434 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO.

2, APRIL 2002

Behavior of Induction Motor Due to

Voltage Sags and Short Interruptions
Juan C. Gomez, Member, IEEE, Medhat M. Morcos, Senior Member, IEEE, Claudio A. Reineri, and
Gabriel N. Campetelli

Abstract—An experimental study and some calculations on motor inherent capability and with its effect on the perturbation
induction motor behavior were carried out. The effects due to waveshape.
short interruptions and voltage sags were investigated. A standard Principally, voltage distortions and amplitude variations
three-phase squirrel-cage motor of 5.5 kW, 1500 r/min, and 380 V
was used. The presence of induction motor changes the voltage cause the present power quality problems. Sometimes, the
sag waveform and duration. Protection characteristic curves and differentiation between voltage distortions and amplitude
contactor ride-through capability together with their improve- variations is not very clear, having a gray zone due to the oc-
ment are also studied. The interaction between motor load, system currence of some mixed effects such as the voltage sag. Voltage
hot-load pickup, and voltage sag magnitude determine the motor sags are the origin of voltage amplitude reduction together
re-acceleration duration and magnitudes. Besides, on-sag and
post-sag currents can reach levels higher than the direct start with phase-angle shift (waveform distortion). Each can have
values. Post-sag overcurrent duration can last more than twice different effects on sensitive equipment. Voltage distortions
the normal start time period, having specific energies in the same are mainly harmonics, notches, impulses, etc. In addition,
order of magnitude. voltage sags, voltage swells, overvoltages, and undervoltages
Index Terms—Hot-load pickup, induction motor, motor re- are considered such as amplitude variations [2].
acceleration, power quality, short interruptions, voltage sags. New power quality requirements have a great effect on motor
protection, due to the increasingly popular fast reconnection to
the same source or to an alternative source. The characteristics
I. INTRODUCTION
of both the motor and supply-system load at the reconnection

P OWER quality problems that affect the induction motor

behavior are voltage sag (torque, power, speed, and pos-
sible stall), harmonics (losses, and torque), unbalance (losses),
time instant are critical for the motor behavior.
Load shedding can be considered in case of important voltage
sags (affecting the whole power system), perturbations that
short interruptions (mechanical shock, and possible stall), produce load increase, and then frequency reduction initiating
impulse surges (isolation damage), overvoltage (expected life the shedding process. Besides, shedding may be thought of
shortening), and undervoltage (overheating, and low speed) as an alternative tool for controlling heavy restarts after short
[11]. There are several power quality issues which until interruptions or voltage sags. Sometimes the delayed restarts
today were normally not included in motor protection studies. of noncritical loads provide an acceptable solution. Industrial
However, they should be taken into consideration due to their plants should have a re-acceleration scheme in order to allow
increasing influence. Other actual power quality problems its production process restart without interfering with its own
have been considered for many years now, such as voltage sensitive equipment and with other customers connected to
imbalance, undervoltages, and interruptions [1]. the same supply system [3]. Harmless voltage sags can be the
This type of problems is intensified today because power origin of great load loss (load drop) due to the protection device
requirements of sensitive equipment, and voltage–frequency sensitivity [4].
pollution have increased drastically during recent years. The This paper is mainly devoted to short interruption and
actual trend is anticipated to be maintained in the near future. voltage sag effects on the motor protection behavior. It should
Besides, the system should be kept operating until the last ex- be pointed out that the depth of voltage drop gives the only
treme situation, since any system dropout would have very high difference between short interruption and voltage sag, which
economic consequences. Sensitive equipment are normally by definition has the borderline at 0.1 pu.
provided with auxiliary devices for ride-through capability
improvement, which should be coordinated with the induction II. SELECTED POWER QUALITY ISSUES
There are several available power quality surveys, related
Manuscript received April 23, 2001. This work was supported by the Science with short interruptions and voltage sags, but they are not fully
and Technology Agency, Argentinean Ministry of Education. comparable due to definition, instrumentation, and customer
J. C. Gomez, C. A. Reineri, and G. N. Campetelli are with the Electric Power type differences [5]. However, the following general conclu-
System Protection Institute, Río Cuarto National University, Río Cuarto, Cor-
doba, Argentina. sions can be drawn.
M. M. Morcos is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- • Voltage sags are the main cause of disturbances, de-
neering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA (e-mail: morcos@
ksu.edu). pending on the source, with an incidence between 61%
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(02)02737-1. and 87%.
0885–8977/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE
GOMEZ et al.: BEHAVIOR OF INDUCTION MOTOR DUE TO VOLTAGE SAGS AND SHORT INTERRUPTIONS 435

• Most voltage sags have a magnitude of around 80% and might be out of phase, heavily loaded machinery, and a rigorous
duration of four to ten cycles [6]. hot-load pickup [8].
• The majority of voltage sags lasted ten cycles or less, and The motor current is now a function of two phenomena,
were 20–30% in magnitude [12]. mechanical and electrical, each having its own time constant.
• Voltage sags and interruptions under one minute exceed Therefore, the presence of induction motor causes short inter-
interruptions of over one minute by ten to one. The number ruption and voltage sag distortions, smoothing and prolonging
of voltage sags to 70–80% are three times the number of the voltage variation. The result is that some of the sensitive
interruptions, 35% of the events shorter than 3 s have a equipment which were able to withstand the original event
duration less than six cycles [5]. would drop out during the post-event period due to the induction
• Many temporary voltage sags become short interruptions motor effects. This indicates that the addition of motor loads
due to widespread application of bus transfer schemes. to a system known of operating without harmful voltage sags
Faults and subsequent voltage sags are 45% single-phase, or short interruptions can be critical to the sensitive equipment
21% double-phase and 31% three-phase. Single line-to-ground operation. It would be very convenient to determine the motor
faults are the most probable type of fault, and through a load limit for each particular system, based on its sensitive
delta-wye transformer is transferred as a two-phase voltage sag, equipment.
with phase voltages of 0.58 pu, 1 pu, and 0.58 pu. Two phases As mentioned above, the single line-to-ground fault is the
will have a phase shift of 30 . Then the voltage sag should be most probable type of fault, and through a delta-wye transformer
considered as a case of transient unbalanced supply. is transferred as a two-phase voltage sag, in which case normal
and extremely deep voltage sags should be considered as a case
of transient unbalanced supply. The effect of voltage unbal-
III. INDUCTION MOTOR BEHAVIOR ance is the decrease of the developed torque and increase of the
The study can be done experimentally or analytically, by copper loss due to the negative-sequence currents. The thermal
using dynamic load models mainly designed for stability anal- effect of the short duration considered can be neglected. Be-
ysis, but they are rather complicated, requiring precise system sides, three-phase voltage events represent the worst stability
data and high level software such as EMTP. As a preliminary condition [9]. Therefore, only balanced phenomena were exper-
step, the experimental study is adopted here. imentally studied here, leaving the unbalanced behavior for fu-
When a temporary interruption takes place, with time dura- ture investigation.
tion between 3 s and 1 minute, the whole production process
will be disrupted. Keeping the motor running is useless because Effect of Hot-Load Pickup
most of the sensitive equipment will drop out. The induction There are many publications on cold-load pickup (duration
motor should be disconnected, and the restart process should between 2 and 60 minutes) especially devoted to load restora-
begin at the supply recovery, taking into account the reduction tion and demand management, but just a few on hot-load pickup.
and control of the hot-load pickup phenomenon. The problem does not affect the system stability but seems to be
Keeping the motor connected to the supply during voltage critical for motor re-accelerations. Normally it is not a thermal
sags and short interruptions, rather than disconnecting and limitation issue, but a voltage drop and motor restart prolon-
re-starting it, is advantageous from the system’s stability point gation. The loss of load diversity in this case is only related
of view. It is necessary to avoid the electromagnetic contactor to transformers and motors, since the events are too short for
drop out during transients, for which several measures have the thermostatically-controlled and level-controlled (e.g., water
been presented. This scheme improves the system ride-through tanks) load reactions.
ability due to the reduction of the re-acceleration inrush, how- Principal studies on hot-load pickup have been related to
ever, a quasistartup phenomenon will be produced, which can protection schemes using reclosers and fuses. A rather old
be equally or more severe than the normal motor startup [7]. but very effective rule-of-thumb, originally developed for the
Either of the two phenomena considered in this paper re- transformer high-voltage side, gives the magnitude and dura-
sults in the initial reduction of the motor speed, keeping for a tion of the hot/cold-load pickup in the form of a current-time
while a higher voltage supplied by its internal, or back electro- characteristics. The hot-load pickup coordinates are 25 times
motive force (emf). The voltage reduction is governed by the the rated current s, ( s), ( s),
stored energy dissipation through the available closed circuits, and ( s). Considering the voltage drop across system
which are the internal rotor circuit (including the magnetizing impedance and the difference between electromagnetic torque
inductance) and the external circuit composed of the load (paral- and shaft-load torque, simple calculations can give an estimate
leled by the faulted path in case of fault-originated voltage sags.) of the re-start delay. The best result will be obtained with
The whole circuit time-constant determines the trend which the the actual cold-load pickup of the system, information that
decaying voltage will follow until the final voltage magnitude unfortunately is not frequently available.
is reached or the event is ended. When the transient ends, the
motor speed increases demanding more energy from the supply
IV. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
until the steady state speed is reached, hence, extending the phe-
nomenon duration. The load torque in this case shows very dif- The tested induction motor is a small standard three-phase
ferent characteristics as compared to normal startup conditions, squirrel-cage machine of the following ratings: 5.5 kW, 380 V,
due to several reasons such as the motor generated voltage that 50 Hz, and 1450 rpm. The load was based on an eddy-cur-
436 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 2, APRIL 2002

Fig. 1. Back emf decay and reconnection for no-load motor. Fig. 2. Short-circuit and reconnection currents for no-load motor.

rent brake, having torque characteristics nearly proportional to

the square of speed. Voltage and current were measured and
recorded through a digital oscilloscope and a standard power
data analyzer, both sampling 32 bits. The investigated voltage
sags and short interruptions were always balanced with dura-
tion of approximately five cycles. The 85% motor rated load
was adopted considering it as a normal or typical load for in-
dustrial motor applications. The event duration of 5.5 cycles was
selected based on the above mentioned occurrence probability.
The motor behavior analysis will be done by dividing the tran-
sient in two parts, on-event and postevent phenomena.
Fig. 3. Voltage sag to 43% during 5.5 cycles with 85% motor rated load.

A. On-Event
Three typical cases are presented below.
1) Open Circuit Terminals: The voltage measured values
are easily fitted by the application of two time constants, 0.3 s
for the magnetic phenomenon, and 27 s for no-load (or 0.44 s
for 85% rated load) for the speed change, Fig. 1. This situation
will take place when there is no other circuit in parallel with
the motor; it is the case when the motor protection has tripped
the motor contactor. The emf displacement from the system
voltage is rather slow in the no-load case, thus the out-of-phase
connection is very unlikely. In the case of heavy loaded motor,
the speed reduction will produce a sharp emf decay, which
vanishes before the reconnection instant. Fig. 4. On-sag and post-sag currents for voltage sag to 30% at 85% motor
rated load.
2) Short-Circuited Terminals (Voltage Sag to Zero): The
short-circuit current is attenuated very quickly. The exper-
imental magnetic decay time-constant was 0.07 s, and the are practically unlimited, however, the following two extreme
speed reduction time-constant was 0.09 to 0.1 s. As in any cases can be characterized.
short-circuit current, the dc component should be taken into ac- a) Deep Voltage Sag (to 30%): Characterized by a high
count, which greatly affects the resulting current waveshapes. initial overcurrent, which is reduced after the magnetic transient,
The dc component decay is governed by the stator circuit followed by a new current increase due to the speed decrease,
time-constant, Fig. 2. caused by the great discrepancy between the shaft torque and
3) Short-Circuit at a Distance From the Terminals (or electromagnetic torque. For the duration considered, the max-
Any Other Perturbation Producing Voltage Sag to a Value imum on-event current at the event start is practically 3 times
0): Any actual situation with voltage sag value to nonzero, the rated current, and nearly double the rated current at the event
should fall between the two limit cases. Fig. 3 shows the end. The specific energy ( dt) for this time period is nearly five
voltage oscillogram of a voltage sag to 43% during 5.5 cycles times the 85% rated load value, as shown in Fig. 4.
recorded at the terminals of the motor under study, with a b) Shallow Voltage Sag (to 85%): The initial overcurrent
smooth voltage reduction and recovery. The on-sag final is only 20% higher than the rated current and with no speed
voltage and the way to reach it will depend of the distance to reduction. The specific energy is almost the same as that corre-
the fault location, the value of parallel-connected electric load, sponding to the 85% rated load (slightly lower due to the angle
and shaft-coupled mechanical load. Parameter combinations shift), Fig. 5.
GOMEZ et al.: BEHAVIOR OF INDUCTION MOTOR DUE TO VOLTAGE SAGS AND SHORT INTERRUPTIONS 437

Fig. 5. On-sag and post-sag currents for voltage sag to 85% at 85% motor Fig. 7. Reconnection current for 85% motor rated load following an
rated load. open-circuit event.

Fig. 8. Current during recovery after a 5.5-cycle short-circuit with 85% motor
Fig. 6. Back emf decay and reconnection for 85% motor rated load. rated load.

B. Post-Event
1) Open Circuit Terminals: Depending of the motor load
and the voltage perturbation duration, the occurrence of
out-of-phase reconnection is possible. The experimentally
obtained voltage difference values for no-load and 85% rated
load cases were 0.375 pu and 1.35 pu (fully out-of-phase case),
respectively, Figs. 1 and 6. A simple calculation of the supply
voltage–emf differences, using the time constant mentioned
in Part A above, yields 0.378 pu and 1.46 pu, respectively.
The theoretical voltage difference can reach twice the supply
peak voltage. However, taking the speed and emf attenuation
into account it is rarely higher than 1.6 times, being mainly Fig. 9. Voltage recovery after a 5.5-cycle short-circuit with 85% motor rated
load.
function of the machine size [7]. The reconnection peak current
for the out-of-phase case was 160 A, slightly higher than the
maximum startup current of 148 A. The specific energy for process is comparable to the corresponding startup. Figs. 8 and 9
the first 100 ms of the transient reconnection time reached show the current and voltage during the first 150 ms of the re-
1653 A s, a value in the same order of the no-load and 85% connection process. The hot-load pickup in this study was ob-
rated load startup energies for the given time period, Fig. 7. For tained from laboratory measurements, where the supply is con-
the no-load case the transient was short and of low magnitude, sidered a typical industrial/commercial system. It is important to
with peak current only 2.8 times the 85% rated load permanent consider that the eddy-current brake produces a relatively light
peak value and specific energy 1.5 times the corresponding startup, which can be drastically worsened by heavy start duty
value. loads, such as air compressors and drum mills.
2) Short-Circuited Terminals: The emf decay is so fast that 3) Short-Circuit at a Distance From the Terminals: The sit-
at reconnection time (higher than four to five cycles) it is com- uation will change depending of the voltage sag magnitude.
pletely vanished, so the out-of-phase reconnection is not pos- a) Deep Voltage Sag (to 30%): Re-start peak current
sible. However, the whole system is recovering at the same time, 5.2 times the on-load value and specific energy 3.3 times the
producing a long hot-load pickup. Therefore, the restart phe- on-event value, Fig. 4.
nomenon is very long demanding a low overcurrent, due to the b) Shallow Voltage Sag (to 85%): Re-start peak current
voltage drop, smaller than the startup current (60 A compared two times the on-load value, specific energy only 25% higher
with 148 A.) The specific energy of the whole reconnection than that of the 85% rated load, Fig. 5.
438 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 2, APRIL 2002

TABLE I TABLE II
SPECIFIC ENERGY (IN A S) FOR DIFFERENT RESTART EVENTS PEAK CURRENTS FOR DIFFERENT EVENTS

V. “WORST CASE” 2) Electrodynamic Effect: These effects are transformed

into forces that are proportional to the square of the peak
The key rule is that the motor should remain connected under current values. Such forces could loosen the stator coils
the worst combination of on-sag and post-sag specific energies, and rotor bars, twist the shaft, etc. The out-of-phase
and electrodynamic stresses, provided that the combination will re-connection is apparently the worst condition, where
not cause any damage to the machine. In the first place, it is the existing standard limitations give 1.33 pu as bor-
necessary to analyze the two main motor experienced stresses, derline value. Due to the combination of magnetic and
the thermal and electrodynamic stresses which have three major mechanical time constants, our worst experimental
effects. measurement was 1.35 pu. However, this value can be
1) Thermal Effect: From the experimental results given in considerably increased in large machines and can reach
Table I, the direct start-up Joule’s heat (heat integral) de- 2 pu, getting almost four times the normal start electro-
livers the largest measured value. The specific energy of dynamic effect. Besides, the torque transient effect on
the 85% rated load startup is 45% higher that the no-load the load and machine should be considered [7]. For the
value. The energy demanded by the restart phenomenon tested machine-load combination the worst case was the
for the short-circuited on-load case, in spite of not having 85% rated load open-circuit re-start, with a peak current
any counter emf, results in 2660 A s, which is of the order of only 8% higher than the startup values. Obviously,
of the startup values. None of the on-event or post-event the difference would be greatly increased with larger
energies for the five voltage-sag magnitudes were compa- machines and also at loads with heavier startup. The
rable with either the startup or on-load short-circuit cases. measured values of the peak current are given in Table II.
The voltage sag case with highest energy value, where the Figs. 10 and 11 show the variation of peak current and
voltage drops to 30%, requires only 20% of the energy
specific energy with the voltage-sag depth, respectively,
related to the 85% rated load startup. The specific energy
for both on-event and post-event where a general concept
values were determined for different time intervals, due
of the voltage sag effect can be drawn. The peak current
to the discrepancies in the phenomenon duration, but its
variation with voltage-sag depth seems to follow a linear
comparison is valid because the heating of motor winding
pattern. The number of voltage sags studied is too small
can be considered as adiabatic. The assumption is based
on the fact that the motor winding time constants, which for extracting a conclusive relationship, but the general
depend on the motor size, can range from few seconds to trend can be deduced. The three peak currents, especially
several minutes. No temperature limitations are consid- the reconnection value, increase with the voltage-sag
ered since the rotor is a squirrel cage type. The standards depth, showing the highest electrodynamic effect for the
specify the maximum number of consecutive and non- lowest voltage magnitude. The thermal effects, given
consecutive but equally distributed starts that the motor by the Joule heat, present a hyperbolic variation with
and protection device should be able to withstand. The the sag depth, showing a fast worsening effect when
start patterns range from 2 to 32 starts per hour. There are the voltage-sag depth increases. The post-sag and total
methods that allow modifications to be done on the pro- variation have similar shapes, which is not so evident for
tection in order to withstand such a pattern. The heath ac- the on-sag values, perhaps due to the low number of tests
cumulative effect can be neglected here due to such power and the phase-shift. The phase-shift effect on the specific
quality events that are not so frequent, for which the adi- energy is more noticeable when the event duration is
abatic concept can be applied. shorter.
GOMEZ et al.: BEHAVIOR OF INDUCTION MOTOR DUE TO VOLTAGE SAGS AND SHORT INTERRUPTIONS 439

have a large effect on the contactor response. In order to

avoid the electromagnetic contactor dropout during transients,
several measures have been presented, such as mechanical
latch, dc coil, dc coil and storage capacitor, etc. Most of these
additions delay the contactor dropout by up to 0.5 s, with the
recommendation not to extend this delay further for safety
reasons [10].
The application of undervoltage relay having inverse
voltage–time characteristics has been proposed, instead of
the instantaneous response currently used. The use of the
proposed type of relay would possibly extend the on-time
under short-interruption and voltage-sag conditions, exploiting
the motor inherent ride-through capability. It is the authors’
opinion that it is better to utilize an undervoltage relay having
Fig. 10. On-event and post-event peak current as function of voltage sag depth. inverse voltage–time characteristics in order to use the motor
thermal capacity.

VII. CONCLUSION
From the calculations and test results presented, the following
conclusions can be drawn.
• Short interruptions or extremely deep voltage sags repre-
sent the worst case for the motor thermal stress as well as
for the circuit and neighboring sensitive loads. The main
reason for difficult re-acceleration is the hot-load pickup.
• The out-of-phase reconnection produces peak current and
specific energy of the same order of those produced in the
startup process.
• Most of the voltage sags do not prevent motor re-accelera-
tion, thus the contactor and undervoltage protection should
be properly coordinated.
Fig. 11. On-event and post-event specific energy as function of voltage sag • Each industrial plant should have a post-event (or re-accel-
depth. eration) scheme in order to allow a noninterfering restart
of the production process.
3) Phase-Shift Effect: The phenomena under study not only
produce voltage magnitude variations but also change the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
phase angle, which can be seen as a displacement of the The experimental work described in Section IV was per-
zero-voltage crossing. Most of the sensitive equipment formed at the Medium Power Lab, Rio Cuarto National
are not affected by this shift. However, power electronic University, Cordoba, Argentina. The assistance and comments
converters, especially adjustable speed drives, that use of D. Tourn are gratefully acknowledged.
phase-angle information to determine the semiconductor
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[9] J. C. Das, “Effects of momentary voltage dips on the operation of induc- Canada, in 1966, 1978, and 1984, respectively.
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Claudio A. Reineri received the B.S. degree from National University of Río
Film Industry Tech. Conf., 1997, pp. 9.1–9.6.
Cuarto (NURC), Cordoba, Argentina, in 1990, and the Ph.D. degree from
Valencia Polytechnic University, Valencia, Spain, in 2000.
Since 1990, he has been active in research at the Electric Power System Pro-
tection Institute. He is also professor of electrical engineering at NURC. His
research interest is electric power quality.
Juan C. Gomez (M’94) received the B.S. degree from National University of
Cuyo in 1974 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Sheffield
Hallam University, Sheffield, U.K., in 1994.
After working for four years at the National University of Cuyo he joined
the National University of Río Cuarto (NURC), Cordoba, Argentina, where he Gabriel N. Campetelli received the B.S. degree from National University of
is Director of the Electric Power System Protection Institution since 1980. He Río Cuarto (UNRC), Cordoba, Argentina, in 1990.
is also professor of electrical engineering at NURC. His research interests are After that, he joined NURC, where he is an active member of the Electric
power quality and distribution protection. Power System Protection Institute. Presently, he is professor of electrical engi-
Dr. Gomez is a Member of IEEE and PES. neering. His research interest is electrical distribution protection.