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World University of Bangladesh: Report On Radiography of The Brain (EEG)

This document is a report on electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity in the brain. It discusses how EEG works to detect abnormalities and evaluate brain injuries, tumors, and infections. The methodology section describes the components of an EEG recording system, including electrodes, amplifiers, filters, and recording devices. It also discusses electrode types, head cap systems, and the international 10-20 system for electrode placement. The document outlines the five main brain wave types and limitations of EEG as not being able to identify intellectuality or mental health states.

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161 views10 pages

World University of Bangladesh: Report On Radiography of The Brain (EEG)

This document is a report on electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity in the brain. It discusses how EEG works to detect abnormalities and evaluate brain injuries, tumors, and infections. The methodology section describes the components of an EEG recording system, including electrodes, amplifiers, filters, and recording devices. It also discusses electrode types, head cap systems, and the international 10-20 system for electrode placement. The document outlines the five main brain wave types and limitations of EEG as not being able to identify intellectuality or mental health states.

Uploaded by

Emon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WORLD UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

Report on

Radiography of the brain(EEG)

Course name :Bio-Mechanical Engineering

Course code:MTE-1103

Submitted To:
Rezwan-Us-Saleheen Sr Lecturer
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

Submitted By:
Mahbubur Rahman
Roll:1432
Batch:37(C)
Semester:10th

Table of Contents
Introduction

Objectives

Methodology

Discussion

References

Introduction:
Electroencephalogram can be defined as the X-ray
photograph of the brain, taken after replacing
some of the cerebrospinal fluid with air or oxygen
so that the brain cavities can be shown clearly.

It is a monitoring method to record electrical


activity of the brain. Typically noninvasive
electrodes are placed along the scalp. EEG
measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic
current within the neurons of the brain.

Clinically, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's


spontaneous electrical activity over a period of
time, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed
on the scalp.

Objective:

1) It’s work to detect abnormalities in the electrical


activity of the brain.
2) By EEG we can look for causes of confusion about
disease.
3) EEG is suggested to evaluate head injuries.
4) It can evalute tumors & infections of brain.
5) We can get informations about degenerative diseases
and other disturbances that affect the brain by EEG.
6) EEG is done to be confirmed about brain death for
someone who is in coma

Methodology:

Components:
Encephalographic measurements employ recording
system mainly consisting of,
1) Electrodes with conductive media
2) Amplifiers with filters
3) A/D converter
4) Recording device.

These are discriven below,


Electrodes read the signal from the head surface,
amplifiers bring the microvolt signals into the range
where they can be digitalized accurately, converter or
filters changes signals from analog to digital form, and
another recording unit stores and displays obtained
data.
EEG allows measurement of potential changes over time
in basic electric circuit conducting between signal
electrode and reference electrode. Extra third electrode,
called ground electrode, is needed for getting
differential voltage by subtracting the same voltages
showing at active and reference points.

Recording electrodes:
The EEG recording electrodes and their proper function
are critical for acquiring appropriately high quality data
for interpretation. Many types of electrodes exist, often
with different characteristics. Basically there are
following types of electrodes:

1) disposable (gel-less, and pre-gelled types)

2) reusable disc electrodes (gold, silver, stainless steel or


tin)

3) headbands and electrode caps

4) saline-based electrodes

5) needle electrodes

Schematic Diagram :
Working Method :

EEG recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the


scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after
preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce
impedance due to dead skin cells. Many systems
typically use electrodes, each of which is attached to an
individual wire. Some systems use caps or nets into
which electrodes are embedded; this is particularly
common when high-density arrays of electrodes are
needed. Electrode locations and names are specified by
the International 10–20 system for most clinical and
research applications. This system ensures that the
naming of electrodes is consistent across laboratories. In
most clinical applications, 19 recording electrodes are
used.
A smaller number of electrodes are typically used when
recording EEG from neonates. Additional electrodes can
be added to the standard set-up when a clinical or
research application demands increased spatial
resolution for a particular area of the brain. High-density
arrays can contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less
evenly spaced around the scalp.

Brain Waves :

Brain waves are oscillating electrical voltages in the


brain measuring just a few millionths of a volt. There are
five widely recognized brain waves.For obtaining basic
brain patterns of individuals, subjects are instructed to
close their eyes and relax. Brain patterns form wave
shapes that are commonly sinusoidal. Usually, they are
measured from peak to peak and normally range from
0.5 to 100 µV in amplitude, which is about 100 times
lower than ECG signals. By means of Fourier transform
power spectrum from the raw EEG signal is derived. In
power spectrum contribution of sine waves with
different frequencies are visible. Although the spectrum
is continuous, ranging from 0 Hz up to one half of
sampling frequency, the brain state of the individual
may make certain frequencies more dominant.
There are five widely recognized brain waves.These are,
-Gama(>30 Hz)
- Beta (>13 Hz),
- Alpha (8-13 Hz),
- Theta (4-8 Hz),
- Delta (0.5-4 Hz).

Discussion
Limitations:

1) It has poor spatial resolution. It is most sensitive to a


particular set of post-synaptic potentials.Those
generated in superficial layers of the cortex, on the
crests of gyri directly abutting the skull and radial to the
skull.
2) EEG is not successful to identify someone's
intellectuality or mentality .
3) EEG can't identify the mood or mental health of
human .

Conclusion:

Electroencehalography (EEG) belongs to electro-


biological imaging tools widely used in medical and
research areas.
As the EEG procedure is non-invasive and painless,
it is being widely used to study the brain
organization of memory, attention, language, and
emotion in normal adults and children.

References:
[1] A Hydrocel Geodesic Sensor Net by Electrical
Geodesics, Inc.
[2] Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva F (2004).
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical
Applications, and Related Fields.Lippincot Williams &
Wilkins.
[3] Atlas of EEG & Seizure Semiology. B. Abou-Khalil;
Musilus, K.E.; Elsevier, 2006.
[4] Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (1981). Electric fields of the
brain: The neurophysics of EEG. Oxford University Press.
[5] Buzsaki G (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Oxford
University Press.
[6] Klein, S., & Thorne, B. M. (2007). Biological
psychology. New York, N.Y.: Worth.
[7] "Emotiv Systems Homepage" (http://emotiv.com/).
Emotiv.com. . Retrieved 2009-12-29.
[8] http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/29190/Neur
oSky_Upgrades_SDK_Allows_For_Eye_Blink_BrainwaveP
owered_Games.php
[9] http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Electroencepha
logram
[10]http://www.mee.tcd.ie/~neuraleng/Research.Faster

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