all the water sources.
Microbiological parameter enumerated for TC in processed drinking water depicted
bacterial population from 0 CFU/100 mL to 46 CFU/100 mL. The presence of TC in
processed drinking water makes the water unacceptable for drinking purpose, although the
physical parameters were almost within the WHO drinking water quality guidelines.

A report prepared by the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) shows that
more than 50% of the bottled water available in the market is contaminated with coliform
bacteria. The report of NAST says the increasing trend of contamination indicates an
impending public health problem (Poudel, 2011, April 3). Drinking water supplied by the
government and ground water in Kathmandu is highly contaminated according to the latest
report by NAST. The autonomous apex body that promotes science and technology is the
country said 61.4% of 114 samples of the drinking water supplied by Kathmandu Upatakya
Khanepani Limited (KUKL) were contaminated with th coliform bacteria. Similarly, 84%
from a total of 926 samples of ground water were found contaminated. (Poudel, 2011, March
27).

In another research work, Identification of Human and Animal Fecal Contamination in


Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using Host
Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays, quality of drinking water for animal and
fecal contamination was done in the ground water supply of different land covers. A total of
300 groundwater samples were collected in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in the dry (n
= 152) and wet (n = 148) seasons of 2016. Fecal indicator bacteria were initially enumerated,
and then fecal contamination sources were identified using human (BacHum), ruminant
(BacR), and pig-associated (Pig2Bac) Bacteroidales quantitative polymerase chain reaction
assays. Sixty-six percent (197/300) of the tested groundwater samples had Escherichia
coli concentrations higher than the World Health Organization threshold for drinking (<1
most probable number/100 mL). The fecal contamination of the groundwater was of human
(22%, 55/250), ruminant (11%, 28/250), and pig (3%, 8/250) origin. Deep tube wells were
less likely to be positive for E. coli and fecal markers compared to shallow dug wells. The

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human fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from built-up as compared to
agricultural areas (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.60, p = 0.002). Likewise, the ruminant
fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from agricultural as compared to built-
up areas (AOR = 2.90, p = 0.018). These findings suggest the preparation of mitigation
strategies for controlling fecal pollution based on land cover and well types.

In a research work,The Current Status of Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality of


Sundarijal Reservoir (Dhungana, R. P. (2019), Physico-chemical parameters and
bacteriological characteristics of water were studied in sample collected from Sundarijal
reservoir in January 2018. The present sanitary condition and human activities near the water
bodies were also observed. It has been found that the physico-chemical characters were
within the standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and National Drinking Water
Quality Standards (NDWQS) for drinking water though the public awareness and proper
management of watershed and reservoir premises were lacking. However, the coliform
bacteria were high and water was not safe to consume without intense treatments with
disinfectants.

Another study, Assessments of drinking water supply quality at squatter and indigenous
settlements of Bagmati River Corridors in Kathmandu was done. This study made an attempt
to acquire information on water availability and assess the drinking water quality level of
Bagmati river corridors. It identified the different modes of water supply sources and then
examined drinking water quality in 37 squatters and 5 indigenous communities which
consists 3693 households within Kathmandu Valley. To assess the state of drinking water
quality at sources and points of use (POU), the standard water quality indicators were
obtained through different parameters. 90 representative water sources’ samples for testing
the water quality at point of use were carried-out through random sampling of households in
the communities in May that is, pre-monsoon season of the year 2015. The result showed that
the maximum samples of the water consumed in the squatter settlements are poor in quality
and unhygienic for drinking proposes which did not meet National Drinking Water Quality
Standard-2006. Out of 90 source sample, 81 source samples were contaminated in one or
many forms. Tube well source had been found contaminated both in biological and chemical
form. Tanker source was also emerging as the second major water supply source supplying to
a large number of households consists with coliform, and had been noticed in almost all type
of sources. P/A vial test concludes that even Jar water, which was considered to be most pure
and safe, is contaminated with coliform bacteria.

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CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Site selection


Our selected site for drinking water quality test is Naikap. It lies in the Kathmandu district in
Bagmati zone of Central Development Region.

3.2 Location

Latitude 27° 42' 2.7684'' N

Longitude 85° 18' 0.5040'' E

Location of Kathmandu in map of Nepal NORTH

source:https://www.123rf.com/photo

Satellite image of the site from where the sample will be collected

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3.3 Sampling
The tap water will be taken from 3-5 different houses. The samples will be acidified to pH<2
with HNO3 and H2SO4 before analysis in order to dissolve the trace elements and to prevent
their adsorption on the walls of the bottles used for sample collection for simple parameter
testing the water will be stored in plastic jerry cans.

3.4 Parameters to be tested

Physical: Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity.

Chemical: pH, BOD,COD, Cations( Na+, K+), Hardness(Mg++, Ca++), Fe++,Mn++,Cr++,


Ammonia, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, Phosphorous.

Microbiological: E-coli.

3.5 Chemical Analysis

 FOR TESTING AMMONIA


 Material Required
Spectrophotometer, for use at 420 nm

 Reagent
 Nessler reagent
 Rochelle salt solution
 Stock ammonia solution
 Standard ammonium solution

 Method: Nesslerization

 FOR NITRATE

 Material Required

Spectrophotometer, for use at 410nm

 Reagent

 Brucine – 4 aminobenzenesulphonilamide soloution


 Sulphuric acids solution
 Nitrate standard solution (100ppm NO3-N)

 Method: Brucine Absorptivity

 FOR TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS

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 Material Required

Hot plate: 30 * 50 cm heating surface, spectrophotometer, autoclave

 Reagent

 Potassium per sulphate, solid AR grade (K2SO8)

 Perchloride acid, 15% W/V Sol (HCLO4)

 Sodium hydroxide 2M Sol

 Sodium hydroxide .05 Sol

 Sulfuric acid 10% v/v Sol

 Phenolphthalein indicator 0.01% w/v Sol

 Ammonium molydate (H24Mo7N6O24)

 Standard phosphate

 Ascorbic acid

 DDH2O

 Method: Perchloric acid digestion

 FOR TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS


 Method: Gravimetric

 FOR pH
 Method: pH meter

 FOR TURBIDITY
 Method: Turbidimeter

3.6 Data Analysis


Minimum 5 data replicates will be taken for some major ions and 3 for parameters that has
easy was of testing procedure. Standard data will be plotted in graph and a calibration curve
will be made to find out the linearity of the acquired data and to find out the unknown
concentration of ions on the water under investigation. Data analysis will be done using
Microsoft Excel.

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CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED OUTCOME

After the completion of this experiment, the drinking water of the selected site is expected to
be pure. Supplied water quality ranges from excellent to good (according to Water Quality
Index Protocol). Water could also be used for different forms of uses except drinking
(irrigation, washing).

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

The water quality indices physical (Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity),
chemical(: pH, BOD,COD, Cations (Na+, K+), Hardness(Mg++, Ca++), Fe++,Mn++,Cr++,
Ammonia, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, Phosphorous ) , biological(E-coli) will be tested in drinking water
of Naikap, Chandragiri Municipality. It is one of the most important research that should be
carried out in order to know the quality of drinking water and to prevent any health related
issues like diarrhea, cholera, heavy metal poisoning, etc. Hence this project incorporates the
measurement of all the important parameters of water using various instruments and
chemicals.

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Chapter 6: REFERENCES

 Thapa, K., Shrestha, S.M., Rawal, D.S. et al. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.
(2019).
 Malla, B.; Ghaju Shrestha, R.; Tandukar, S.; Bhandari, D.; Inoue, D.; Sei, K.; Tanaka,
Y.; Sherchand, J.B.; Haramoto, E. Identification of Human and Animal Fecal
Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using
Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays. Water 2018, 10, 1796.
 Dhungana, R. P. (2019). The Current Status of Physicochemical Parameters and
Water Quality of Sundarijal Reservoir. Journal of Science and Engineering, 6, 64-70.
 Phuyal R.M; Maharjan R.; Maharjan Ra,; Devkota N.(2019). Assessments of drinking
water supply quality at squatter and indigenous settlements of Bagmati River
Corridors in Kathmandu. Journal of Research and Essays.14(8),53-67.
 Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014: Key
findings report, CBS and UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2014.

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