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Three Component System

This experiment studied the solubility limits in a three-component system of water, acetic acid, and benzene. Various solutions of acetic acid in water and acetic acid in benzene were prepared at different concentrations and titrated with the third component. The compositions at the cloud point were plotted on a ternary diagram to determine the solubility curve. Tie lines were then located within the two-phase region to determine the composition of each phase for a given overall composition. This allowed characterization of the solubility behavior of this three-component system.

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2K views

Three Component System

This experiment studied the solubility limits in a three-component system of water, acetic acid, and benzene. Various solutions of acetic acid in water and acetic acid in benzene were prepared at different concentrations and titrated with the third component. The compositions at the cloud point were plotted on a ternary diagram to determine the solubility curve. Tie lines were then located within the two-phase region to determine the composition of each phase for a given overall composition. This allowed characterization of the solubility behavior of this three-component system.

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Kuo Sarong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEM

ANGELICA I. UMBAY

Department of Chemical Engineering,

College of Engineering and Architecture,

Cebu Institute of Technology- University,

N. Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines

In this experiment, water (Component A), acetic acid (Component B), and benzene
(Component C) were used in order to determine the solubility limits in a system made up of
three components. This system was composed of two phases wherein water is partially
miscible to benzene and acetic acid is completely miscible to both water and benzene. Four
homogeneous solutions of B in A as well as B in C with the concentrations of about 10%,
25%, 40%, and 60% of B were titrated with C and A respectively in order to form the curve
which represents the miscibility limits. After which, two tie lines were located by assigning
points M and N in which
1. Introduction

At constant pressure and temperature, the solubility relations of s three


component system can be represented by an equilateral triangular diagram in which
each vertex of the triangle represents a pure component and the perpendicular distance
from the opposite side to any point in the diagram is a measure of the percentage of
this component in the mixture represented by the point. The sum of the three
distances, representing the percentages of the three components, must equal to 100%.
Consequently, each side of the triangle represents an isothermal-isobaric two
component system. In a solubility diagram of a curve with a side of the triangle
represent the miscibility limits in the two component system which corresponds to the
side.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the solubility limits in a system
made up of water and two other liquids, one or both of which are only partly miscible
with water. Through preparing a series of solutions of two miscible liquids and
titrating these mixtures with the third component, to the first appearance of second
phase or cloudiness.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

Thermometer

2 burettes

8 glass-stopper bottles (50ml)

1 5-ml pipette
75 ml of component B

100 ml component C

2.2 PROCEDURE:

Plotting a Ternary Diagram

Three burettes were set up containing water (component A), acetic acid
(component B), and benzene (component C). The density of each liquid is
determined using a pycnometer and 20 ml each of the solutions with
accurately known concentration are prepared containing 10, 25, 40, and 60 %
by volume component B in water. These 4 solutions were placed in an 50 ml
glass stoppered bottles and the thermostat was set at 25C .After achieving the
desired temperature, the prepared solutions were titrated separately with
component C. During the titration, the bottle was shaken vigorously after each
addition of the titrant and the first perceptible cloudiness was considered as the
end point.

Samples of approximately 10, 25, 40, and 60% component B in C were


then prepared and titrated to cloudiness with water at the thermostat
temperature. The percentage weight of each component present at the
appearance of the second phase is calculated and the compositions are plotted
on the ternary diagram.

On a triangular coordinate paper, the compositions representing the


experimentally determined miscibility limits were accurately plotted. A
smooth curve was drawn through the points and the meaning of the areas
bounded by the curve (or curves) as well as the points of intersection of the
curve with the sides of the triangle was indicated.

Determination of a tie-line for a known concentration of heterogeneous mixture of


three component system

A point M which was lying in the heterogeneous region about midway


between the center of this area and one side of the bounding curve was selected on the
diagram. In accordance to the composition of components A, B, and C of the chosen
point, 50 ml was prepared and it was shaken vigorously for several minutes. The
sample was allowed to stand until separate layers were formed from the phases. Using
a small separatory funnel, each solution was run into a small weighed flask. The
weight of each solution was weighed to the nearest 20th of a gram. To avoid any doubt
as to which of the two samples was the water rich, 1.0 ml of water was added to each.
The water-rich solution would remain homogeneous; the other had become
heterogeneous. The weight of each solution was determined to the nearest twentieth
of a gram.

Note: For three component systems without an organic acid, 5-ml aliquot of each
phase was titrated with 0.2 N sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as indicator.

For three component systems without an organic acid, the density of each phase was
used to determine the composition of the B component in the solution. This can be
done by preparing samples of known concentrations of saturated three component
system and determining the corresponding densities.

The ratio of the weight of one of the conjugate solutions the total weight of the
mixture M was computed. Point M was plotted and a ruler was laid passing through
this point and at the same time intersecting the curve twice. The ruler was rotated
about the point M, until the ratio of the distance from M to one point of intersection
with the curve to the total distance between the two points of intersection was equal to
the ratio of the mass of one solution to the total mass of the mixture. A line
connecting the points of intersection was drawn.

The whole procedure was repeated for a second point N above point M.

3. Results and Discussion


10 20 30 40

Phase diagrams for ternary systems are usually represented using a


triangle shown in Fig. 1. This graph accounts for the fact that only two
variables are required. Along the phase boundary only one variable is
required. Regions where one or two phases appear have also been indicated in
Fig. 1. Note that the line drawn is hypothetical, the real curve will be
determined in this experiment. When the solution is stirred, the transition from
one region to another can be observed by appearance (or disappearance) of
cloudiness or turbidity in the solution. The turbidity results from scattering of
light by the large number of very small “oily” droplets of the second phase
that are produced when the system is stirred. Sometimes it is easier to see this
when stopping the stirring briefly.

If the three components are mixed to give an overall system


composition that falls in the 2-phase region, the system will separate into two
phases: a phase rich in water and another rich in benzene. The compositions of
the phases that form are given by the intersections of a tie line with the phase
boundary. The tie line also contains the point describing the overall system
composition. This determines the mass fractions for water and acetic acid.
Hence the phase rule holds with f = 5 − p = 3 (i.e., mass fraction for benzene,
temperature and pressure). If the system was initially in the two-phase region,
the tie line uniquely connects the points along the phase separating line.

volume CH3COOH (B) H2O (A) C6H6 (C)


% B in
=1.01 g/ml =0.99708 g/ml =0.876g/ml
A
V m %w V m %w V m %w
ml (g) (ml) (g) (ml) (g)

10% 2 2.02 9.86 18 17.95 87.58 0.6 0.5256 2.56

25% 5 5.05 21.29 15 14.96 71.92 0.9 0.7884 3.79


40% 8 8.08 38.96 12 11.97 36.95 1.1 1.0196 4.59
60% 12 12.12 55.90 8 7.98 1.8 1.5768 7.27
Table1. Composition of Components A, B, and C in 10%, 25%, 40%, and 60% B in A
solution

Using the wt % of these components, solubility curve was formed in

volume CH3COOH (B) C6H6 (C) H2O


@ =0.99708g/ml
% B in =1.01 g/ml =0.876 g/ml
pt.
C
M V m %w V m %w V m %w
ml (g) (ml) (g) (ml) (g)
Volume% Volume Density Mass Wt%

10%
30% H2O2 2.02
15 ml 11.17 0.99708
18 15.77
g/ml 87.18
14.96 g 0.3 0.2992
30.97% 1.65
25% 5 5.05 26.88 15 13.14 69.94 0.6 0.598 3.79
30% C6H6 15 ml 0.876 g/ml 13.14 g 27.20%
40% 8 8.08 41.89 12 10.51 54.49 0.7 0.69796 3.62
40% 20 ml 1.01 g/ml 20.2 g 41.88%
60% 12 12.12 56.84 8 7.008 32.87 2.2 2.194 10.24
CH3COOH

Wt of Erlenmeyer flask A (empty)- 103.69 g


Wt. of Erlenmeyer flask A (with solution) – 118.8 g
Wt. of solution A – 15.11 g
Wt of Erlenmeyer flask B (empty)- 105.11 g
Wt. of Erlenmeyer flask B (with solution) – 141.9 g
Wt. of solution B – 36.9 g

At point M, it was found out that when the first phase labeled as A extracted from the
separatory funnel was added with water, two layers were formed whereas in the
second phase labeled as B when added with water, homogeneous mixture was
observed. Thus, solution labeled A is a benzene rich solution while solution B is a
water rich solution.

@ pt. N

Volume% Volume Density Mass Wt%

30% H2O 15 ml 0.99708 g/ml 14.96 g 30.97%

30% C6H6 15 ml 0.876 g/ml 13.14 g 27.20%

40% 20 ml 1.01 g/ml 20.2 g 41.88%


CH3COOH

At point N, it was found out that when the first phase labeled as A extracted
from the separatory funnel was added with water, homogeneous solution was formed
whereas in the second phase labeled as B when added with water, two phase was
observed. Thus, solution labeled B is a benzene rich solution while solution A is a
water rich solution.
Conclusion:

In the experiment, it was found out that in this three component system
which is composed

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