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    WWW Antenna-Theory Com Arrays Main PHP

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    An antenna array uses multiple antennas combined through weighting and summing of signals to achieve improved performance over a single antenna such as increased gain, interference cancellation, and directional sensitivity. The benefits include being able to determine the direction of incoming signals and maximize signal to noise ratio through controlling the array factor which describes the radiation pattern as a function of arrival angle.

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    WWW Antenna-Theory Com Arrays Main PHP

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    Ahmad Dawara
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    An antenna array uses multiple antennas combined through weighting and summing of signals to achieve improved performance over a single antenna such as increased gain, interference cancellation, and directional sensitivity. The benefits include being able to determine the direction of incoming signals and maximize signal to noise ratio through controlling the array factor which describes the radiation pattern as a function of arrival angle.

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    An antenna array uses multiple antennas combined through weighting and summing of signals to achieve improved performance over a single antenna such as increased gain, interference cancellation, and directional sensitivity. The benefits include being able to determine the direction of incoming signals and maximize signal to noise ratio through controlling the array factor which describes the radiation pattern as a function of arrival angle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views8 pages

    WWW Antenna-Theory Com Arrays Main PHP

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Dawara
    An antenna array uses multiple antennas combined through weighting and summing of signals to achieve improved performance over a single antenna such as increased gain, interference cancellation, and directional sensitivity. The benefits include being able to determine the direction of incoming signals and maximize signal to noise ratio through controlling the array factor which describes the radiation pattern as a function of arrival angle.

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    of 8

    Back: Antenna Theory

    Antenna Arrays (Phased Arrays)


    An antenna array (often called a 'phased array') is a set of 2 or more antennas. The signals from
    the antennas are combined or processed in order to achieve improved performance over that of a
    single antenna. The antenna array can be used to:

    increase the overall gain

    provide diversity reception

    cancel out interference from a particular set of directions

    "steer" the array so that it is most sensitive in a particular direction

    determine the direction of arrival of the incoming signals

    to maximize the Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR)

    To understand antenna arrays and phased arrays, navigate through the following pages:

    1. Basic Concepts and Intro to Antenna Arrays


    Benefits of Antenna Arrays, Array Factor

    2. Weighting Methods Used in Antenna Arrays


    Phased Arrays, Schelkunoff (Null Placement) Weighting, Analysis of Uniform Antenna Arrays,
    Grating Lobes Array Factors for Uniform Arrays, 2D Uniform Phased Arrays, Dolph-Chebyshev
    Weights, MMSE Weighting, Adaptive Antenna Arrays: LMS Weighting Algorithm

    3. Geometry Optimization in Antenna Arrays


    Hexagonally Sampled Antenna Arrays, Thinned Antenna Arrays
    Antenna Array Basics

    An antenna array is a set of N spatially separated antennas. The number of antennas in an array can
    be as small as 2, or as large as several thousand (as in the AN/FPS-85 Phased Array Radar Facility
    operated by U. S. Air Force). In general, the performance of an antenna array (for whatever
    application it is being used) increases with the number of antennas (elements) in the array; the
    drawback of course is the increased cost, size, and complexity.

    The following figures show some examples of antenna arrays.

    Figure 1. Four-element microstrip antenna array (phased array).


    Figure 2. Cell-tower Antenna Array. These Antenna Arrays are typically used in groups of 3 (2
    receive antennas and 1 transmit antenna).

    The general form of an antenna array can be illustrated as in Figure 3. An origin and coordinate
    system are selected, and then the N elements are positioned, each at location given by:

    The positions of the elements in the phased array are illustrated in the following Figure.
    Figure 3. Geometry of an arbitrary N element antenna array.

    Let represent the output from antennas 1 thru N, respectively. The output from
    these antennas are most often multiplied by a set of N weights - - and added together
    as shown in Figure 4.
    Figure 4. Weighting and summing of signals from the antennas to form the output in a Phased
    Array.

    The output of an antenna array can be written succinctly as:

    This is what is going on in an antenna array. However, I haven't answered what the benefits of a
    phased array are. To understand what happens in an antenna array, navigate to the next section on
    Antenna Arrays.

    Benefits of Antenna Arrays

    To understand the benefits of antenna arrays, we will consider a set of 3-antennas located along the
    z-axis, receiving a signal (plane wave or the desired information) arriving from an angle relative to

    the z-axis of , as shown in Figure 4.


    Figure 4. Example 3-element Antenna Array receiving a plane wave.

    The antennas in the phased array are spaced one-half wavelength apart (centered at z=0). The E-
    field of the plane wave (assumed to have a constant amplitude everywhere) can be written as:

    In the above, k is the wave vector, which specifies the variation of the phase as a function of
    position.

    The (x,y) coordinates of each antenna is (0,0); only the z-coordinate changes for each antenna.
    Further, assuming that the antennas are isotropic sensors, the signal received from each antenna is
    proportional to the E-field at the antenna location. Hence, for antenna i, the received signal is:
    The received signals are distinct by a complex phase factor, which depends on the antenna
    separations and the angle of arrival on the plane wave. If the signals are summed together, the
    result is:

    The interesting thing is if the magnitude of Y is plotted versus (the angle of arrival of the
    plane wave). The result is given in Figure 5.

    Figure 5. Magnitude of the output as a function of the arrival angle for Antenna Array.
    Figure 5 shows that the phased array actually processes the signals better in some directions than
    others. For instance, the antenna array is most receptive when the angle of arrival is 90 degrees. In
    contrast, when the angle of arrival is 45 or 135 degrees, the antenna array has zero output power,
    no matter how much power is in the incident plane wave. In this manner, a directional radiation
    pattern is obtained even though the antennas were assumed to be isotropic. Even though this was
    shown for receiving antennas, due to reciprocity, the transmitting properties would be the same.

    The value and utility of an antenna array lies in its ability to


    determine (or alter) the received or transmitted power as a function
    of the arrival angle.
    By choosing the weights and geometry of an antenna array properly, the phased array can be
    designed to cancel out energy from undesirable directions and receive energy most sensitively
    from other directions.

    Before considering weight and geometry selection, we first turn to the fundamental function of
    antenna array theory, the Array Factor.

    Next: The Array Factor

    Up: Antenna Arrays

    Antenna Theory (Main Page)

    This page on antenna arrays and phased arrays is copyrighted. No portion can be reproduced
    except by permission from the author. Copyright antenna-theory.com, 2009-2013, antenna arrays,
    phased arrays.

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