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THERMO1 - 4 Control Volume PDF

This document provides examples of applying control volume energy analysis to solve various thermodynamics problems involving components like heat exchangers, nozzles, turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. It also gives examples using the energy head concept and introduces laminar and turbulent flow and the Moody diagram.

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Edmark Aldea
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157 views11 pages

THERMO1 - 4 Control Volume PDF

This document provides examples of applying control volume energy analysis to solve various thermodynamics problems involving components like heat exchangers, nozzles, turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. It also gives examples using the energy head concept and introduces laminar and turbulent flow and the Moody diagram.

Uploaded by

Edmark Aldea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Volume Energy Analysis

THERMO1

B Y: N E I L S T E P H E N L O P E Z
DLSU MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A S R E F E R E N C E D F R O M F U N D A M E N TA L S O F E N G I N E E R I N G T H E R M O D Y N A M I C S B Y M . M O R A N
AND H. SHAPIRO
Example: Mass Balance

 A feedwater heater operating at


steady-state has two inlets and one
exit. At inlet 1, water vapor enters at
p1 = 7 bar, T1 = 200°C with a mass flow
rate of 40 kg/s. At inlet 2, liquid water
at p2 = 7 bar, T2 = 40°C enters through
an area A2 = 25 cm2. Saturated liquid at
7 bar exits at 3 with a volumetric flow
rate of 0.06 m3/s. Determine the mass
flow rates at inlet 2 and at the exit, in
kg/s, and the velocity at inlet 2, in m/s.
 h1 = 2844.8 kJ/kg; v1 = 0.2999 m3/kg
 v3 = 0.0011080 m3/kg;
Example: Nozzle/Diffuser

 Steam enters a nozzle operating at


steady state with p1 = 40 bar, T1 =
400°C, and a velocity of 10 m/s. The
steam flows through the nozzle with
negligible heat transfer and no
significant change in potential
energy. At the exit, p2 = 15 bar, and
the velocity is 665 m/s. The mass
flow rate is 2 kg/s. Determine the
exit area of the nozzle, in m2.
 h1 = 3213.6 kJ/kg
Example: Steam Turbine

 Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a


mass flow rate of 4600 kg/h. The turbine develops a
power output of 1000 kW. At the inlet, the pressure is 60
bar, the temperature is 400°C, and the velocity is 10 m/s.
At the exit, the pressure is 0.1 bar, the quality is 0.9
(90%), and the velocity is 50 m/s. Calculate the rate of
heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings, in
kW.
 h1 = 3177.2 kJ/kg; h2 = 2345.35 kJ/kg
Example: Compressor/Pumps

 Air enters a compressor operating at a steady state at a


pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290 K, and a velocity
of 6 m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1 m2. At the
exit, the pressure is 7 bar, the temperature is 450 K, and
the velocity is 2 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor
to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 180 kJ/min.
Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the power input
to the compressor, in kW.
 h1 = 290.16 kJ/kg; h2 = 451.8 kJ/kg
 v1 = 8.323x10-4 m3/kg
 Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
Example: Heat exchanger

 Steam enters the condenser of a vapor power plant at 0.1 bar


with a quality of 0.95 and condensate exits at 0.1 bar and
45°C. Cooling water enters the condenser in a separate stream
as a liquid at 20°C and exits as a liquid at 35°C with no change
in pressure. Heat transfer from the outside of the condenser
and changes in the kinetic and potential energies of the
flowing streams can be ignored. For steady-state operation,
determine:
a) The ratio of the mass flow rate of the cooling water to the mass flow rate
of the condensing stream
b) The rate of energy transfer from the condensing steam to the cooling
water, in kJ/kg of steam passing through the condenser
 h1 = 2464.99 kJ/kg; h2 = 191.83 kJ/kg; h3 = 83.96 kJ/kg; h4 = 146.68 kJ/kg
Example: Throttling

 A supply line carries a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of


steam at 20 bar. A small fraction of the flow in the line is
diverted through a throttling calorimeter and exhausted
to the atmosphere at 1 bar. The temperature of the
exhaust steam is measured as 120°C. Determine the
quality of the steam in the supply line.
 hg @ 120C = 2706.3 kJ/kg
 @ 20 bar:
 hf = 908.79 kJ/kg
 hfg = 1890.7 kJ/kg
Energy Head Concept

 Water at a gauge pressure of 3.8 atm at street level flows


in to an office building at a speed of 0.06 m/s through a
pipe 5.0 cm in diameter. The pipes taper down to 2.6cm
in diameter by the top floor, 20 m above. Calculate the
flow velocity and the gauge pressure in such a pipe on the
top floor. Assume no branch pipe and ignore viscosity.
Energy Head Concept

 Water at a gauge pressure of 10 atm at street level is


supplied to a condominium building. The pipe is 10cm in
diameter at the ground floor and the flow velocity is 2
m/s. If a minimum pressure of 1.5 atm and velocity of 1
m/s is needed, until what floor will it be able to supply
water? Note: 1 floor level is approximately 3 m.
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
Moody Diagram

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