PT AU BA BE GP AF BF CA TI SO SE BS LA DT

CT CY CL SP HO DE ID AB C1 RP EM RI OI
FU FX CR NR TC Z9 U1 U2 PU PI PA SN EI
BN J9 JI PD PY VL IS PN SU SI MA BP EP
AR DI D2 EA PG WC SC GA UT PM OA HC HP
DA
J Parhizkar, H; Khoraskani, RA; Tahbaz, M Parhizkar, Hooman;
Khoraskani, Roham Afghani; Tahbaz, Mansoureh Double skin facade with
Azolla; ventilation, Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Performance Assessment
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION English Article
Indoor air quality; Ventilation rate; Green facade; Energy
consumption; Azolla; Phytoremediation CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; GREEN ROOFS;
HUMIDITY; REMOVAL; SYSTEMS; HEALTH; PLANTS Synthesis of architecture and
nature is highly reputed as a sustainable approach to overcome dominant built
environment challenges, such as indoor air pollution, occupant's health burden,
mechanical ventilation energy consumption as well as the separation between people
and nature in urban life. Plants have numerous benefits for indoor spaces,
including bioremediation of air contaminants-which promotes the quality of indoor
air, drops mechanical ventilation demand, and consequently reduces energy
consumption. In this research, a Double Skin Facade (DSF) system is introduced,
incorporating Azolla as a natural air purifier in order to absorb occupants' bio-
effluent and also contribute to providing fresh air for indoor spaces. Moreover,
the CO2 reduction capacity of Azolla within the DSF as a natural air purifier and
its subsequent effects on mechanical ventilation size and the heating/cooling loads
is investigated. The challenge for developing the idea of simulating plants
activities' effect through a quantitative method is there are no software or
calculating methods that recognize plants as indoor "air purifiers", therefore,
phytoremediation effects on HVAC operation and energy sector have been remained
concealed so far. The novelty of this research is attributed to integrating Azolla
fern-a hydroponic plant, into building's components for indoor air bioremediation
and establishing a new assessment protocol for integrating greenery's effect on
HVAC loop in which the performance of the DSF incorporating Azolla as a natural air
purifier is evaluated through "Indoor Air Quality" and "Ventilation Rate"
procedures, which are acknowledged as practical engineering methods for specifying
air exchange demand through mechanical equipment. It is observed that within the VR
procedure, DSF with Azolla aids in sequestering indoor CO2, while within the IAQ
procedure it results in reducing the building's air exchange demand rate and
consequentially, decrease the building's overall energy consumption. Furthermore,
the cooling effect of employing Azolla as natural shading component within a DSF
cavity is assessed through applying its latent heat capacity into facade thermal
convection/conduction, versus aluminum blinds with the same size and spacings to
computationally evaluate the thermal benefits of plants for mitigating
cavity/interior spaces overheating. Results are presented demonstrating this effect
on "Indoor Sensible Cooling Rates" in 4 different configurations. (C) 2019 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved. [Parhizkar, Hooman] Univ Oregon, Inst Hlth Built
Environm, Eugene, OR 97403 USA; [Parhizkar, Hooman; Khoraskani, Roham Afghani;
Tahbaz, Mansoureh] Shahid Beheshti Univ Tehran, Sch Architecture & Urban Planning,
Tehran, Iran Parhizkar, H (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Inst Hlth Built
Environm, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.; Parhizkar, H (reprint author), Shahid Beheshti
Univ Tehran, Sch Architecture & Urban Planning, Tehran, Iran.
[email protected]; [email protected]
46 0 0 25 25 ELSEVIER SCI LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD,
LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND 0959-6526 1879-1786
J CLEAN PROD J. Clean Prod. MAR 10 2020 249
119313 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119313 10
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental;
Environmental Sciences Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering;
Environmental Sciences & Ecology KD4SN WOS:000507856300008
2020-03-26
J Srisamranrungruang, T; Hiyama, K Srisamranrungruang,
Thanyalak; Hiyama, Kyosuke Balancing of natural ventilation,
daylight, thermal effect for a building with double-skin perforated facade (DSPF)
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS English Article
Double-Skin Facade; Perforated Screens; Daylight; Natural ventilation;
Stack ventilation SOLAR SHADING SYSTEMS; OFFICE BUILDINGS; SIMULATION; DESIGN;
PERFORMANCE The biggest challenge in building design is to optimize the use of
natural energy to provide human comfort and consume less energy. Passive facade
technologies have been developed with increased complexity for approaching comfort
and sustainability aspects. This study discovers performances of a facade system
which is an integration of double-skin facade and perforated screens. This study
aims to utilize the double-skin perforated facades with air ventilation ports for
buildings to optimize energy saving which is also improving daylight and natural
ventilation in Japan. The study is based on building simulation software to analyze
building performances. The daylight performances are calculated by simulating with
DIVA. The natural ventilation and energy performances are simulated on Design
Builder. The perforated screens to get daylight without glare is the screens with
the perforated percentage of 40%. This research discovers that the perforated
percentage of 50% is the optimum rate for balancing natural ventilation and
daylight in spring when the weather across Japan is pleasant to draw natural
ventilation. The performances in other periods are also presented in this paper.
Linear regression models are presented in this paper can be used for predicting
volume flow in the pre-design process by temperature difference for different
perforated percentages. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
[Srisamranrungruang, Thanyalak] Meiji Univ, Org Strateg Coordinat Res &
Intellectual Properti, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2148571, Japan; [Hiyama, Kyosuke] Meiji
Univ, Sch Sci & Technol, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2148571, Japan Srisamranrungruang, T
(reprint author), Meiji Univ, Org Strateg Coordinat Res & Intellectual Properti,
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2148571, Japan. [email protected] School of
Science and Technology, Meiji University This study was supported by the School of
Science and Technology, Meiji University. 32 0 0 0 0
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND
0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy Build. MAR 1 2020
210 UNSP 109765
10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109765 14 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering KR9EG WOS:000517915800006
2020-03-26
J Saroglou, T; Theodosiou, T; Givoni, B; Meir, IA Saroglou,
Tanya; Theodosiou, Theodoros; Givoni, Baruch; Meir, Isaac A.
Studies on the optimum double-skin curtain wall design for high-rise
buildings in the Mediterranean climate ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
English Article Building envelope;
Double Skin Facade cavity; Energy efficiency; EnergyPlus; High-rise; Low-energy;
Mediterranean climate NATURAL VENTILATION; ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; THERMAL COMFORT;
FACADE; HOT; PERSPECTIVES; SIMULATION; OPERATION; SUMMER The fast growing numbers
of high-rise buildings around the world, a product of expanding urbanization and
population growth, dictate the implementation of design strategies towards the
reduction of their high energy loads. This study focuses on an office high-rise
building in the Mediterranean climate of Tel Aviv and the reduction of high cooling
loads relevant to this climate. In this process, the design of the building
envelope becomes the most important constituent between indoor and outdoor
environment, by dictating the required use of energy for achieving thermal comfort.
A double skin facade (DSF) layer is proposed as a more advanced envelope design
compared to the single skin curtain walls (controlled ventilation, acoustic
insulation etc.). A previous study based on thermal simulations in Tel Aviv,
revealed that a ventilated DSF design with the LowE glazing as the exterior layer
of the DSF reduced cooling loads by 15% on average, in comparison with a typical
DSF design in temperate climates where the LowE glazing is on the interior layer of
the DSF, and by an average of 50% from the option of single skin envelope with LowE
glazing. This study draws from the conclusions of previous data, and tests the
energy efficiency of different DSF cavities in the Mediterranean climate. Results
revealed that by increasing the cavity width from 0.2 m to 0.5 m, cooling loads
decrease significantly, while there are also substantial reductions, from 0.5 m to
1.0 m, and from 1.0 m to 2.0 m DSF cavity width. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved. [Saroglou, Tanya] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Kreitman Sch Adv Grad Studies,
Beer Sheva, Israel; [Theodosiou, Theodoros] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Civil
Engn, Thessaloniki, Greece; [Givoni, Baruch] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, J Blaustein
Inst Desert Res, Desert Architecture & Urban Planning, Beer Sheva, Israel; [Meir,
Isaac A.] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Engn Sci, Dept Struct Engn, Beer Shev, Israel
Saroglou, T (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Kreitman Sch Adv Grad
Studies, Beer Sheva, Israel. [email protected] Theodosiou, Theodoros/E-9156-
2011 Theodosiou, Theodoros/0000-0002-3385-119X Kreitman School of advanced
Graduate Studies, BGU; Rieger Foundation - Jewish National Fund in Environmental
Studies This research is partly supported by the Tsin Mid Way Scholarship for
outstanding Ph.D. students, Kreitman School of advanced Graduate Studies, BGU; and
the Rieger Foundation - Jewish National Fund in Environmental Studies. 76
0 0 10 10 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564, 1001
LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy
Build. FEB 1 2020 208 UNSP 109641
10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109641 11 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering KG0FG WOS:000509616500008
2020-03-26
J Seo, B; Yoon, YB; Mun, JH; Cho, S Seo, Byeongmo; Yoon, Yeo
Beom; Mun, Jung Hyun; Cho, Soolyeon Application of Artificial Neural
Network for the Optimum Control of HVAC Systems in Double-Skinned Office Buildings
ENERGIES English Article
Double Skin Facade; HVAC optimal control; EnergyPlus; load prediction;
artificial neural network INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT; LOAD RATIO
CHARACTERISTICS; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; NATURAL VENTILATION; COOLING ENERGY; CONTROL
LOGIC; ENVELOPE; FACADES; STRATEGIES; DESIGN Double Skin Facade (DSF) systems
have become an alternative to the environmental and energy savings issues. DSF
offers thermal buffer areas that can provide benefits to the conditioned spaces in
the form of improved comforts and energy savings. There are many studies conducted
to resolve issues about the heat captured inside DSF. Various window control
strategies and algorithms were introduced to minimize the heat gain of DSF in
summer. However, the thermal condition of the DSF causes a time lag between the
response time of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system and
cooling loads of zones. This results in more cooling energy supply or sometimes
less than required, making the conditioned zones either too cold or warm. It is
necessary to operate the HVAC system in consideration of all conditions, i.e., DSF
internal conditions and indoor environment, as well as proper DSF window controls.
This paper proposes an optimal air supply control for a DSF office building located
in a hot and humid climate. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based control was
developed and tested for its effectiveness. Results show a 10.5% cooling energy
reduction from the DSF building compared to the non-DSF building with the same HVAC
control. Additionally, 4.5% more savings were observed when using the ANN-based
control. [Seo, Byeongmo; Yoon, Yeo Beom; Cho, Soolyeon] North Carolina State
Univ, Sch Architecture, Coll Design, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; [Mun, Jung Hyun] Sun &
Light R&D Ctr, Seoul 06648, South Korea Cho, S (reprint author), North Carolina
State Univ, Sch Architecture, Coll Design, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Seo, Byeongmo/0000-0002-0595-0852 Korea Institute of Energy Technology
Evaluation and Planning (KETEP); Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of
the Republic of Korea [20172010000370] This work was supported by the Korea
Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of
Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20172010000370).
 35 0 0 1 1 MDPI BASEL ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL,
SWITZERLAND 1996-1073 ENERGIES Energies DEC 2 2019 12 24
4754 10.3390/en12244754 22
Energy & Fuels Energy & Fuels KC1AB WOS:000506918400147 DOAJ
Gold 2020-03-26
J Chantawong, P Chantawong, Preeda
Experimental Investigation of Thermal Performance of a Multipurpose PV Solar
Collector Wall With Phase Change Material JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING-
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME English Article
phase change material; solar collector; natural ventilation; domestic
hot water; photovoltaic panel NATURAL VENTILATION; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; COMFORT;
TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE; DESIGN; HOUSES The author reports an experimental
investigation of the thermal performance of a multipurpose photovoltanic (PV) solar
wall with phase change material (PVSW-PCM). The PVSW-PCM configuration was made of
double layers. The external layer consists of a 12 Wp photovoltaic panel attached
to a 15 cm thick PCM tank integrating water pipes. The internal wall is an ordinary
clear glass pane. There is an 8 cm air gap between the two layers. The PVSW-PCM was
integrated into the southern side of a small house of 4.05 m(3) volume built by
autoclaved aerated concrete block walls 0.07 m thick. On top of the external layer,
three glass blocks (3 x 0.2 x 0.2 cm(2)) are installed to ensure indoor
illumination. The absorbed solar radiation by the PV panel and PCM heats the water
in the pipes and the air in the gap. The hot water produced is stored in a 10
liters tank located near the roof. At the inner lower part (room side) and the
external upper part (ambient) of the gap, a small DC fan (12 V, 0.48 A) box was
installed. The fans were connected to the PV panel directly to enhance indoor
ventilation. The investigation considered both natural (fans OFF) and PV assisted
ventilation. Another similar house without the PVSW-PCM referred to as glass wall
(GW) was built and used as a reference for comparison. The experimental results
revealed that the indoor temperature of the PVSW-PCM house was considerably lower
than that of the GW house. Moreover, the PVSW-PCM could produce hot water
temperature of 55-62 degrees C and induce a ventilation rate proportional to the
intensity of solar radiation. Indoor illumination was sufficient for general house
use. Therefore, the PVSW-PCM offers a new alternative for architects and engineers
to reduce electric energy use for producing hot water and ventilation and save
electrical energy consumption of air conditioner, as the indoor temperature is
lower than that of the conventional house. [Chantawong, Preeda] King Mongkuts
Univ Technol North Bangkok, Coll Ind Technol, Energy Engn Technol Program, 1518
Pracharat 1 Rd, Bangkok 10800, Thailand Chantawong, P (reprint author), King
Mongkuts Univ Technol North Bangkok, Coll Ind Technol, Energy Engn Technol Program,
1518 Pracharat 1 Rd, Bangkok 10800, Thailand. [email protected]
College of Industrial Technology and the Science and Technology Research
Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok [KMUTNB-GEN-55]
The author is grateful to the faculty of College of Industrial Technology and
the Science and Technology Research Institute, King Mongkut's University of
Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB-GEN-55) for providing fund for this research.
29 0 0 3 3 ASME NEW YORK TWO PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY
10016-5990 USA 0199-6231 1528-8986 J SOL ENERG-T ASME J. Sol.
Energy Eng. Trans.-ASME DEC 2019 141 6
064501 10.1115/1.4043712 7 Energy & Fuels; Engineering,
Mechanical Energy & Fuels; Engineering KC0RP WOS:000506895700017
2020-03-26
J Sharpe, RA; Machray, KE; Fleming, LE; Taylor, T; Henley, W; Chenore, T;
Hutchcroft, I; Taylor, J; Heaviside, C; Wheeler, BW Sharpe, R.
A.; Machray, K. E.; Fleming, L. E.; Taylor, T.; Henley, W.; Chenore, T.;
Hutchcroft, I.; Taylor, J.; Heaviside, C.; Wheeler, B. W. Household
energy efficiency and health: Area-level analysis of hospital admissions in England
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL English Article
Household energy efficiency; Fuel poverty; COPD; Asthma and
cardiovascular disease INDOOR AIR-QUALITY; FUEL POVERTY; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AMBIENT-
TEMPERATURE; FUNGAL DIVERSITY; COLD HOMES; RISK; ASTHMA; UK; INTERVENTIONS
Introduction: Fuel poverty affects up to 35% of European homes, which
represents a significant burden on society and healthcare systems. Draught proofing
homes to prevent heat loss, improved glazing, insulation and heating (energy
efficiency measures) can make more homes more affordable to heat. This has prompted
significant investment in energy efficiency upgrades for around 40% of UK
households to reduce the impact of fuel poverty. Despite some inconsistent
evidence, household energy efficiency interventions can improve cardiovascular and
respiratory health outcomes. However, the health benefits of these interventions
have not been fully explored; this is the focus of this study. Methods: In this
cross sectional ecological study, we conducted two sets of analyses at different
spatial resolution to explore population data on housing energy efficiency measures
and hospital admissions at the area-level (counts grouped over a 3-year period).
Housing data were obtained from three data sets covering housing across England
(Household Energy Efficiency Database), Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) and,
in the South West of England, the Devon Home Analytics Portal. These databases
provided data aggregated to Lower Area Super Output Area and postcode level (Home
Analytics Portal only). These datasets provided measures of both state (e.g. EPC
ratings) and intervention (e.g. number of boiler replacements), aggregated
spatially and temporally to enable cross-sectional analyses with health outcome
data. Hospital admissions for adult (over 18 years) asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were obtained from the
Hospital Episode Statistics database for the national (1st April 2011 to 31st March
2014) and Devon, South West of England (1st April 2014 to 31st March 2017)
analyses. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to describe the
associations between small area household energy efficiency measures and hospital
admissions. Three main analyses were undertaken to investigate the relationships
between; 1) household energy efficiency improvements (i.e. improved glazing,
insulation and boiler upgrades); 2) higher levels of energy efficiency ratings
(measured by Energy Performance Certificate ratings); 3) energy efficiency
improvements and ratings (i.e. physical improvements and rating assessed by the
Standard Assessment Procedure) and hospital admissions. Results: In the national
analyses, household energy performance certificate ratings ranged from 37 to 83
(mean 61.98; Standard Deviation 5.24). There were a total of 312,837 emergency
admissions for asthma, 587,770 for COPD and 839,416 for CVD. While analyses for
individual energy efficiency metrics (i.e. boiler upgrades, draught proofing,
glazing, loft and wall insulation) were mixed; a unit increase in mean energy
performance rating was associated with increases of around 0.5% in asthma and CVD
admissions, and 1% higher COPD admission rates. Admission rates were also
influenced by the type of dwelling, tenure status (e.g. home owner versus renting),
living in a rural area, and minimum winter temperature. Discussion: Despite a range
of limitations and some mixed and contrasting findings across the national and
local analyses, there was some evidence that areas with more energy efficiency
improvements resulted in higher admission rates for respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases. This builds on existing evidence highlighting the complex relationships
between health and housing. While energy efficiency measures can improve health
outcomes (especially when targeting those with chronic respiratory illness),
reduced household ventilation rates can impact indoor air quality for example and
increase the risk of diseases such as asthma. Alternatively, these findings could
be due to the ecological study design, reverse causality, or the non-detection of
more vulnerable subpopulations, as well as the targeting of areas with poor housing
stock, low income households, and the lack of "whole house approaches" when
retrofitting the existing housing stock. Conclusion: To be sustainable, household
energy efficiency policies and resulting interventions must account for whole house
approaches (i.e. consideration of the whole house and occupant lifestyles). These
must consider more alternative 'greener' and more sustainable measures, which are
capable of accounting for variable lifestyles, as well as the need for adequate
heating and ventilation. Larger natural experiments and more complex modelling are
needed to further investigate the impact of ongoing dramatic changes in the housing
stock and health. Study implications: This study supports the need for more
holistic approaches to delivering healthier indoor environments, which must
consider a dynamic and complex system with multiple interactions between a range of
interrelated factors. These need to consider the drivers and pressures (e.g.
quality of the built environment and resident behaviours) resulting in
environmental exposures and adverse health outcomes. [Sharpe, R. A.; Machray, K.
E.; Fleming, L. E.; Taylor, T.; Wheeler, B. W.] Univ Exeter, Royal Cornwall Hosp,
European Ctr Environm & Human Hlth, Knowledge Spa,Med Sch, Truro TR1 3HD, Cornwall,
England; [Sharpe, R. A.] Cornwall Council, Publ Hlth, 1E,New Cty Hall, Truro TR1
3AY, England; [Henley, W.] Univ Exeter, Inst Hlth Res, Hlth Stat Res Grp, Med Sch,
St Lukes Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, Devon, England; [Chenore, T.] NHS NEW Devon Clin
Commissioning Grp, Cty Hall, Exeter EX2 4QD, Devon, England; [Hutchcroft, I.]
Regen, Bradninch Court, Castle St, Exeter EX4 3PL, Devon, England; [Hutchcroft, I.]
Energiesprong UK Ltd, Natl Energy Ctr, Davy Ave, Milton Keynes MK5 8NG, Bucks,
England; [Taylor, J.] UCL, UCL Inst Environm Design & Engn, 14 Upper Woburn Plc,
London WC1H 0NN, England; [Heaviside, C.] Univ Oxford, Environm Change Inst, S
Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England Wheeler, BW (reprint author), Univ Exeter,
Royal Cornwall Hosp, European Ctr Environm & Human Hlth, Knowledge Spa,Med Sch,
Truro TR1 3HD, Cornwall, England. [email protected] Taylor,
Jonathon/B-1558-2018 Taylor, Jonathon/0000-0003-3485-1404; Machray,
Kathryn/0000-0002-9580-1526 Eaga Charitable Trust; University of Exeter Medical
School; Public Health team in Cornwall Council; National Institute for Health
Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Change and
Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Public Health
England; University of Exeter; University College London; Met Office [HPRU-2012-
10016]; MEDMI project: U.K. Medical Research Council (MRC) [MR/K019341/1]; U.K.
Natural Environment Council (NERC) [MR/K019341/1]; South West Academic Health
Science Network [SW AHSN G005]; European Regional Development FundEuropean Union
(EU) [SZ07660]; European Commission Horizon 2020 [667364]; Wellcome TrustWellcome
Trust [209387/Z/17/Z] This study was supported and funded by the Eaga Charitable
Trust, with additional support from the University of Exeter Medical School and the
Public Health team in Cornwall Council. The research was also supported in part by
the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR
HPRU) in Environmental Change and Health at the London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine in partnership with Public Health England, and in collaboration
with the University of Exeter, University College London, and the Met Office (HPRU-
2012-10016). Weather and air pollution data were provided via the MEDMI project:
U.K. Medical Research Council (MRC) and the U.K. Natural Environment Council (NERC)
for the MEDMI Project (MR/K019341/1). Additional funding was provided by the South
West Academic Health Science Network [grant number SW AHSN G005] and the European
Regional Development Fund [grant number SZ07660] for the SMARTLINE Project and the
European Commission Horizon 2020 funded INHERIT project, coordinated by
EuroHealthNet [grant number 667364]. Jonathon Taylor JT is funded by the Wellcome
Trust 'Our Planet, Our Health' award Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and
Health (209387/Z/17/Z). 95 1 1 11 11 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB,
ENGLAND 0160-4120 1873-6750 ENVIRON INT Environ. Int. DEC 2019
133 A
10.1016/j.envint.2019.105164 13 Environmental Sciences
Environmental Sciences & Ecology JQ4CU WOS:000498895700037 31518939
DOAJ Gold, Green Accepted, Green Published 2020-03-26
J Sung, UJ; Kim, SH Sung, Uk-Joo; Kim, Seok-Hyun
A Study on the Improvement of Double-Skin Facade Operation for Reducing
Heating Load in Winter SUSTAINABILITY English Article
double skin facade; ventilation; heating load; solar
chimney; Energy Simulation NATURAL VENTILATION A double-skin facade makes it
possible to gain irradiance through the glass on the outer side in summer, and to
increase the temperature of air flowing in the cavity so as to induce the flow of
air current. Therefore, a double-skin facade is able to reduce the load of the
outer skin, which is delivered from the outside to the inside in summer, and to
serve as a buffer space for the internal and external environments in winter, and
thereby prevent heat loss from the building envelope. Theoretical analysis was
conducted to review the heat effects of a double-skin facade and to evaluate the
performance of a plan for indoor load reduction. This study carried out a field
measurement of a building with a double-skin facade and then analyzed the thermal
phenomenon occurring in between the outer skin of the outside and the skin of the
inside facing the building surface, according to the effects of irradiance going
into the double-skin facade cavity. In order to propose an indoor air conditioning
energy reduction plan using preheated air through the double-skin facade, this
study utilized a building simulation to be implemented on the target building and
then analyzed the effects of the improvement plan for the double-skin facade. A
simulation model was suggested that implemented the aforementioned airflow network
and analyzed the ventilation performance and energy performance according to the
application of alternative plans and thermal effect. To find the actual state of
operation of the double-skin facade in winter, this study measured the target
building. A solar chimney-based double-skin facade was analyzed in winter. As a
result, with the application of a solar chimney and a rise in its height, the
available capacity of relatively larger solar heat increased, and therefore the
proposed plan had excellent performance in terms of heating energy saving. When the
thermal effect was applied to the solar chimney, the heating energy use effect of
the solar irradiance of the double-skin facade was larger. When thermal effect was
applied to a three-floor solar chimney, the heating energy use increased to about
7.6 times higher than that of the original performance of the double-skin facade.
[Sung, Uk-Joo] Korea Conform Labs, Ctr Climat Environm Real Scale Testing,
Jincheon 27872, South Korea; [Kim, Seok-Hyun] Korea Inst Energy Res, Energy ICT ESS
Lab, Daejeon 34101, South Korea Kim, SH (reprint author), Korea Inst Energy
Res, Energy ICT ESS Lab, Daejeon 34101, South Korea. [email protected];
[email protected] Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation
and Planning (KETEP); Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic
of Korea [20162010104270] This work was supported by the Korea Institute of
Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade,
Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20162010104270).
15 0 0 1 1 MDPI BASEL ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL,
SWITZERLAND 2071-1050 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL Sustainability NOV
2019 11 22 6238 10.3390/su11226238
24 Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental
Sciences; Environmental Studies Science & Technology - Other Topics;
Environmental Sciences & Ecology JW8DR WOS:000503277900051 DOAJ Gold
2020-03-26
J Oropeza-Perez, I Oropeza-Perez, Ivan The
Influence of an Integrated Driving on the Performance of Different Passive Heating
and Cooling Methods for Buildings BUILDINGS English Article
passive cooling; passive heating; integrated driving;
effectiveness of operation; features of operation THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE;
DOUBLE-SKIN FACADES; NATURAL VENTILATION; CONTROL STRATEGIES; SOLAR REFLECTANCE;
COMFORT; OPTIMIZATION; SYSTEM; OCCUPANCY; CLIMATE Passive cooling and heating
methods within buildings are studied a lot nowadays. Nevertheless, their
performance considering their driving has not been deeply studied. Therefore, the
performance of the most common passive heating and cooling methods is analyzed in
this document. The methods are divided into three categories: operable, semi-
operable, and not operable. They are studied under different conditions of
operation in order to estimate their performance in terms of indoor temperature
increase/decrease in a single dwelling. The study is carried out with the thermal
simulation program EnergyPlus, using a dwelling in Mexico City as a case study,
which is validated with literature that studied passive methods for similar
climates. Furthermore, for an integrated driving, four features of operation of the
passive methods are considered: mobility, maintenance, assembly, and consumables.
The results show that a correct use of these features of driving might achieve a
significant temperature drop in the case of cooling and a significant indoor
temperature increase in the case of heating. This is reflected in a considerable
amount of energy saving compared to a conventional heating/cooling heat-pump system
running under regular conditions, which is taken as a reference of consumption.
Thereby, it is concluded that the proper usage, considered here as the correct
application of the four features of operation mainly by the occupants, might have a
high influence in their performance of increase/decrease of the indoor temperature.
Thus, it is highly recommended to follow up their performance once installed and
not to suppose an optimal performance ever after. [Oropeza-Perez, Ivan] Univ
Americas Puebla, Dept Architecture, Cholula 72810, Mexico Oropeza-Perez, I
(reprint author), Univ Americas Puebla, Dept Architecture, Cholula 72810, Mexico.
[email protected] 83 0 0 3
3 MDPI BASEL ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND 2075-
5309 BUILDINGS Buildings NOV 2019 9 11
224 10.3390/buildings9110224 18 Construction &
Building Technology Construction & Building Technology JS0SA
WOS:000500023500001 DOAJ Gold 2020-03-26
J Soudian, S; Berardi, U Soudian, Shahrzad; Berardi, Umberto
Assessing the effect of night ventilation on PCM performance in high-
rise residential buildings JOURNAL OF BUILDING PHYSICS English
Article; Proceedings Paper International Building Physics Conference
(IBPC) SEP, 2018 Syracuse, NY Thermal energy storage; phase
change materials; thermal comfort; natural ventilation; night cooling THERMAL-
ENERGY STORAGE; PHASE-CHANGE MATERIALS; COMFORT This article investigates the
possibility to enhance the use of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) as an
energy retrofit measure by night ventilation strategies. For this scope, phase
change materials (PCMs) are integrated into wall and ceiling surfaces of high-rise
residential buildings with highly glazed facades that experience high indoor
diurnal temperatures. In particular, this article investigates the effect of night
ventilation on the performance of the PCMs, namely, the daily discharge of the
thermal energy stored by PCMs. Following previous experimental tests that have
shown the efficacy of LHTES in temperate climates, a system comprising two PCM
layers with melting temperatures selected for a year-around LHTES was considered.
To quantify the effectiveness of different night ventilation strategies to enhance
the potential of this composite PCM system, simulations in EnergyPlus(TM) were
performed. The ventilation flow rate, set point temperature, and operation period
were the main tested parameters. The performance of the PCMs in relation to the
variables was evaluated based on indoor operative temperature and cooling energy
use variations in Toronto and New York in the summer. The solidification of the
PCMs was analyzed based on the amount of night ventilation needed in each climate
condition. The results quantify the positive impact of combining PCMs with night
ventilation on cooling energy reductions and operative temperature regulation of
the following days. In particular, the results indicate higher benefits obtainable
with PCMs coupled with night ventilation in the context of Toronto, since this city
experiences higher daily temperature fluctuations. The impact of night ventilation
design variables on the solidification rate of the PCMs varied based on each
parameter leading to different compromises based on the PCM and climate
characteristics. [Soudian, Shahrzad; Berardi, Umberto] Ryerson Univ, 350 Victoria
St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada Berardi, U (reprint author), Ryerson Univ, 350
Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada. [email protected] soudian,
shahrzad/AAD-9877-2019; BERARDI, UMBERTO/G-1972-2017 soudian, shahrzad/0000-0001-
9838-7327; BERARDI, UMBERTO/0000-0002-0508-6195 27 0 0
27 27 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD LONDON 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD,
LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND 1744-2591 1744-2583 J BUILD PHYS J.
Build Phys. NOV 2019 43 3 SI 229 249
10.1177/1744259119848128 21 Construction & Building
Technology Construction & Building Technology IZ3XI WOS:000487018500006
2020-03-26
J Li, YL; Darkwa, J; Kokogiannakis, G; Su, WG Li, Yilin;
Darkwa, Jo; Kokogiannakis, Georgios; Su, Weiguang Phase change
material blind system for double skin facade integration: System development and
thermal performance evaluation APPLIED ENERGY English
Article Double skin facade; PCM; System
development; Thermal performance evaluation ENERGY-STORAGE; NATURAL
VENTILATION; VENETIAN BLINDS; GLAZING SYSTEMS; BUILDING ENERGY; HEAT-TRANSFER; AIR-
FLOW; PCM; WINDOW; SIMULATION Double skin facades (DSFs) are often applied as
energy reducing elements in modern buildings, but do experience overheating
problems in warm seasons which may contribute to increase in cooling loads. There
are currently various thermal management devices being used in DSF but have
limitations such as secondary thermal transmittance and low energy storage
capacity. In this paper, a novel laminated composite phase change material (PCM)
blind system with high thermal energy storage capacity has been developed and
evaluated in a typical DSF building. The results showed that the integrated PCM
blind system was able to keep the average air temperature in the DSF below 35
degrees C during the monitored period in summer and showed no significant increase
as compared with the ambient temperature. The surface temperature of the inner skin
of the DSF was also reduced up to about 2.9 degrees C as compared with the external
skin surface temperature thus reducing heat transfer into the building. By using
validated numerical models, the PCM blind was found to perform thermally better
than a conventional aluminium blind. Finally, design and operational parameters of
the PCM blind including the blind tilt angle and its position were optimised.
Further comparative studies against other integrated DSF systems are however being
encouraged to establish the full effectiveness of the developed PCM blind system.
[Li, Yilin] Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol, Sch Environm & Architecture, 516
Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, Peoples R China; [Darkwa, Jo] Univ Nottingham, Fac
Engn, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England; [Kokogiannakis, Georgios] Univ
Wollongong, SBRC, Innovat Campus, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia; [Su, Weiguang]
Qilu Univ Technol, Shandong Acad Sci, Sch Mech & Automot Engn, Jinan 250353,
Shandong, Peoples R China Li, YL (reprint author), Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol,
Sch Environm & Architecture, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai 200093, Peoples R China.
[email protected] Su, Weiguang/X-3782-2018; Kokogiannakis, Georgios/N-
2837-2014 Su, Weiguang/0000-0003-1255-0440; Kokogiannakis, Georgios/0000-0003-
2555-7545 43 1 1 2 2 ELSEVIER SCI LTD OXFORD
THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND
0306-2619 1872-9118 APPL ENERG Appl. Energy OCT 15 2019
252 UNSP 113376
10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113376 17 Energy & Fuels;
Engineering, Chemical Energy & Fuels; Engineering JP0ND WOS:000497968000006
2020-03-26
J Saroglou, T; Theodosiou, T; Givoni, B; Meir, IA Saroglou,
Tanya; Theodosiou, Theodoros; Givoni, Baruch; Meir, Isaac A. A
study of different envelope scenarios towards low carbon high-rise buildings in the
Mediterranean climate - can DSF be part of the solution? RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY REVIEWS English Article
Low-carbon high-rise; Mediterranean climate; Building envelope; Double skin
facade; Energy efficiency; EnergyPlus DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE; ENERGY-EFFICIENT;
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS; NATURAL VENTILATION; OFFICE BUILDINGS; PERFORMANCE; HOT;
SIMULATION; PERSPECTIVES; STRATEGIES The numbers of high-rise buildings around
the world increase rapidly. However, this fast pace is not in tandem with the
expertise gained on how to design this building typology to best adjust it to local
climates. In addition, the increased transparency of the building envelope from the
mid-twentieth century onwards, resulted in high-energy loads, especially prominent
in high-rise construction. With planning policies moving towards targets for low
carbon built environments, this challenging typology needs further research and
experimentation. This study focuses on the building envelope, as a passive design
strategy towards reduced energy loads. Simulations of different envelope scenarios
in the Mediterranean climate are conducted with EnergyPlus thermal simulation
engine, and comparisons are made on energy loads in relation to height. Initial
simulations between three single-skin envelope scenarios and a ventilated double
skin facade (DSF) revealed the importance of lowering the high cooling loads
relevant to the hot and humid climate, while external shading performed better from
a double-skin envelope with LowE glazing as the interior layer. The focus then
shifted on increasing the energy efficiency of the DSF, as a more advanced envelope
option (controlled ventilation, acoustic insulation etc.), by drawing comparisons
between four DSFs. Simulations showed that the most energy efficient DSF in the
Mediterranean climate is with LowE glazing as the outside layer. In the final step,
the comparison between the building envelope with the proposed DSF and the one with
external shading was in favour of the DSF option. Conclusions are drawn on the
relationship of the building envelope with climate, with a preference on DSF
towards a low carbon building design, while suggestions are made for further DSF
research. [Saroglou, Tanya] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Kreitman Sch Adv Grad Studies,
Beer Sheva, Israel; [Theodosiou, Theodoros] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Civil
Engn, Thessaloniki, Greece; [Givoni, Baruch] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, J Blaustein
Inst Desert Res, Desert Architecture & Urban Planning, Beer Sheva, Israel; [Meir,
Isaac A.] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Engn Sci, Dept Struct Engn, Beer Sheva, Israel
Saroglou, T (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Kreitman Sch Adv Grad
Studies, Beer Sheva, Israel. [email protected] Theodosiou, Theodoros/E-9156-
2011 Theodosiou, Theodoros/0000-0002-3385-119X Tsin Mid Way Scholarship, Kreitman
School of advanced Graduate Studies, BGU; Rieger Foundation-Jewish National Fund in
Environmental Studies This research is partly supported by the Tsin Mid Way
Scholarship for outstanding Ph.D. students, Kreitman School of advanced Graduate
Studies, BGU; and the Rieger Foundation-Jewish National Fund in Environmental
Studies. 52 2 2 7 7 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD
THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 1364-
0321 RENEW SUST ENERG REV Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. OCT 2019
113 UNSP 109237
10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.044 12 Green & Sustainable Science &
Technology; Energy & Fuels Science & Technology - Other Topics; Energy & Fuels
IU2PP WOS:000483422600018 2020-03-26
J Camacho-Montano, SC; Cook, M; Wagner, A Camacho-Montano,
Sandra Carolina; Cook, Malcolm; Wagner, Andreas Avoiding overheating in
existing school buildings through optimized passive measures BUILDING RESEARCH
AND INFORMATION English Article; Early Access
Thermal comfort; school classrooms; passive cooling; refurbishment
ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT; CLASSROOMS; CHILDREN; QUALITY; MODELS The
retrofitting strategies in European school buildings are usually focused on
reducing the heating demand since it represents the major energy consumption.
Nevertheless, the rise in outdoor temperatures shows that the risk of overheating
during the summer is increasing. When planning such processes, decision-makers need
to take into account the different building typologies, the effect of the potential
measures in the future conditions and their costs. This study integrates these
factors and provides specific guidance on the most appropriate measures to improve
indoor thermal comfort in classrooms in the city of Karlsruhe, Germany. The
simulations suggested that current overheating of the studied buildings represents
up to 27% of the occupied time. The heavyweight buildings could prevent overheating
by means of good ventilation, while lightweight buildings require more sun
protection. With the appropriate natural ventilation strategy and with the help of
ceiling fans, overheating can be avoided in most of the building types in the near
future. In the case of lightweight buildings, overheating can be reduced to less
than 10% of discomfort during occupied time; however, it would be required to
significantly reduce the solar gains through technologies such as electrochromic
glazing or a combination of other passive measures. [Camacho-Montano, Sandra
Carolina; Wagner, Andreas] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Fac Architecture, Bldg Sci Grp,
Karlsruhe, Germany; [Cook, Malcolm] Loughborough Univ, Sch Architecture Bldg &
Civil Engn, Loughborough, Leics, England Camacho-Montano, SC (reprint author),
Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Fac Architecture, Bldg Sci Grp, Karlsruhe, Germany.
[email protected] Wagner, Andreas/0000-0003-4015-236X
 41 0 0 9 9 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR &
FRANCIS LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON,
ENGLAND 0961-3218 1466-4321 BUILD RES INF Build. Res. Informat.

10.1080/09613218.2019.1663137 SEP 2019 15 Construction & Building

Technology Construction & Building Technology IX2WZ WOS:000485551500001
2020-03-26
J Choi, H; An, Y; Kang, K; Yoon, S; Kim, T Choi, Haneul; An,
Youngsub; Kang, Kyungmo; Yoon, Sunghoon; Kim, Taeyeon Cooling energy
performance and thermal characteristics of a naturally ventilated slim double-skin
window APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING English Article
Slim double-skin window; Thermal performance; Thermal
characteristic; Total solar heat gain; Experiment; Computational fluid dynamics
PREDICTING AIR-FLOW; SUMMER PERFORMANCE; CFD SIMULATION; HEAT-TRANSFER;
FACADES; TEMPERATURE; CONVECTION; BEHAVIOR; DESIGN; OFFICE A slim double-skin
window (SDSW), which is a window that is naturally ventilated through a thin cavity
of 20 mm, has recently been developed. This study aims to analyze the cooling
energy performance of SDSW through field measurement and to numerically investigate
its thermal characteristics and the influence of outer single glazing on it. The
results of the field measurement showed that the room in which SDSW was installed
had 9% less total cooling energy for a week in summer as compared to the room in
which the triple glazing window was installed. The simulation results indicated
that by changing the type of outer single glazing, the total solar heat gain (TSHG)
differed by up to 34%. In addition, when the outer single glazing was low-
emissivity glass, SDSW was the most effective. In the heat-transfer mode of the
TSHG, the type of outer single glazing significantly affected short- and long-
wavelength radiation rather than convection. [Choi, Haneul; Kang, Kyungmo; Kim,
Taeyeon] Yonsei Univ, Dept Architecture & Architectural Engn, Seoul 03722, South
Korea; [An, Youngsub] Kolon Global Corp, Technol Res Lab, Gwacheon 17023, Gyeonggi
Do, South Korea; [Yoon, Sunghoon] Cheongju Univ, Dept Architecture, Cheongju 28503,
South Korea Kim, T (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Architecture & Architectural
Engn, Seoul 03722, South Korea. [email protected] Residential
Environment Research Program - Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of
the Korean government [19RERP-B082204-06]; Basic Science Research Program through
the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science and ICT [NRF-
2017R1A2B3012914] This research was supported by a grant (19RERP-B082204-06) from
the Residential Environment Research Program funded by the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, and Transport of the Korean government, and the Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by
the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017R1A2B3012914). 46 0 0
13 13 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD
LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 1359-4311 APPL THERM ENG
Appl. Therm. Eng. SEP 2019 160
UNSP 114113 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114113 12
Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics
Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mechanics IW3LF
WOS:000484880800104 2020-03-26
J Eom, YS; Kang, DH; Choi, DH Eom, Ye Seul; Kang, Dong Hwa;
Choi, Dong Hee Numerical analysis of PM2.5 particle collection
efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator integrated with double skin facade in a
residential home BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT English Article
Particle collection efficiency; Indoor air quality;
Electrostatic precipitator; Double skin facade; Residential home; Computational
fluid dynamics ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; PRESSURE-DROP; AIR FILTER; PERFORMANCE;
INDOOR; BUILDINGS In this study, the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) integrated
with a double skin facade (DSF) was proposed as a new method to overcome natural
ventilation constraints due to outdoor particles and the particle collection
efficiency of an ESP integrated with a DSF (EPID) was evaluated using numerical
analysis. The particle collection efficiencies of two models of ESP integrated with
DSF (EPID) with air cavity depths of 0.2 m and 0.5 m were evaluated according to
the horizontal and vertical installation positions of the ESP in the air cavity and
the voltage intensity during operation. Changes in the particle collection
efficiency depending on the inlet air velocity at the EPID inlet were also
analyzed. A computational fluid dynamics model was suggested for analyzing the
airflow in the EPID, particle behavior, and electrostatic precipitation and
validated by comparison with existing experimental data. The particle collection
efficiency of the EPID was high when it was adjacent to the inner skin of the EPID
and located in the upper section of the air cavity, and positions inside the air
cavity with a reduced velocity for the main airflow helped increase the particle
collection efficiency. When the air velocity at the EPID inlet was controlled at
0.5 m/s, a particle collection efficiency of 92.8% could be expected at 12 kV.
These results indicate that integrating the ESP with the DSF can effectively reduce
the inflow of external particles. [Eom, Ye Seul; Kang, Dong Hwa] Univ Seoul, Dept
Architectural Engn, Seoulsiripdae Ro 163, Seoul 02504, South Korea; [Choi, Dong
Hee] Kyungil Univ, Dept Architectural Engn, Gamasil Gil 50, Kyungsan 38428,
Kyungpook, South Korea Choi, DH (reprint author), Kyungil Univ, Dept Architectural
Engn, Gamasil Gil 50, Kyungsan 38428, Kyungpook, South Korea. [email protected]
National Research Foundation of KoreaNational Research Foundation of
Korea [NRF-2017R1C1B2011561, NRF-2018R1D1A1B07050503] This research was supported
by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1C1B2011561, NRF-
2018R1D1A1B07050503). 43 0 0 11 12 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB,
ENGLAND 0360-1323 1873-684X BUILD ENVIRON Build. Environ. SEP
2019 162 UNSP 106245
10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106245 13 Construction & Building
Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building
Technology; Engineering IV8KM WOS:000484514400016 2020-
03-26
J Barbosa, S; Carlo, J; Ip, K Barbosa, Sabrina; Carlo,
Joyce; Ip, Kenneth Energy performance of PV integrated office
buildings with fan-assisted double skin facades under tropical climates
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY English Article
Double skin facade; photovoltaic; building energy
simulation; Brazilian climates; mixed mode ventilation NATURALLY VENTILATED
BUILDINGS; DOUBLE GLAZED FACADE; THERMAL PERFORMANCE; SIMULATION; SYSTEMS;
BEHAVIOR; BIPV; STRATEGIES; ENVELOPE; COMFORT Building upon the knowledge
accumulated from a comprehensive research program on double skin facades (DSFs),
this study explores two design enhancements for buildings in tropical climates.
Thermal and energetic benefits of the inclusion of mechanical ventilation within
the DSF cavity and electricity generation from the PV systems have been determined
across a wide spectrum of Brazilian climates. Using computational simulations, DSF
models with two fan configurations, placed solely at the top of the DSF and
distributed along the height of the cavity, are evaluated. Annual distribution of
thermal comfort acceptance and impact on energy demands from HVAC systems and
contribution from the PV systems is analyzed. Results demonstrated wide variations
of energy performance in relation to the climatic conditions. The 'Cool' climate
zone presented most significant benefits from the proposed design enhancements
resulting in electricity surplus. On the other hand, electricity generated from PV
in the moderate climate zone can only cover about 30% of the HVAC energy
consumption, whereas energy savings in the 'hot' zone are the lowest with only 15%
of electricity contributed from the PV systems. The results of this paper
contribute to the early stage of design when considering the adoption of DSF in
tropical climates. [Barbosa, Sabrina; Carlo, Joyce] Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept
Architecture & Urban Planning, Vicosa, MG, Brazil; [Barbosa, Sabrina] Univ Estado
Rio De Janeiro, Dept Architecture & Urbanism, Petropolis, RJ, Brazil; [Ip, Kenneth]
Univ Brighton, Sch Environm & Technol, Brighton, E Sussex, England Barbosa, S
(reprint author), Univ Fed Vicosa, Ave Peter Henry Rolfs S-N,Campus Univ, BR-
36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. [email protected] Carlo, Joyce/0000-
0003-3868-0307; Ip, Kenneth/0000-0001-5176-0278 Coordination for the Improvement of
Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)CAPES This work was supported by the
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
64 0 0 4 7 TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PHILADELPHIA 530
WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA 1543-5075 1543-5083
INT J GREEN ENERGY Int. J. Green Energy OCT 21 2019 16 13
1061 1072 10.1080/15435075.2019.1653879 AUG
2019 12 Thermodynamics; Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Energy &
Fuels Thermodynamics; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Energy & Fuels IY0LZ
WOS:000480619500001 2020-03-26
J [Anonymous] [Anonymous] 46th ESAO Congress 3-7
September 2019 Hannover, Germany Abstracts INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL
ORGANS English Article
Objectives:ADVOS multi is a recirculating albumin-based dialysis device that
supports kidney, liver and lung function by eliminating CO2, water-soluble and
protein-bound substances. In the present work in vitro data on the removal of these
substances and CO2 are presented. Methods: An ex vivo model using porcine blood was
established and applied in detoxification tests for water soluble and protein bound
retention solutes. 3 x 3.3L of blood with high bilirubin (30 mg/dl) and lactate
levels (>10 mmol/l) were treated with ADVOS multi for 4 hours each. This design,
with 3 phases changing blood every 4 hours, led to high concentrations of both
markers in blood during the 12 h test period. For CO2 removal tests, 5 liters of
blood were used instead. In both cases, a continuous CO2 supply through an
additional dialyzer was applied. Results: Bilirubin and lactate were efficiently
removed during 12hrs of in vitro detoxification. Lactate removal rates were 90%,
86% and 84% for phase 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Bilirubin elimination rates were
66%, 62%, and 57%, resulting in a total elimination of 1150 mg in 12 hrs. Albumin
binding capacity was determined to be >76% at the end of the treatment indicating
that albumin was not denatured in the dialysate of the ADVOS system. CO2 removal
with ADVOS multi depends on three variables: 1) The amount of supplied CO2 depends
on concentrate flow affecting both, blood pCO2 and bicarbonate levels; 2) blood
flow, and 3) dialysate pH and composition (i.e., carbonate concentration). A
maximum CO2 removal of 142 ml/min was achieved with a carbonate-free dialysate at
pH 10, a blood flow of 400 ml/min and a concentrate flow of 160 ml/min. Given that
blood gases are maintained within physiological conditions, a CO2 removal rate of
61 ml/min can be achieved. During all the experiments blood pH was set to 7.35-
7.45. Discussion:ADVOS multi is a device using albumin recirculation in its
secondary circuit. Here, albumin binding capacity remains stable through a
systematic modification of its tertiary structure through temperature and pH
changes in the ADVOS multi circuit. This facilitates the release of toxins from
albumin and allows for further binding. Moreover, presence of albumin, variable
dialysate composition and the flexible dialysate pH might facilitate the treatment
of patients with multiple organ failure. Objectives:Given the extent of bypass
graft failure, the motivation behind this multidisciplinary project is to improve
the patency of the current bypass grafts by developing a novel and optimised blood
flow augmentation technique. Methods: One of the most significant contributions to
the improvement of haemodynamics in grafts was based on a research which showed
that the 'spiral flow' is a natural phenomenon in the whole arterial system and is
induced by the twisting of the left ventricle during contraction and then
accentuated upon entering the aortic arch. The benefit of this flow pattern lies in
removing unfavourable haemodynamic environment such as turbulence, stagnation and
oscillatory shear stress, which are believed to be the main causes of intimal
hyperplasia at anastomotic configurations. Results:This multi-disciplinary
engineering venture has resulted in a unique product which makes use of both non-
planar helicity and an optimised internal ridge within the graft to achieve a
significantly improved haemodynamic condition within the anastomosis (an
anastomosis is a surgical connection between autologous/prosthetic grafts and
veins/arteries inside the human body) Discussion:This truly multidisciplinary
project has integrated fluid mechanics, biomechanics and biology with
cardiovascular surgery to develop a novel biomedical device, inspired by the
nuclear engineering sector. The novel spiral-inducing bypass graft, nominated for
this award, is the best example of how engineering techniques, tools and designs
can lead to life-saving innovations that could potentially save the lives of
thousands of people and save millions of pounds for the healthcare systems across
the world. Such successful engineering stories are what would encourage the next
generation of engineers to go beyond the traditional boundaries of engineering
disciplines to make a difference. Objectives:The goal of this work was to study
methods that will allow increase in spatial freedom of couplers orientation in
inductive powering unit for implantable medical devices. An inductive energy
transfer system is considered, therefore the freedom of relative orientation of the
transmitting and receiving coils must be optimized. Methods:The design procedure of
inductive powering unit (IPU) consists of two main steps: design of the power
amplifier and optimization of an inductive link. To account for the patient
specifics, such as tissue thickness near the implantation site, a number of
different couplers were simulated using finite element modeling. Effect of coils
geometrical parameters on mutual inductance and inductive link efficiency was
examined. Class E power amplifier was chosen as a driver for the transmitting coil.
Capacitors in the amplifier loading network were tuned to achieve zero-voltage
switching (ZVS). A patient's everyday activity, including walking and even
breathing, leads to misalignment of the transmitting and receiving coils, and, as a
result, detuning of the amplifier from ZVS and increased losses. Feedback schemes
were studied to compensate the misalignments effect on the amplifier. Results:A
self-oscillating IPU with class E amplifier was designed that provides stable
output power about 0.5 W for the distance between the couplers in range 10-20 mm
and the lateral distance up to 20 mm. The use of self-oscillating circuit in the
transmitter increases spatial freedom of the transmitting and receiving coils
corresponding to ZVS. Discussion: Inductive link geometrical parameters
optimization and implementation of self-oscillating class E driver the IPU
contributes to stable output power and efficiency of IPU. As a result, less
intervention from the patient and physician is required, and patient quality of
life is increased Precision medicine emerges from integration of a number of
emerging technologies and the data they produce with modern data analytics. For
precision diagnostics and for predicting drug responses new computational and in-
vitro models are needed from gene regulation to cellular and organ functions. Human
induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC) derived e.g., from patient blood cells
provide means to produce most cell types and thus provide means to get patient
specific in-vitro models. New technologies are needed to produce tissues from these
cells and to assess the cell functions in-vitro. In addition, computational in-
silico models can be used to augment our understanding of the diseases or drug
effects. They also provide tools to translate the in-vitro findings to clinical
settings and patient populations. We are in transition to turn our in-vitro cell
culture models to body-on-chip platforms including environmental control and
biophysical functional sensing. We have developed methods to assess the cellular
functions based on electrophysiological sensing as well as 2D and 3D bioimaging.
For example, we have developed imaging methods to assess functions of hIPSC cardiac
cell with simultaneous assessment of electrophysiology such as Calcium and voltage
transients as well as mechanobiology in vitro. Further, we have developed in-silico
models of various cellular function including multi-cell-type neuronal networks and
in-silico population models of the hIPSC cardiomyocytes. The later ones are
providing us ionic machinery of hIPSC derived cardiomyocyte electrophysiology in
various populations of patiets. We have shown that these computational models can
represent pathological patient phenotype cells and populations of patients with
specific mutations, e.g., long QT syndrome. We have also demonstrated the power of
in-silico as possible pre-screening method for drug effects prior to in-vitro
examinations. Moreover, our in-silico results highlight the need of careful
consideration of use of HiPSC models before they can be turned from immature cell
models to mature tissues in vitro. With integration of novel engineering expertise
from multimodal sensing, imaging and computational modelling, we have shown their
power on studying diseases and for pre-screening of compounds. Our results
demonstrate the power of combined in-vitro and in-silco methods for future
precision medicine. Objectives: We have developed in vivo tissue engineered
autologous vascular grafts constructed in the subcutaneous of the recipient body.
However, since the formation of the vascular grafts depends on the conditions of
recipients including high risk or immature patients, immaturity in the fabricated
tissues might be problematic for the severely diseased patients because of their
suppressed regenerative activity. Therefore, possibility of the xenogeneic or the
allogeneic implantation of the grafts should be evaluated. The objective of this
study is to fabricate cardiovascular grafts using xenogeneic or allogeneic animals.
Methods: Silicone rod molds were placed into subcutaneous pouches of beagle dogs,
and after 4 weeks the implants with their surrounded connective tissues were
harvested. Those were decellularized with detergents and stored at -20 degrees C
for 1 week. Decellularized tubular connective tissues (internal diameter: 2 mm)
were xeno-transplanted to abdominal aorta of the rats. Decellularized tubular
connective tissues (internal diameter: 5 mm) were cut open and trimmed to
elliptical sheets of 15 x 8 mm, they were allo-transplanted to carotid arteries
of other beagle dogs as vascular patches. Results: Both xenogeneic vascular grafts
and allogeneic patch grafts performed well after transplantation, and the luminal
surfaces after resection were very smooth. Histological evaluation also showed host
cells infiltration into the grafts. Discussion: Decellularized xenogeneic and
allogeneic connective tissue membranes could be ideal vascular grafts. Objectives:
This work aimed to print high-resolution, collagen-based, constructs via suspended
3D printing with load-bearing and compositions closer to native bone; for potential
use as implant materials. Methods: Collagen type I (Col) and gelatin methacroylate
(GelMA) blends were systematically investigated as bio-inks, probing their
rheological properties and crosslinking efficiency for printing. An adapted 3D
bioprinter (3DDiscovery, regenHU, Switzerland) based on an extrusion principle was
used to print constructs. Calcification was investigated, in vitro, using a
polymer-induced liquid precursor for the mineralization process. Results: Careful
control over the formulation and processing resulted in refined construct
properties such as: wall width (500um), lattice length (2cm) and shape (bone
trabeculae). Once printed, the ability to cure the GelMA/Col blends was dependent
on photo-polymerisation methodology, with enhanced curing and lower remaining
soluble fractions (10% vs 40%) for visible light + Riboflavin/SPS in comparison to
UV + Irgacure. Control over the construct structure allowed defined mineralisation,
and subsequent material responses. Discussion: In recent years the development of
3D printing technologies has attempted to combat the growing need for bone repair
solutions, although is limited by the number of bio-inks, and printable resolutions
available. Suspended manufacture has sought to address this issue, using a fluid
gel to support a secondary biologically relevant bio-ink whilst it undergoes a
curing step, during or post-printing. To date, printing techniques have not been
shown to provide fully resorbable and/or mechanically satisfactory bone implants.
This research has shown promise as the first steps towards printing high resolution
constructs with chemical compositions more closely matching that of natural bone.
Further works involve deeper investigation of calcification and impact on implants
mechanical properties and microstructure. Shifting from treating symptoms to curing
chronic diseases by making the transformative promise of Advanced Therapies a
reality for the benefit of patients and society and by making Europe a spearhead of
Advanced Therapies in Science, Clinics and Biomedical Industry, that is the vision
of the large-scale research initiative RESTORE - Health by Advanced Therapies. The
increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and multi-morbidity due to demographic
factors represents a high socio-economic burden for Europe. The direct health costs
increased by 50% during the last decade and reached euro1.526bn in 2017, a
staggering 9.6 % of Europe's GDP. As current therapies rarely cure, but merely
fight symptoms, never-ending treatment is required, which means diminished quality-
of-life, adverse effects and soaring cost for society. There is a high need to
reach sustainable improvement for patients or even to cure them of chronic diseases
- in other words, to disrupt the paradigm of "treating symptoms" with "restoring
health". Advanced Therapies are the game changers that open up transforming
therapeutic opportunities. For genetic diseases, immune diseases, cancer and tissue
injury potential cures through Advanced Therapies exist - it is reality, not
fiction. Some products are already on the market, mostly for rare diseases which
means only a few thousand patients worldwide have benefitted from Advanced
Therapies until now. At the advent of such a trailblazing change, obstacles and
roadblocks abound. To make the disruptive promise of Advanced Therapies to cure
chronic diseases a reality and to make Advanced Therapies accessible as standard-
of-care for every European patient in need, RESTORE envisage to establish a
sustainable pan-European ecosystem integrating transdisciplinary research, clinics,
patients, and industry. Please join us for more details. RESTORE is funded by the
EU for the preparatory phase of the large-scale research initiative (h2020, No
820292). Our main objective is to develop safe medical products for a minimally-
invasive surgical intervention that fulfill all requirements by the new Medical
Device Regulation (MDR). The secondary objective is to minimize the time to market
by implementing standard conforming processes in a minimalistic way so they can be
operated by only a handful of people. The twist in the story is that one of our
products of our system will be individualized in the operating theater. While
basically everybody is forced to operate in a "learning by doing" mode regarding
MDR compliance, we do rely on external trainings provided by notified bodies and
other sources like websites, webinars, and dedicated conferences to learn more
about how to fulfil regulatory requirements. Additionally, we are partnering with
our strategic investor (a manufacturer of class-III implantable active devices) to
receive trainings and advice regarding regulatory affairs. However, it has to be
stressed that one has to consider all parts of the MDR, especially the annexes and
the applicable norms. Here we present our technical approach and our strategy on
how we aim full MDR compliance. We established a completely digital workflow for
all our documents, including cryptographic signatures, version history, reviews,
mainly based on open source tools. This allows us to handle the document management
very swiftly. We have one person dedicated to our quality management system. The
risk management is integrated as a cross-cutting-concern into all the product
development processes. The main challenge in the planning and founding phase of
OtoJig GmbH was and still is to estimate what has to be done, which norms do apply,
and how much effort (time and money) it is to perform the steps and create all the
required documents. A difficulty is that contradicting statements between the MDR
and other applicable norms are still under interpretation and public discussion.
Objectives: The aim of this work is to study the influence of person physiology and
anatomy, which include postoperative edema, movement and breathing of a patient, on
the results of designing of inductive powering unit (IPU) for VAD and to propose
design recommendations. Methods: A characteristic feature of the IPU is the
misalignment of the coils. The stability of the VAD power supply (especially with
continuous powering) is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to design an IPU
tolerant to coil misalignment. The procedure of geometrical optimization for
increasing the stability of energy transfer of IPU was performed for 3 axial
distances between coils d (8, 10, 12 mm), which is a typical misalignment with a
postoperative edema. The lateral misalignment of the coils reached the value of the
outer radius of the receiving coil (35 mm), which characterizes the patient
movement or breathing. The operating frequency was taken 1 MHz, and the output
power of the system was 10 W. The power drop was within 10%. The results were
verified by numerical simulation in MATLAB and PSpice. Results: It was found that
with a decrease of d from 12 to 10 and 8 mm, the optimal outer radius of the
transmitting coil increases from 53.9 to 54.6 and 55.7 mm. Turn pitch in the
transmitting coil increases from 4.9 to 5.2 and 5.3 mm. For a receiving coil, turns
pitch is increasing from 3 to 3.2 and 3.6, respectively. For all cases of d in each
coil there are 11 turns (except for d = 8 mm, where there are 10 turns in the
receiving coil). It is recommended to design coils with a slightly larger coils
turns pitch and the outer radius of the transmitting coil because of disappearance
of postoperative edema. Discussion: In this work, the influence of person
physiology and anatomy on the design of IPU for VAD was investigated, and
recommendations for designing were given. Objectives: Membrane oxygenators are an
indispensable part of critical care medicine. Though necessary to supply sufficient
gas exchange, the high intrinsic surface introduced by the hollow fiber packing has
serious side effects on blood platelet parameters. To reduce these side effects the
membrane surface must be minimized and gas exchange improved. Methods:
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can support oxygenator optimization and
supplement experimental data by delivering a spatial and temporal resolution of the
gas exchange. While current research mostly focusses on the gas transport in the
blood flow, this work presents a fully resolved CFD approach including
transmembrane transport as well as convective and diffusive blood gas transport on
shell- and lumen-side of the hollow fibers. Results: CO2 transport in a packing
segment of a prototype hollow fiber module was fully resolved and simulated
utilizing an inhouse solver membraneFoam based on the open source CFD code OpenFOAM
(R). Simulation results show a CO2 partial pressure decline from 50 to 15 mmHg in
the laminar boundary layer and an additional drop of 12 mmHg at the selective
membrane surface. Boundary conditions for the gas transport simulations were
computed by blood flow simulations of the whole module. Simulation results were
compared to in vitro tests comprising measurements of CO2 exchange performance and
blood side pressure drop of the prototype module. Discussion: Flow simulations
predict the experimentally determined pressure drop of 68 mmHg at blood flow rates
of 1280 mL/min accurately. The specific CO2 exchange rate of 220 mL STP/min/m2 is
overpredicted due to the reduction of the whole packing to an idealized
packing segment. Nevertheless, CFD allows for a structured optimization of
membrane oxygenators as design changes can be efficiently investigated. Objectives:
Anticoagulation therapy in LVAD patients is essential to reduce hemocompatibility
related adverse events (HRAE). Phenprocoumon dose must be adapted and monitored by
INR point-of-care-testing (POCT) in outpatients. The study aims to determine if the
frequency of INR POCT in LVAD outpatients has an influence on the quality of
anticoagulation therapy, HRAE and clinical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective,
pseudo-randomized study included n=48 patients who received an LVAD implantation
(HMII, HM3 and HVAD) between Jan. 2012 and Oct. 2016. Based on the frequency of
weekly INR POCT, we compared a daily (n=36) and a 3x/week (n=12) group,
specifically the 1-year anticoagulation quality (% of INR Tests in Range) as well
as clinical outcomes, readmissions and HRAE using Kaplan-Meier curves. Readmission
profiles and outcomes in three groups, based on the achieved quality of
anticoagulation (% of INR Tests in Range) ranging from 0-60% (poor), 60-70%
(acceptable), 70-100% (well controlled) were compared. Results: Daily and 3x/week
groups were similar in demographic and pre-operative risk factors, INR target (2.0-
3.0, p=0.27) and Aspirin daily doses (p=0.29). Freedom from any HRAE (38.9% vs.
25.0%, p=0.44), any readmission (72.2% vs. 75.0%, p=0.97) and 1-year survival
(91.7% vs. 91.7%, p=0.98) were comparable in both groups. The % of INR Tests in
Range was significantly higher with the daily self-assessments (73.5% vs. 68.4%,
p=0.006). Freedom from any neurological event (91.7% vs. 75.0%, p=0.14) was n.s.
higher in the daily POCT group. Well vs. poorly controlled INR POCT patients had a
significant higher freedom from any neurological event (96.0 vs 69.2%, p=0.024) as
well as hemorrhagic strokes (100% vs. 76.9%, p=0.011). Discussion: Well controlled
anticoagulation of LVAD outpatients results in less neurological events including
hemorrhagic stroke. Daily INR POCT and subsequent dose adjustment of vitamin-K
antagonists result in a better quality of anticoagulation than 3x/week checks.
Objectives: Spectroscopic method is widely used for non-invasive blood glucose (BG)
measurement. Despite the progress in implementation of transmission NIR-
spectroscopic method, applicable mostly for earlap measurements, research of non-
transmission methods allows for the exapnsion of spectroscopy range of use. The aim
of research is to estimate the penetration depth for 1600 nm radiation using
reflection NIR-spectroscopy. Sufficiency of penetration depth on this wavelength
would allow for the use of a mathematical model implemented in the transmission
method. Methods: The developed experimental setup includes a semiconductor laser
with wavelength of 1600 nm, two photodiodes, reflecting surface, control unit and
power supply. For determining the position of optical elements a MATLAB program was
developed, which calculated efficient detected radiation intensity depending on
distances between the photodiode and the laser and between the laser and reflective
surface. Scheme for measuring BG by reflection NIR-spectroscopy partially repeats
the scheme used for transmission method. The main differences are in location of
photodiodes on the same plane with the radiation source, while their optical axes
are co-aligned and parallel to each other, and the reflecting surface tightly abuts
the back wall of analytical cell with test solution. Results: The optimal distance
between the photodiode and the laser is 5 mm, and between the laser and the
reflective surface is 20 mm. This configuration allows intensity of the reflected
radiation at about 20% of incident radiation to be obtained. Taking into account
the permissible radiation density for skin, this value is enough for skin probing
to a depth of 1.5 mm. Discussion: Reflection NIR-spectroscopy is promising method
for non-invasive BG measurement. Research of transmission method has shown that the
penetration depth of 1.5 mm is enough for receiving information about BG. Thereby
mathematical apparatus applied for transmission NIR-spectroscopy can be used and
similar error less than 20% can be expected. Objectives: Proper anatomical fitting
of implants is crucial for a successful clinical outcome. However, every patient's
anatomy is unique and there is a wide variety in the anatomical and morphological
characteristics among individuals. Virtual fitting based on imaging data of a high
number of patients has crucial benefits compared to conventional approaches during
the design process. Methods: Population based engineering is a method that enables
a virtual implantation combined with iterative design optimization based on 3D
anatomical models created from imaging data of a high cohort of patients. This
approach was successfully used during the design process of a novel inflow cannula
for a Ventricular Assist Device and a Total Artificial Heart for maximizing the
number of treatable patients. The objective was to create a design that contains
all components, but which at the same time works for a wide variety of different
body types and sizes. Results: The virtual studies have proven to give results that
may not have been possible with conventional approaches. Compared with cadaver
studies, this approach was a more accurate and economical way for determining the
device fit and identifying areas for improvement. Clinical trials and in vivo
studies of the devices have shown positive outcomes. Virtual fitting was able to
reduce the risk of inflow obstruction, device-vessel misalignment, unexpected
variabilities in the patient's anatomy and improper patient selection due to
anatomical constraints. Discussion: Population based engineering is a cost-
effective solution for including a large number of patients and anatomy variations
in the design process. Additionally, this approach can be used for regulatory
submission, e.g. to determine and justify anatomical and morphological eligibility
or exclusion criteria for proper patient selection and/or the correct implant size.
This is especially important in consideration of the future requirements of the
Medical Device Regulation (MDR) for patient-specific implants. Objectives: None
Alcoholic Fatty Liver disorders (NAFLD)is a complex systemic disorder becauseit is
associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2
diabetes thus involving both liver and pancreas. In particular, pathological
pancreas (such as in diabetic patients, in non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disorders
patients) led to mis control of insulin secretion (the insulin modulates the lipid
accumulation in liver). Methods: Organ on chip approaches is one way to mimic human
physiology. In this paper, we will present the development of a liver, pancreas and
liver pancreas co-culture model to simulate the interaction between both organs.
Results: The morphological analysis confirmed the rat hepatocytes and the rat
Langehrans islets were cultivated successfully after the extraction for 7 days. The
tissues functionality was confirmed by the production of albumin in the liver on
chip models and by the insulin secretion in the pancreas biochips. The RTqPCR
analysis confirmed that the pancreas on chip culture contribute to maintain high
level mRNA of genes related to glucose insulin homeostasis when compared to Petri
control. Then, the GLP1 drug contribute to increase the insulin metabolism in
pancreas on chip. In liver pancreas co-culture, we found that the presence of
pancreas islet contributed to modify the mRNA levels of glucose-insulin homeostasis
related genes in the hepatocytes. It also contributed to increase the insulin
production when compared to pancreas biochip control. Discussion: Those results
demonstrated the potential of our liver pancreas model to be upgraded to a complex
disease model. Objectives: We are developing a novel autologous tissue-engineered
heart valve with a unique in-body tissue engineering. This is expected to be a
viable bioprosthesis with better biocompatibility. In this study, we developed a
conduit-type valve without any foreign materials and tested the feasibility and
long-term availability in large animal experiments. Methods: We created plastic
molds for Biovalves with a 3D printer easily and quickly considering the recipient
character. We embedded them in the subcutaneous spaces of adult goats for about 2
months. After extracting the molds with the tissue en-block and removing the
plastic molds only, Biovalves with tri-leaflets similar to those of the native
valves were constituted from completely autologous connective tissues and
fibroblasts. Total 21 conduit-type Biovalves were implanted in the apico-aortic
bypass or the pulmonary artery of goats, (8 and 13, respectively). No
anticoagurants were used after implantation. Results: The valves were successfully
implanted and showed smooth movement of the leaflets with a little regurgitation in
angiogram, and the maximum duration reached to 3 years 7 months. Histological
examination of the Biovalves showed the autologous cells covering the laminar
surface of the valve leaflets as the endothelium and also migrating into the
leaflet body to construct characteristic tissues like native leaflets. Discussion:
The valves have a potential to be used for viable bioprosthetic valves and to keep
better function and biocompatibility longer than current ones. Objectives: The main
purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between different types of
dnDSA and AMR after renal transplantation. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the
patients after renal transplantation from January 2002 to March 2017 in our Center.
A total of 47 patients with positive PRA and confirmed as dnDSA were included,
which were grouped according to the DSA binding to C1q, C3d
and subtypes of IgG. Patients were divided into AMR and non-AMR groups according
to the pathology of graft biopsy. Results: The pre-transplantation dialysis time of
the non-AMR group was longer than that of the AMR group in 47 patients with dnDSA
positive (35.4 +33.2 vs 9.8 +10.5, p=0.014). C1q-binding dnDSA had no significant
effect on the graft survival after operation and biopsy. Among 47 patients with
dnDSA positive, C3d-binding DSA group had lower graft survival time (p=0.009),
higher HLA-DP mismatch (0.1 +/- 0.3, p=0.043) and higher percentage of
pericapillary C4d deposition (p=0.042), with statistical significance. The graft
survival rate of IgG3 subtype negative patients was higher than that of IgG3
subtype positive patients (p=0.003). Cox analysis found that the risk factors for
graft survival included IgG3 (OR = 46.877, 95% CI = 4.211-521.830, P = 0.002), HLA-
DR mismatch (OR = 0.103, 95% CI = 0.021-0.496, P = 0.005), proteinuriuria at biopsy
(OR = 2.097, 95% CI = 1.184-3.713, p=0.024) and creatinine at biopsy (OR = 1.004,
95% CI = 1.001-1.007, P = 1.007) Discussion: Single-center study showed that there
was no significant correlation between the incidence of AMR and different types of
DSA. The accurate HLA-DR typing should be emphasized during transplantation. The
monitoring of specific types of dnDSA will help us to take interventions and thus
contribute to the survival of transplanted kidneys. Objectives: Rotary blood pumps
(RBPs) are successfully used in high-risk treatments, but clot formation still
threatens their long-term application. To reduce the risk of clot formation, in-
vitro thrombogenicity testing could help to improve RBP design, as several studies
have shown. Those studies were able to simulate in-vitro clot formation in RBPs,
but they had limitations regarding a proper quantification of their thrombotic
impact. In this study, we assessed if thromboelastometric analyses (TEM) are
feasible to quantify the thrombotic impact of RBPs in-vitro. Methods: Five RBPs (n
= 5) were placed into simple pump circuits that were built of silicone tubes and
reservoirs. Each circuit was filled with 150 ml of slightly heparinized porcine
blood (one donor pig per circuit) and the pumps were brought into operation. The
pumps operated until a drastic drop in volume flow indicated thrombus formation. We
carefully cleaned the RBPs from blood and documented any found thrombus. Prior to
this, blood samples were taken at certain time points during pump operation. The
blood samples were then analyzed by TEM. Results: TEM measurements showed a
decrease in clotting time (CT) over the duration of the test, which indicates an
ongoing increase in the activation of the coagulation system caused by the pump.
Correspondingly, RBPs revealed visible blood clots at high-risk thrombus formation
spots. Discussion: The decrease in CT over time corresponding to clot formation in
the RBPs shows that TEM is able to detect and quantify the thrombotic impact of
RBPs in-vitro. Thus, TEM could be used in future studies to compare the
thrombogenicity of different RBPs by performing comparison tests similar to
hemolysis testing. This could lead towards a standardization of in-vitro
thrombogenicity testing of RBPs. Objectives: Cryopreservation of tissue-engineered
constructs (TECs) is very important to provide such ready-to-use products for
regenerative medicine and clinical application upon demand. Although
cryopreservation of isolated cells seems to be well established, there are still a
number of challenges associated with the cryopreservation of native and artificial
tissues due to adherent cell state, limited heat and mass transfer as well as
inadequate cryopreservation protocols. Here, we aim at developing an approach for
efficient cryopreservation of electrospun TECs based on multipotent stromal cells
(MSCs). Methods: Blend electrospun fibre mats (fibre diameter 0.8 +/- 0.2 mu m,
thickness 100 +/- 10 mu m) were produced from polycaprolactone and polylactic acid
(PCL-PLA, ratio 100:50) using electrospinning. The fibre mats (diameter 16 mm) were
UV sterilised and seeded with MSCs (5x104 cells/cm2). The cells were cultivated on
fibre mats for 7 days under static conditions and then frozen using 1 K/min cooling
rate in a controlled rate freezer with different formulations of cryoprotective
agents (CPAs), such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and its combination with sucrose
(with and without pre-culture with sucrose for 24 h). The viability of cells
growing on fibre mats was monitored for 2 weeks after seeding and 24 h after
thawing. Results: The results indicate that PCL-PLA fibre mats are biocompatible
with MSCs (viability higher than 82%). Pre-culture with sucrose before freezing as
well as its addition to DMSO-containing freezing medium significantly improved cell
viability after thawing. Moreover, duration of equilibration of cell-seeded fibre
mats with the CPAs before freezing affected cell viability post-thaw. Discussion:
We showed that it is feasible to effectively cryopreserve electrospun TECs using
controlled technological steps. This work could serve as a solid background for
further development of efficient cryopreservation methods for biobanking of
electrospun constructs for vascular or corneal tissue engineering. Objectives:
There have been discussions on effects of pleural effusion on the breathing muscles
dynamics. In particular, hemidiaphragm inversion influence on the pleural pressure
(PPL) and ventilation parameters has not been precisely determined. The aim of this
study was to analyze changes in PPL and ventilation parameters in patients
undergoing therapeutic thoracentesis (TT). Particular attention has been paid to
inversion of the hemidiaphragm caused by large one-sided pleural effusion. The
analysis was based on virtual experiments performed on an artificial cardio-
respiratory patient (AP). Methods: TT was simulated on AP, which consists of
several cooperating models of the respiratory system mechanics, gas transport and
exchange, and circulation. Three scenarios were considered: a) proper work of the
diaphragm, b) flattening and fixation of the hemidiaphragm due to the large amount
of fluid, c) paradoxical excursion of the inverted hemidiaphragm. Results:
Simulations showed that during progressive pleural fluid withdrawal significant
changes in the course of PPL were observed, particularly in scenarios b and c.
Paradoxical excursion of the inverted hemidiaphragm significantly influenced the
alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PAO2) due to a kind of pendelluft: e.g., air
flows out from the corresponding lung during inspiration and thus it flows to the
lung in the hemithorax without pleural effusion. Discussion: Flattening and
inversion of the hemidiaphragm have an influence on several physiological factors
of which PPL and PAO2 seem to be the most important. Hence, TT may improve
pulmonary system function particularly in patients with inverted hemidiaphragm.
Objectives: Bone loss at implantation sites on oral cavities is a major problem for
dental surgeons; in order to combat this issue, we developed 3 types of colagen
biomaterial blends: chondrohitin sulfate, carbon nanotubes, and electric
stimulated. Methods: Bovine colagen type I was dissoluted at 4% in formic acid 0,1M
(Synth - Brazil) and divided in 4 groups: A- with Chondroitin Sulphate (Sigma
Aldrich); B - carbon nanotubes suspention (Sigma Aldrich); C- eletric field ; D -
control group. All of the samples were crosslinked with NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide
esters) (Thermo Scientific-USA) and freeze dried at a LH2000 equipment (Terroni -
Brazil). The samples were analized by: SEM; EDS; XPS; Bartha respirometry and FET.
Results: All of the samples have the same macroscopic morphology. The SEM of the
group submitted to electric field shows organization of the colagen fibers. The EDS
shows atomic content of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen with other substances
Discussion: The absence of contaminants within the samples and the increase in
stiffness exhibit the compatibility of this material for use in bone augmentation
in implantology. The material is shown to be not toxic, however more tests should
be conducted prior to human use. Objectives: The optimization of the long term
storage of cells and tissues is a challenging process with many variables but one
factor is often overlooked: the freezing device itself. There are freezing
containers that have to be placed in a -80 degrees C freezer and the manufacturer
promises a cooling rate of 1 K/min. On the other hand there are controlled rate
freezers where cooling rates from 0.1 K/min up to 50 K/min are promised. In this
study we compared two commercially available freezing containers and four
controlled rate freezers with respect to their functioning principle. Furthermore,
we investigated the accuracy of the adjusted cooling rate and the nucleation
temperature of the samples. Methods: Seven 1.5 ml cryovials filled with 1 ml 0.9%
(w/v) sodium chloride solution were dispersed evenly over the rack of each freezing
device. Constantan thermocouples (type T) connected to a RedLab device were placed
in the middle of the solution of each cryovial to record temperatures every second
with the respective software. The cooling rates were calculated from the melting
point (-0.6 degrees C) of the solution to -30 degrees C with n=3. For all freezing
devices a cooling rate of 1 K/min was set according to the manufacturers
guidelines. Results: The freezing containers had sample cooling rates between 0.5
and 0.8 K/min. All controlled rate freezers showed cooling rates similar to the
programmed cooling rate of 1 K/min. Higher cooling rates resulted in increasing
deviations between programmed and measured cooling rates. The nucleation
temperatures of the samples in the freezing containers were mainly between 0
degrees C and -6 degrees C.
However, the controlled rate freezers showed nucleation temperatures mainly in the
range of -6 degrees C to -12 degrees C. Discussion: Varying definitions from each
manufacturer resulted in the observed cooling rate differences of the freezing
containers. Limited heat transfer accounted for the increased cooling rate
deviation recorded in higher programmed cooling rates. Objectives: Patients using
ventricular assist devices (VADs) still suffer from adverse events such as pump
malfunctions or thromboembolic events. This can be caused by thrombi that have
formed inside the pump (pump thrombus). Therefore, there is a great need to prevent
such adverse events through engineering measures in the early development stage of
blood pumps. Currently, a numerical model to predict thrombus sites inside VADs is
still missing and the risk can only be assessed with in vitro experiments in the
late development stage. A recently found model for thrombus formation at high shear
rates that was derived from simple stenosis experiments promises great potential in
the application in computational simulations (CFD) of VADs. Methods: In this study,
advanced high resolution URANS simulations of rotational blood pumps were conducted
with the flow solver of StarCCM+ (Siemens) at an operating point of 5L/min at 75
mmHg. A k- omega SST turbulence model and the sliding mesh method was applied. The
existing model for predicting high shear thrombus formation was applied and
compared with observations from explanted pumps. Based on these results a
modification of that model is proposed that suggests a wall normal transport due to
the change of shear rate in flow direction. This modification was realized in the
CFD by applying a correlation between the computed direction of the pressure
gradient and the flow direction. Results: The application of the model shows that
thrombus sites are overpredicted in rotational blood pumps when compared with
experimental results or observations from explanted pumps. However, with a
modification of the model which proposes that the influence is a wall normal
transport due to a change in shear rate, a good agreement was found. Discussion:
Since there is little data available in the literature that shows the position of
pump thrombi the validity of these models remains unclear and has to be
experimentally evaluated further. Objectives: Cryptogenic stroke is the cause of
40% of ischaemic acute cerebrovascular events. Study aim was to evaluate the
recurrence of ischaemic cerebrovascular events in patients successfully treated by
percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Methods: From February 2004 to
January 2019, 314 symptomatic (243 stroke, 71 TIA) patients, (153 M 161 F; mean age
41 yrs, range 10-69) underwent percutaneous closure of PFO. 151 patients/314 (48%)
had concomitant migraine, 90 (60%) with aura. 7 different occluder devices were
implanted by transesophageal echocardiography, for a total of 317 implants. During
follow-up all patients underwent clinical (Rankin modified scale) and quality of
life (SF36) evaluations, transcranial Doppler (TCD), trans-thoracic
echocardiography, and MRI. Cerebral and angio-MR assessed the degree of lesions by
quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis performed before and after
treatment. Sizes of lesions were measured by manual segmentation on the axial,
coronal and sagittal images acquired. Results: Successful device deployment was
achieved in 99% of pateints; patients were discharged home within 3 days. Follow-up
was 100% complete (median 55.4, range 1-178 months). At 6 months, Rankin scale was
0 (p<0.0001) in 230 patients (95%) affected by stroke and 10 patients reached score
1. Quality of life improved significantly (P<0.0001). In 101/151 patients (67%)
with migraine, intensity and frequency of attacks significantly decreased
(P<0.0001). TCD showed residual microembolic signals in 10 patients, 3 patients
required secondary successful treatment for an associate defect. TTE (after 1, 3,
6, 12 months and once a year for 5 years) showed optimal sealing of all devices
without signs of erosion, incomplete closure and thrombus. In 265 patients cerebral
MRI showed no new lesions at 2 years. Discussion: Our 15 year experience suggests
that percutaneous treatment of PFO is safe and beneficial for secondary prevention
of recurrence of acute cerebrovascular events irrespective of the device used.
Objectives: Endovascular stent grafting is the standard treatment for patients with
acute traumatic aortic rupture with extensive associated lesions. Very little long
term information is available in large series. Methods: From March 1999 to
September 2018, 83 patients (72 M and 11 F; mean age: 37.25 +/- 13.46;range 16 to
69) admitted with acute or chronic traumatic aortic lesions underwent endovascular
repair. 60 cases had acute traumatic aortic rupture, due to road accidents in 69
patients and accidental falls in 3 patients. All procedures were carried out in the
angiography suite. Left subclavian artery was always identified. Patients were
followed-up in the out-patient clinic and by yearly angio CT-scan with regard to
survival and complications. The follow-up was 100% complete. Results: Endovascular
stent-graft treatment was successful in all cases of acute or chronic aortic
injury. No post-operative paraplegia occurred. Control angiography showed optimal
sealing and complete exclusion of the pseudo-aneurysm from blood flow with no
primary endoleak. Patients underwent treatment of all associated lesions later on
during hospital stay. Two patients died in the hospital: 1 patient of cerebral
haemorrhage and 1 patient of sepsis. During the follow-up 5 patients died
(survival: 91.4%) for causes unrelated to the aortic procedure. no cases of
perigraft leakage or aortic disruption were detected. During follow-up 1 patient
had a steal syndrome and 1 patient paraplegia due to the covering of the left
subclavian artery by endovascular graft. 4 years after treatment 1 patient had
inner thrombosis of the graft developing a gradient; a new endovascular stent graft
was deployed successfully. Freedom from complications was 92.3%. Discussion: The
outcomes over 20 years of follow-up proves that endovascular stent graft repair is
the first choice treatment in patients with traumatic aortic injuries. Our
experience demonstrates the feasibility and safety of endovascular treatment
including patients with extensive associated injuries. Objectives: In vitro
simulation of an in vivo environment for human stem cell research is crucial for
any kind of biomedical purpose. While important factors like 3D-cultivation and
physiological oxygen concentrations gain more attention in the scientific
community, we still lack reliable methods to visualize the hypoxic response of
cells in 2D and 3D in vitro systems. In this study we present human adipose-derived
MSCs, modified with a genetically encoded hypoxia-sensor. Methods: We used a
lentiviral system to stably integrate the genetic construct into the chromosomal
DNA of mesenchymal stem cells. To investigate the features of this novel biosensor
we cultivated our cells in a 2D- and 3D-environment under various oxygen levels and
evaluated the outset of biosensor-fluorescence via microscopy and flow cytometry.
Results: The hypoxia sensor was successfully integrated in mesenchymal stem cells
and could easily be induced by cultivating the cells in a hypoxic condition. MSCs,
modified with hypoxia biosensors could be cultivated up to passage 20. Trilineage
differentiation of MSCs (adipogenous, osteogenous and chondrogenouse
differentiation) was also preserved by the cells after transfection. Using these
cells we could monitor which 3D-cultivation conditions lead to hypoxic response of
MSCs. Discussion: Our findings can help to improve our understanding of the
influence of cultivation conditions on in situ oxygen concentrations. Moreover, by
choosing the right 3D cultivation system, MSC can be cultivated in vitro under
physiological hypoxic conditions. Objectives: Heart failure with reduced Ejection
Fraction (HFrEF) is a progressive disease with a low 5-year survival of <50%, which
affects 23 million people worldwide. It is characterized by adverse remodeling of
the left ventricle (dilated cardiomyopathy) due to an increase in filling pressures
and myocardial wall stress. Pharmacological treatment and cardiac resynchronisation
therapy have proven beneficial for survival. For patients with end-stage heart
failure, a heart transplant or Left Ventricular Assist Device can be considered. A
shortage of donors, patient selection and major downsides such as invasiveness and
driveline infections limit the use of these treatments. Research has shown a 13%
decrease in mortality for every 5% increase in left ventricular ejection fraction.
Therefore, we developed a smart memory alloy configuration in order to increase the
ejection fraction and obtain an increase of 3,5% in a bench model. To cope with
ongoing left ventricular dilatation and rise in wall stress, this should be
combined with adjustable and measurable ventricular restraint therapy. Our first
aim is to measure local wall stress during a full cardiac cycle. Next, we aim to
develop a mathematical model of the left ventricle to characterize the left
ventricle in HFrEF patients. Methods: We will characterize in vivo wall stresses
during the full cardiac cycle using Transesophageal Echocardiography and a left
ventricular pressure catheter in 10 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for heart
failure. With these parameters, we will develop a simplified mathematical model of
the left ventricle and we will improve our bench model for experimental testing.
Results: This research will provide a characterization of the weakened left
ventricular wall and the determination of optimal smart material properties and
configuration
of the cardiac assist device. Discussion: With this information, a patient-
specific HFrEF treatment device will be developed combining active cardiac support
and restraint therapy. Objectives: Clinical data on the hemocompatibility of
membranes used in double filtration lipoprotein apheresis (LP) is virtually
unavailable. The present trial compared the hemocompatibility of a recently
introduced polyethersulfone (PES) based plasma fractionator membrane, FractioPES
(R) 200, to an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) membrane during LP. Methods:
In a prospective, randomized, controlled, crossover trial, eight patients on
routine LP were subjected to one treatment with PES plasma (0.6 m(2), 3M PlasCure
(R) 0.6) and fractionation (1.9 m(2), 3M SelectiCure (R) H19) membranes and one
control treatment using a set of EVAL membranes (0.5 m(2), Asahi Plasmaflo OP-05W;
2.0 m(2), Asahi Cascadeflo EC-50W). Intraindividual treatment conditions were kept
identical. At defined times, samples were drawn at different sites of the
extracorporeal blood and plasma circuit to measure white blood cell (WBC) and
platelet (PC) counts, complement factor C5a and thrombin-anti-thrombin III (ATIII).
Results: With a nadir at 25 min, WBC in EVAL decreased to 34 % of baseline vs. 64 %
at 20 min in PES (P<0.001). PC only marginally decreased over time with both
membrane types. Maximum C5a in venous blood was 30.0 +/- 11.2 mu g/L at 30 min with
EVAL and 14.0 +/- 12.8 mu g/L at 25 min with PES (P<0.001). Compared to PES (23.3
+/- 15.2 at 5 min and 16.9 +/- 12.3 at 20 min, resp.), highest C5a concentrations
were found in plasma after the EVAL plasma (56.1 +/- 22.0 mu g/L at 10 min;
P<0.001) and fractionation filters (50.6 +/- 19.4 mu g/L at 30 min; P<0.001). ATIII
levels did not rise until the end of the treatment without differences between
membranes. Regarding Lp(a), LDL and HDL removal, both membrane sets performed
equally (PES, 69.8 +/- 5.7, 64.9 +/- 8.8, and 17.4 +/- 13.6 %, resp., vs. EVAL,
69.5 +/- 6.0, 65.2 +/- 6.9, and 18.2 +/- 7.3 %, resp.). Discussion: Compared to
EVAL, PES membranes are more beneficial with respect to the classical
hemocompatibility of extracorporeal treatment procedures, namely leukocyte and
complement system activation. Objectives: Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has
become a standard therapy for adult end-stage heart failure patients. For pediatric
patients, technological development lags behind with no currently approved
implantable rotary blood pump. As an alternative, the HeartWare HVAD, originally
designed for adults, is increasingly used in pediatric patients. The aim of this
multicenter study was to assess in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo the blood trauma
potential of this pump in pediatric application. Methods: Blood trauma potential of
the HVAD was investigated in-silico and in-vitro at an adult and pediatric
operating point (5L/min and 2.5L/min at 2800rpm and 2200rpm, respectively). The
flow was simulated by computational fluid dynamics and analyzed regarding flow
structures, shear stresses and washout. Hemolysis was assessed with pumps
circulating bovine blood in a temperate flow circuit. Clinical outcome and
indicators for in-vivo blood trauma were investigated retrospectively in 14
pediatric HVAD patients (age 11.3 +/- 4.8years). Results: In the pediatric
conditions, simulations predicted elevated mechanical stress profile below 50mPa,
more stagnant flow field, with longer washout times within the pump. In-vitro
measurements revealed an increased normalized index of hemolysis (NIH = 17.5
mg/100L vs. 8.2 mg/100L, (p=0.0021)). In the retrospective in vivo analysis, LDH
and D-Dimer values were 1.5 and 3-fold elevated, respectively, compared to adult
HVAD patients. Major bleedings were observed in 42.9%, suspected pump thrombosis
and neurologic dysfunction in 14.3% of all patients. Discussion: The HVAD, operated
at lower speeds and flows, induces elevated blood trauma. These results highlight
the need for specifically adapted ventricular assist devices, optimized for the
pediatric population. Further studies are required to assess the clinical
implications of these findings. Objectives: Native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is
the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, but it still has high rate of
failure due to stenosis formation. Convincing evidence supports a key role of local
hemodynamics in vascular remodeling, suggesting that disturbed flow conditions may
be related to stenosis development. The purpose of our investigation was to explore
the feasibility of coupling non-contrast enhanced MRI and high-resolution
computational fluid dynamics (HR-CFD) to relate morphological vessel changes to
local hemodynamics in AVF over time. Methods: We acquired non-contrast enhanced 3D
fast spin echo MRI (CUBE T1) at 1 and 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after radio-
cephalic AVF creation in one patient. We generated 3D models and evaluated lumen
cross-sectional area changes over time. We perfomed CFD simulations using
pimpleFoam solver of OpenFoam, prescribing blood flow waveforms derived by
Ultrasound examination. We computed the 2 components of the wall shear stress
vector over time, namely WSSdir, the component in the mean direction of the WSS
vector and WSStr, the transversal component. Results: We observed a dilatation of
the vein until 6 months, with a more pronounced increase in the venous outflow as
compared to the juxta-anastomotic vein (JAV). The increase in vein's diameter was
then followed by a narrowing of JAV at 1 year after AVF surgery. We found high-
frequency fluctuations both for WSSdir and WSStr components, in different locations
of the vein, at 6 weeks and 6 months after AVF creation. Oscillations of both
components damped at 1 year after AVF creation, as a result of vessel remodeling.
Discussion: Optimized CUBE T1, coupled with HR-CFD, allowed a characterization of
morphological and hemodynamic changes over time. Our MRI-to-CFD pipeline represents
a promising approach to elucidate mechanisms of local vascular remodeling and can
be used for clinical investigations aimed at identifying critical hemodynamic
factors responsible for AVF failure. Objectives: For 30 years, the mortality rate
of patients hospitalized in intensive care unit has been drastically reduced. But
an increase in muscle dysfunctions at the end of intensive care stay, leading to
long term functional disability was observed at the same time. The physiological
mechanism remains poorly understood due to a lack of study tools. The objective of
this work is therefore to create a new tool for the tissue construction of an in
vitro skeletal muscle. This tool should allow a muscle construction which mimics
physiological reality, in order to model the disease more accurately. Also, it
should allow mechanical and electrical stimulation in order to simulate the
resumption of muscle contraction of patients. Methods: Using sol-gel process, we
synthesized a new biomaterial, based on an epoxy organic-inorganic hybrid precursor
(g-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane). This biomaterial was deposited as a thin
layer (spin-coating process) of 7 mu m thickness on a silicone membrane suitable to
undergo mechanical stretching. The biomaterial was microstructured using the UV
laser writing lithography to create a line network. This line network was revealed
with a 2-minute isopropanol bath and we obtained lines of 8 mu m thickness spaced
of 175 mu m. To ensure a biological environment and a strong adhesion of cells on
microstructured silicone support during mechanical stretching, we grafted silylated
bioactive peptides using dip-coating process. Results: Muscular stem cells which
were isolated from patients' quadriceps biopsy were seemed and, by
immunofluorescence staining, we observed a growth of muscle fibers along the lines,
mimicking the physiological organization of a muscle. Discussion: We were able to
model the first stages of a complex muscle organoid in vitro using a new tool
manufactured by a fast, simple and reproducible process. With the mechanical and
electrical stimulation of this muscle-on-a-chip, this work should allow us to
better understand these muscle dysfunctions and find new treatments. Objectives:
Cryopreservation of 'ready-to-use' tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) is a
promising strategy which may facilitate their future clinical application. This is
very challenging and ambitious task and therefore recent efforts have been focused
on developing new cryopreservation strategies for long-term storage of TECs. This
work covers some practical considerations for cryopreservation of cell-free and
cell-seeded scaffolds vastly differing by structure and composition. Methods: The
first test system includes 3D porous collagen-hydroxyapatite (HAP) scaffolds
prepared by freeze-drying and coaxial alginate macrospheres prepared by
electrospraying. Samples were frozen at 1 K/min either in a bulk DMSO solution
(with and without sucrose) or after removal of residual solution. After thawing, we
evaluated compression (collagen-HAP scaffolds) and rheological properties (coaxial
alginate macrospheres) of cell-free systems. Viability of mesenchymal stromal cells
(MSCs) within both types of scaffolds was evaluated 24-h post-thaw using live-dead
assay. The second test system comprises flat fiber mats (produced from
polycaprolactone/polylactic acid using electrospinning) seeded with CHO cells. This
system intends to develop plate electrodes for electroporation of attached cells
with non-permeable cryoprotective agents (CPAs) such as sugars for future
cryopreservation applications. Results: All scaffolds were cytocompatible with
corresponding cell types. Freezing after removal of residual solution was superior
to conventional freezing. Addition of sucrose increased cell viability (both
scaffold types) and improved viscoelastic properties of coaxial
macrospheres. Constructed plate electrodes provided good compromise between high
cell permeabilisation and viability after electroporation with sucrose at 1.7 kV/cm
electric field. Discussion: The findings suggest that it is feasible to
cryopreserve cell-free and cell-seeded scaffolds using DMSO and sucrose. As a step
further, there are high expectations associated with using electroporation as a
mean for intracellular delivery of non-toxic CPAs towards DMSO-free
cryopreservation of TECs. Objectives: Tailored Forming is a new manufacturing
technology to manufacture solid components out of two or more different metals. The
components are joined to a hybrid semi-finished workpiece. Afterwards, a forming
process is performed to improve the materials properties. This allows creating
hybrid metallic parts that are adjusted to their specific loads and their field of
application in comparison to parts made out of monomaterials. The potential use
case of Tailored Forming-parts is still being researched. Biomedical implants are a
potential field of application. In the presented study, the contact mechanics of
two potential concepts for Tailored Forming hip implants were analysed. Methods:
Both concepts consist of a magnesium component that should be resorbed in the human
body and leads to a better bone growth. A second component in the implants is used
to absorb loads. In a numerical analysis the two implants were compared to a
conventional implant. For the potential evaluation two load cases "walking" and
"walking upstairs" were considered. Results: While one concept leads to higher
stresses in the implant, the other concept shows almost similar stress
distributions as the conventional implant and has the additional advantage of the
better bone growth due to the magnesium component. Discussion: Based on this work
further research on different implant concepts has to be made to give a clear
statement about the potential of Tailored Forming-Implants. Objectives: In
consideration of the recently published implant files, testing of medical devices
has gained signifigant importance. Many medical implants are subject to normative
testing during their regulatory approval process, such as stents, heart valves and
blood pumps. No testing norm or standard, however, exists for regulatory approval
of left atrial appendage occlusion devices. Therefore, this study aimed to
establish in-vitro bench tests for LAA occlusion (LAAo) devices and compares the
clinically most widely used devices. Methods: Seven different LAA occlusion systems
with device diameter ranging between 22 and 34 mm were tested regarding tug force
and radial force resulting in a total of 24 devices. Radial force was assessed in a
commercially available tester whereas tug force was evaluated in a novel in-vitro
test setup consisting of bovine tissue. Results: Significant differences in the
mechanical properties of the different devices were observed. Radial force ranged
between 8.6 N at maximum compression for the LAmbre 2228 device and 0.1 N for the
Occlutech 27 mm implant at minimum compression. A similar variability of mechanical
properties was seen in the tug test results. Values ranged from 4.6 N to 0.4 N for
the Wavecrest 22 mm and the Occlutech 24 mm device, respectively, at maximum and
minimum compression. Discussion: Large variations in mechanical properties were
seen between the different devices. The study showed that device stability is more
dependent on anchoring structures, such as hooks and barbs, than on radial force. A
strong positive correlation between the number of anchoring structures per
millimeter circumference of an occluder and its tug force was found (r=0.87, p <
0.01). The large variations in mechanical properties aggravate comparison of
current LAA occlusion devices which underlines the need for standardized
preclinical testing to prompt clinical compatibility. Objectives: Pump thrombosis
is a severe adverse event in ventricular assist devices. Current therapy often
involves an exchange of the entire pump. Alternative solutions must be explored to
reduce surgery numbers. A protocol for in vitro lysis of LVAD specific thrombus
with alteplase was established in this study. Methods: A fluid chamber of silicone
tubing was filled with isotonic sodium chloride solution. An artificial human
thrombus was suspended within. Alteplase was added to the system according to the
maximum dose for clinical use, 0.028 mg/ml. Five experiments each were conducted
for stasis and fibrin thrombi respectively. Both types were lysis tested for four
and 24 hours each. Fluid samples and photographs were taken for dissolution
evaluation. Results: Visual inspection of the fibrin thrombus showed clear
dissolution. For the stasis thrombus, the 24 h experiment produced no discernible
dissolution of the thrombi, while the thrombi investigated over the 4 h period
fragmented into small pieces which did not dissolve entirely. D-dimer levels in the
fibrin thrombus tests rose steadily through the alteplase treatment for both test
durations (short test 12800-25600 ng/ml, long test 25600-51200 ng/ml). For the
short term stasis thrombus testing, D-dimer values rose similarly to the fibrin
thrombus, but levels remained much lower (short test 1600-3200 ng/ml, long test
>200 ng/ml). Long term stasis thrombus tests showed no significant rise in D-dimer
levels. Discussion: Alteplase was successful in dissolving fibrin thrombi in our
experimental setup. D-dimer analysis supported the visual impression. The
fragmentation of stasis thrombi and D-dimer levels measured may be due to the
drug's fibrinolytic effect. The amount of erythrocytes in a stasis thrombus may
resist lysis and produce challenges in the clinical application of thrombus lysis
treatment. With this setup we were able to examine the reaction of the LVAD thrombi
to Alteplase. This information can be used to further optimise clinical lysis
therapy. Objectives: Methylprednisolon pulse therapy was used in the initial phase
of induction therapy in some patients. This study was conducted in order to examine
the short and long term effect of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for the lupus
nephritis treated with muti-target therapy. Methods: The retrospective study
included 43 patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis receiving muti-target therapy
in our center, including prednisone combined with MMF and tacrolimus. 19 patients
received methylprednisolon pulse therapy in the initial phase of induction therapy,
24 patients only received prednisone combined with MMF and tacrolimus. The dose of
methylprednisolonpulse therapy was intravenous injection 500mgx3 days and the
following prednisone dose was 0.8-1.0mg/kg. We compared the primary and secondary
outcomes of the two groups. In the patients combined with acute renal injury (AKI)
subgroup, we also compared the primary and secondary outcomes between the two
groups. Results: In the primary outcome, the CR rates are similar between the two
groups. We did not find significant difference in the total remission rate (either
complete or partial) between the two groups (p=0.93). The same is true for the
remission time (p=0.87). There was no significant difference in the time and number
of patients entering hemodialysis between the two groups (p=0.65). Although, in the
AKI subgroup, there was a significant difference in the serum creatinine between
the two groups in 1 month (P=0.045). However, there was no significant difference
in the following up, and the probability of achieving CR and replase (calculated by
using the Kaplan - Meier method) also had no significant difference. Discussion:
Methylprednisolon pulse therapy seemed to have no significant effect on the long-
term prognosis of lupus nephritis treated with muti-target therapy and it could not
delay the patients' entry into hemodialysis. However, it may have had a better
effect on the recovery of AKI patients and rapid relief of inflammatory reactions.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate intradialytic on-line
multicomponent total removed solutes (TRS) monitoring in the spent dialysate, as
potentially more objective parameter for removal of uremic solute markers urea,
indoxyl sulfate (IS), and beta 2-Microglobulin (B2M) compared to relative indices
as removal ratio, using a novel miniaturized optical sensor during hemodialysis
(HD) and hemodiafiltration (HDF) with different settings. Methods: Ten ESKD
patients (6 M and 4 F, 60.2 +/- 16.8 yrs) on chronic HDF were followed during 5
midweek dialysis sessions each (length 240min, HD: N=1, Qb=200ml/min, Qd=300ml/min,
FX60; HDF: N=4, Qb > 300ml/min, Qd > 500ml/min, Vsubst > 15l, FX800 and FX1000).
Spent dialysate from the drain was monitored on-line by a miniaturized sensor
prototype (Optofluid Technologies Ou, Estonia). For total dialysate collection
method as the reference, a spent dialysate sample from the tank at the end of each
dialysis session was taken. The concentrations of urea and B2M were determined in
the clinical laboratory. Concentration of IS was determined utilizing the HPLC.
Based on differences between laboratory and optical sensor TRS values BIAS and
standard error (SE) were calculated. A t-test was used to determine significant
differences (P <= 0.05). Results: The average TRS values of optical sensor and
laboratory were 510 +/- 86mM/L and 485 +/- 106mM/L for urea, 224 +/- 41mg/L and 228
+/- 47mg/L for B2M, and 732 +/- 371 mu M/L and 719 +/- 392 mu M/L for IS,
respectively. No statistical differences were found between optical and laboratory
TRS values for any uremic solute. The relative BIAS +/- SE values of the TRS were
-7.99 +/- 19.43% for urea, 0.07 +/- 15.60% for B2M, and -4.72 +/- 13.25% for IS,
respectively. Discussion: Novel miniaturized optical sensor successfully carried
out intradialytic on-line multicomponent TRS monitoring in the spent dialysate.
Objectives: Perioperative tight glycemic control (TGC) and management is of
paramount importance during perioperative treatment of patients with multiorgan
failure. Recent results have shown that such interoperative TGC led to an
improvement of morbidity and mortality and to a prevention of Surgical site
infection (SSI) in ICU patients. Consequently, a user-friendly device combining
glucose analysis and delivery of glucose and insulin should allow for better
therapies. Methods: Based on an already existing artificial pancreas device (STG-
22), a new artificial endocrine pancreas system (STG-55) was developed. With a
battery incorporated, it uses again a closed loop analytical system. Due to its in-
built sensors, the closed-loop system allows for a quick and easy feed-back
analysis of patient data through already established algorithms for glucose and
insulin infusion. With the help of a disposable modular tubing circuit blood
sampling from the patient's vein is realized and assessed by an automatically
calibrated sensor. The device exhibits a maneuverable weight of only 36 kg and can
be set-up within a single hour. Results: Clinical trials with STG-55, in Japan
(Kochi University Hospital) have proven its re not sign liable practicability.
Glucose monitoring was stable and results comparable to the analyses of an
independent glucose analyzer with a high correlation coefficient. Due to
appropriate insulin administration, no hypoglycemia was observed in patients under
investigation. Discussion: The advent of new technological tools, such as
miniaturized analytical devices in combination with the application of patient-
specific precise algorithms allows for a strict and successful therapy without
hypoglycemia in perioperative patients. With the new design and concept of STG-55,
the set-up time for the artificial pancreas can be reduced down to 30% of
preexisting devices, which finally makes a glucose and insulin management in both
the interoperative and the ICU user friendly. The generation of complex cellular
structures for human application often requires a matrix, defining the three-
dimensional shape and mechanical properties of the artificial tissue. The matrix as
such is not viable. If this matrix is of human origin, Directive 2004/23/EC (in its
national version) shall apply. In that case only "non-substantial" processing
methods may be utilized, which are specified in Regulation 1294/2007/EC. For
example, non-cellular substances can be extracted from the tissue, so-called
derivatives. These derivatives, if of human origin, are also tissues within the
meaning of Directive 2004/23/EC. If these derivatives are further processed, or if
the tissue originates from animals, the matrix is classified as a medical device.
The Human Tissue Authority describes the delimitation as follows: "Derivatives of
non-viable tissues and cells such collagen fillers (i.e. collagen extracted from
tissues and cells) fall under the Medical Device Regulation (MDR). Non-viable
tissue and cell products such as demineralized bone matrix, or acellular human
tissues or tissue matrices, will not be covered by the MDR. They will continue to
fall under the Directive 2004/23/EC." The paper deals in more detail with the
problem of demarcation and describes the consequences of this in practice. We will
discuss the problem of demarcation in more detail as well as describe the
consequences in practical implementation. Objectives: In this study, two attempts
of new biomaterial development based on the latest results of cell biology and
tissue engineering are reported. One is specific cell separation using DNA as
linker, and another is novel hybrid materials constructed by decellularized tissues
complexed with synthetic polymer. Methods: Antibody was immobilized via
desthiobiotin-avidin interaction. Single strand DNA (20mer) was chemically
immobilized on the surface and then antibody (anti-mouse CD45, mCD45) modified with
the complementary single strand DNA was immobilized on the surface through DNA
duplex formation. Decellularized porcine dermis was prepared and lyophilized. After
that, methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer were immersed in stages, then
polymerization was proceeded. The obtained hybrid material was analyzed by tensile
strength and SEM observation. Results: Cells were also adhered on the surface at 37
degrees C and detached by 4 degrees C incubation with remaining cells that
interacted with the surface via antibody-antigen interaction. The adhered cells
were released by DNase treatment. These results suggest that cells can be
selectively captured and collected by using the surface that immobilizes an
antibody via dissociation molecules. The monomer absorption depends strongly on the
tissue structure. Gradient-type decellularized dermis-poly(methyl methacrylate)
complex was prepared by controlling the permeation time of the methyl methacrylate
monomer. The mechanical strength of this complex gradually increased from the
dermis side to the polymer side. Discussion: Developing new biomaterials combining
new knowledge among different science discipline is an indispensable methodology
for the next generation of medical development. The materials presented here are
example of these biomaterials, and show the direction of future biomaterial
development. Objectives: This investigation discusses the method of electrical
stimulation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and skin
fibroblasts (FB) growing on substrates composed by carbon nanotubes and organic
compounds. Methods: Substrates were produced from a water dispersion of single-
walled carbon nanotubes and organic compounds (serum albumin, collagen, chitosan)
and formed by evaporation of the liquid component using infrared laser radiation.
Laser exposure stimulated the formation of conductive nanotube clusters responsible
for electrical signal transmission to the cells, and organic compounds improved
cell adhesion due to the presence of cell membrane receptors sensitive to matrix
proteins and aminosugar molecules. An aseptic system for electrical cell
stimulation included an electric pulse generator, culture plate with cells with a
breadboard and electrodes made of surgical steel with gold plating. Cells were
stimulated for 48 hours with pulsed electric signal (60-200 mV amplitude, 1 ms
pulse duration, 1 s pause) directly inside the CO2-incubator. Results: The effects
of electrical stimulation on the cell proliferation were estimated by MTT-test. It
was found that both MSC and FB are sensitive to the stimulus, but the most
prominent increase of cell proliferation was detected at 80 mV pulse amplitude. In
these conditions, a 13 and 16 percent augmentation of cell growth rate was obtained
for MSC and FB, respectively. Similar results (the formation of denser cell
monolayer) were achieved by fluorescent microscopy of cell nuclei stained by
ethidium bromide and fluorescein diacetate. No pathological changes in cell
morphology were observed. Discussion: The obtained results suggest that MSC and FB
growing on conductive substrates are sensitive to electrical stimulation. This
observation can be explained by the activation of potential-controlled ion channels
and the stimulation of metabolic processes that accelerate cell growth. Objectives:
The Modular Extracorporeal Lung Assist System (ModELAS) is a highly compact,
modular, fully integrated pump-lung. The device can be configured to provide adult
low-flow extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) (removal of 30-50% of metabolic CO2),
full adult respiratory support or full pediatric respiratory support. The modular
design allows for the exchange of the 0.65 m(2) adult bundle and the 0.3 m(2)
pediatric bundle, while all other device components are identical. These studies
characterized the in vivo performance of the ModELAS for each application. Methods:
In vivo device performance was evaluated in healthy sheep (n=4 7-day ECCO2R, n=6
30-day adult ECMO, n=3 7-day pediatric ECMO). Pediatric studies utilized a right
atrium to pulmonary artery cannulation strategy while adult studies utilized a dual
lumen cannula placed in the jugular vein. Animals were recovered and tethered
within a pen. The target blood flow rate was 0.5 L/min for ECCO2R and 2-3 L/min for
the ECMO applications. Anticoagulation was achieved via continuous heparin
infusion. Animal hemodynamics were measured hourly, and blood chemistry, gas
transfer and plasma free hemoglobin (PfHb) were measured throughout each study.
Results: All animals were recovered and 9 animals completed the full study
duration. Average CO2 removal during ECCO2R was 74 +/- 6 mL/min. Average adult and
pediatric oxygenation was 134 +/- 10 mL/min and 94 +/- 11 mL/min, respectively.
Average PfHb was less than 25 mg/dL, with the exception of one study following an
acute kidney injury. Early terminations were due to a pulmonary embolism, a
hemothorax, an intra-bundle thrombus and a fractured cannula. Typical explanted
devices exhibited minimal thrombus. When present, thrombi were primarily located at
the bundle inlet surface and impeller pivot. Discussion: These studies are on-
going, but demonstrate positive performance of the ModELAS across a clinically
relevant respiratory support spectrum. Objectives: Various modes of extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation with or without a pump have been used as a bridge to lung
transplantation in clinical settings. We have started to develop a large animal
model for testing newly developed artificial lungs that can be used as a long-term
bridging device. Methods: A total of eight goats weighing 40-55 kg were used. A
membrane lung (Capiox EBS (R), Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) accompanied by a centrifugal
pump (Emersave (R), Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was connected to the pulmonary artery
(PA) trunk for outflow, and the left atrial (LA) appendage for inflow. The PA
pressure (PAP),
systemic arterial pressure (AP), pre- and post-oxygenator pressures were
monitored. The blood flow of the main PA and the membrane lung were monitored
continuously by using an ultrasonic perivascular probe (Transonic Systems Inc.,
Ithaca, NY). The blood flow to the membrane lung was maintained at around 2.0 L/min
during the trials. Results: Four out of eight goats did not survive because of
initial surgical failures (N=2), and introducing air bubbles in the membrane lungs
(N=2). Other four goats were successfully kept for device testing. Durations of the
circuit run were 7, 16, 24, and 48 days with or without heparin infusions according
to the experimental protocols. Mean AP and mean PAP at the recovery from the
surgery were 81 +/- 16 mmHg and 19 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively. The PA flow rate was
4.4 +/- 0.5 L/min. Discussion: The animal model for testing long-term membrane lung
application as PA-to-LA configuration has been established. The model makes it
possible for us to assess artificial lungs in vivo setting for long-term with
stable blood flow through the device. Objectives: The effectiveness of the inhaled
drugs is strictly related to the areas which are reachable by the drug particles.
Unless the particles reach the desired part of the bronchial tree, their influence
might not meet the required expectations and consequently the disease progress
might not be stopped. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to
analyze the airflow patterns and particles deposition of a standard inhaled drug,
commonly used during the treatment of asthma, with the use of computational fluid
dynamics (CFD). The study was devoted to the analysis of the particles diameter
influence on their deposition areas within the entire respiratory tract. Methods:
Two patient-specific respiratory tract models, for 6 and 12-year-old patients, were
reconstructed basing on the DICOM image sets obtained during the Computed
Tomography Examinations. The reconstruction of the digital models was performed
within the Mimics Research 20.0 program, whereas the meshes were prepared with the
use of the Ansys ICEM package. Numerical analyses were carried out as stationary
ones with the constant inflow of the particles of various diameters (within the
range of 1.0-50.0 mu m). Results: It was proven that depending on the particles
size, their deposition within the respiratory tract varies significantly. The vast
majority of the particles with diameters over 20 mu m are gathered on the walls of
the throat, whereas particles of diameters 5-15 mu m are accumulating mainly on the
trachea walls, leaving the alveoli insufficiently supplied with the drug particles.
Similar phenomena could be observed for both investigated cases of the
reconstructed geometries. Discussion: The significant changes of the drug particle
distribution resulting from the various diameters of the particles indicate that
the inhaled drug size cannot be treated as negligible factor during the drug
spraying. Improper distribution of the particles, i.e. their aggregation on the
wall of the throat and trachea, might not inhibit the symptoms of the asthma.
Objectives: The improvement of immunosuppressive strategies have signifigantly
reduced the risk and mortality of cellular rejection after Heart Transplantation
(HTx). Recently, Humoral Rejection and antibodies have been recognized as a major
problem in the management of recipients during the follow-up. Methods: 23 patients
out of more than 700 recipients undergoing HTx and 6 undergoing retransplantation
required techniques of apheretic medicine to manage Humoral Rejection episodes or
to lead to transplant patients with Donor Specific Antibodies (DSA). Results: In
our experience 4 patients were treated with photopheresis with excellent
tolerability, no adverse event and no rejection episodes. Photopheresis was added
on top of standard immunosuppressive therapy in patients requiring minimization of
calcineurins due to other clinical conditions. 19 patients experiencing humoral
rejection were treated alternatively with Plasma Exchange (8 patients) or with
immunoadsorption. Plasma Exchange was preferred in acute patients requiring removal
of inflammatory factors other than antibodies while Immunoabsorption was better
tolerated and adopted to reduce the metabolic impact and coagulative disorders when
the patient was more stable. Discussion: Apheretic Medicine has opened a new door
and represents an efficient weapon in the armamentarium of an HTx center. The
complexity of the management of this new diseased in frail patients highlights the
need for a multidisciplinary group establishing the right treatment for every
patient. Realheart TAH is designed to imitate the construction of the human heart
in order to create a blood flow as natural as possible. Realheart TAH consists of
two pumps, corresponding to the right and left side of the natural heart. It pumps
blood from the left side and right side simultaneously in a synchronized manner.
Each pump of the Realheart TAH consists of an atrium and a ventricle, with a valve
cylinder in between. When the valve cylinder moves towards ventricle, the blood
pumps out from the ventricle creating the systolic phase. The ventricle fills with
blood when the valve cylinder moves towards the atrium creating a diastolic phase.
The cardiac output of the Realheart TAH depends on the stroke length of the valve
cylinder and the frequency of the movement. The left and right pump regulate
cardiac output independently in order to coordinate the left/right flow balance of
the circulatory system. Similar to natural heart, Realheart TAH is integrated into
the circulatory system, which facilitates the uninterrupted blood flow to the
atrium, when it pumps the blood out of the ventricle in pulses. The atrium is
constructed with a compliance membrane to avoid blood suction from the veins during
the systolic phase. Objectives: Pre-vascularized, fibrin-based implants that can be
attached to the blood vessels in vivo are a promising solution to faster and more
efficient vascularization of implants, to facilitate implant healing and survival.
Here, low concentrated (up to 10mg/mL) fibrin hydrogels have been shown to promote
tube formation of endothelial cells in co-culture with ASC. However, these fibrin
hydrogels are fairly unstable and higher fibrin concentrations are necessary for
implant fabrication. We investigated whether higher concentrated (20-40 mg/mL)
fibrin hydrogels were suitable for tube formation and if perfusion of the hydrogels
could support capillarization of a fibrin-based implant. Methods: Capillary
formation of endothelial cells was tested in tube assays using fibrin
concentrations of 1-30 mg/ml. Hydrogels were fabricated with cryoprecipitated
fibrinogen from blood plasma that had been activated with thrombin. Gels were
seeded with EC and ASC co-cultures, supplied with feeding medium containing pro-
angiogenic factors, and cultivated for 7 days. Hydrogels with 40 mg/mL fibrin and
pre-formed channels were cellularized with EC and ASC and perfused with feeding
medium for 10 days under continuous flow. Results: In tube assays, only
concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL fibrin were suitable for endothelial tube
formation, which started after 2 days and peaked after 5 days in culture. Tubes
were stable for the total assay duration of 7 days. However, under perfusion,
fibrin gels of 40 mg/mL showed an endothelialized pore formation throughout the
gel. Discussion: High-concentration fibrin hydrogels can successfully be
capillarized by EC-ASC co-cultures and perfusion. In static conditions, only low-
concentration fibrin hydrogels are suitable for tube formation. As the next step
hydrogels of different concentrations are to be connected to fibrin vascular grafts
and perfused as a whole implant construct using a custom-made flow chamber as
mechanical support. Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of
the passage number and glucose concentration on viability of the human umbilical
vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured in the culture flasks. Methods: The HUVEC
were isolated from umbilical veins obtained by Caesarean section. Cells after the
2nd and 7th passage were seeded with density of 4,600 cells/cm2. Glucose
concentration in the culture medium was kept constant at the normal (5 mM) or high
(20 mM) level or was switched every 24 hours from normal to high level or vice
versa for 7 or 14 days. The cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta
psi m) and activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed using the
flow cytometry (with propidium iodide, JC1 and DCFDA test, respectively). The
glucose uptake and lactate production was also monitored. Microscopic visualization
of cells was made after fixation in formalin using hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Results: After 7 days of culturing in medium with normal, high and variable glucose
concentration the cell viability was higher respectively by 5%, 4% and 4% in the
HUVEC passaged 7 times than in those passaged 2 times. After 14 days the
differences were higher and equal to 21%, 21% and 31%, respectively. After 7 days
Delta psi m was higher 1.3, 3.2 and 2.6 times in HUVEC after 7th passage than those
after 2nd one, which were cultured in medium with the normal, high and variable
glucose level, respectively. The glucose uptake and the lactate production were
higher after 14 days and similar for all passages. The ROS activity was lower after
14 days of culturing for all cultures. Microscopic visualization of cells did not
show any morphological differences. Discussion: The obtained results show that the
properties and phenotype of HUVEC after the second passage are closer to the
properties and phenotype of native cells. The HUVEC after the 7th passage are
better adapted to in vitro conditions deviating from physiological conditions.
One of the pillars for a more patient oriented healthcare is found in patient
individualised medicine. Custom-made implants tailored to the individual's specific
requirements is one of the key elements herein to obtain better outcomes. However,
the production of patient individualised implants is nowadays still often related
to a high rate of manual processes, causing both high cost and long delivery
periods. Technical innovations play a crucial role in introducing these patient
individualised therapy options into clinical prac-tice. Advances in medical imaging
and the evolution of new production technologies (e.g. additive manufacturing)
build the basis for a time and cost effective production of implants of lot size
one at industrial-scale level. Combining these aspects with digitalisation leads to
the potential of a new era of patient individualised implants and appropriate
business models. It is crucial to systematically review and adapt the data
management and data processing throughout the entire value chain in order to
achieve the goal of a more patient individualised care. Different tools are used to
de-fine interfaces, actors, data types throughout the entire process and methods
need to be established for the data pro-cessing itself. A digital process chain
from diagnosis to the actual delivery of a custom-made implant to the hospital
including the manufacturing process is established. The underlying principles and
assumptions used are exemplarily shown. The digital process chain is used to pave
the way from science into a successful business model and company, in order to
introduce these patient individualised implants to achieve a better patient care.
The use of technical and medical progresses in combination with digitalisation is
used to obtain a new generation of patient individualised implants. The way from
science to start-up within this field is presented. Objectives: There are currently
no available noninvasive methods that allow for the simultaneous and reliable
measure of cardiac output (CO) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the arterial tree.
Both of those indices are important biomarkers of cardiovascular status. Methods:
Radial pressure profiles were recorded using applanation tonometry in a group of
healthy subjects (N=18) and hemodialysis patients (N=30). Recorded pulse waves were
used to estimate patient-specific parameters of the mathematical model describing
the blood flow in the system of 55 major arteries. Calibration of the model with
patient data allowed to calculate patient-specific CO and PWV between any two
points in the arterial tree. In all of the patients and healthy subjects we
performed additional measurements of PWV using ECG gated applanation tonometry at
two arterial sites (SphygmoCor, AtCor Medical) and CO using bioimpedance
cardiography (PhysioFlow, Manatec Biomedical). Results: The model was able to
reproduce all of the recorded pressure profiles with high accuracy (average
relative error < 10%). Model-estimated PWV highly correlated with the one measured
using SphygmoCor device (R = 0.75, p-value < 0.001). Model-predicted CO also
correlated with the one measured by the bioimpedance cardiography, but at a lower
level (R = 0.52, p-value <0.001). Discussion: Our study demonstrates that coupling
a mathematical model with a single peripheral pressure profile has the potential to
provide information about cardiovascular state that was previously only available
when using more complicated methods. Objectives: The purpose of this work is the
study of biocompatibility for samples of three-dimensional cellular and tissue
engineering constructions for layer-by-layer repair of tissues of heart and blood
vessels. Samples components are albumin, collagen and chitosan as matrices and
carbon nanotubes as reinforcement. Three-dimensional structures are formed in
layers by laser printing. Methods: The biocompatibility of the samples and layers
of their components was evaluated after their incubation with endothelial cells for
72 hours. Cell morphology was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and quantitative
analysis was performed using MTT-test and real-time cell analysis by means of
electrical impedance monitoring. For in vivo studies, samples were implanted in
breasts of laboratory birds. Results: It has been established that the layer
consisting of albumin and nanotubes supports proliferation of cells the most.
Moreover, all layers have surface properties that provide cell adhesion. Real-time
cell analysis showed improved cell proliferation compared to control during the
entire incubation time, however the greatest differences were observed after 25
hours of incubation. The morphology of the cells on the samples corresponds to the
morphology of the control cells. With implantation of samples in experimental
animals, the absence of their toxicity was observed. Discussion: Samples of three-
dimensional cellular and tissue-engineering structures are biocompatible because of
characteristics of their components and suitable surface structure. The obtained
samples can be used to repair damages in cardiovascular system. Due to the method
of laser printing, samples can be made in any form, taking into account the
features of the damaged area of tissues. Objectives: The blood flow rate is the
only parameter that can be controlled during the operation of an intracorporeal
membrane oxygenator that significantly influences the gas exchange rate. Due to
anatomical size restrictions, the catheter is of limited size and the tight
packaging does not allow for placement of a dedicated flow rate sensor. Therefore,
for a flow rate control system, the correct estimation of the blood flow rate is
essential. In this work, a system specific flow rate estimation method is presented
based on motor current and motor speed measurements. Methods: A training data set
of motor current - I and rotational speed - omega, as well as volumetric flow rate
- Q were recorded in an in-vitro model of the intracorporeal membrane oxygenator. A
40/60 water/glycerol mixture was used to approximate the dynamic properties of
blood. The rotational speed of the motor was varied in a range of 10000 to 30000
RPM. For each motor speed, the hydraulic resistance of the system was varied with a
throttle resulting in different flow rate values. Additionally, a test data set was
acquired consisting of different rotational speed, hydraulic resistance, and flow
rate triplets. The I, omega and Q training data was used to construct a fitting
surface of the type Q(I, omega) by a regularized cubic spline least-squares
approximation method. The surface was defined in a grid of 591x591 points with
Imin=-70 mA, Imax=520 mA, omega min=500 RPM, omega max=30000 RPM. The test set of I
- omega pairs was then used to predict Q by means of a nearest neighbor search in
the modeled surface. Results: A correlation coefficient of r=0.96 was achieved
between the estimated and measured flow rates of the water/glycerol mixture.
Discussion: The strong correlation between estimated and measured flow rate
suggests that sensorless flow rate control is possible. Objectives: Developing new
bioinks that are able to meet the crucial requirements for 3D bioprinting of
different tissues has emerged recently as an important topic in the field of
biomaterials. In this work, linear chains of hyaluronic acid (HA) were
hydrophobically modified using hexadecyl short chains. The rheological properties
as well as the 3D printability were investigated. Methods: HA of Mw = 76.6 kDa was
hydrophobically modified by conjugation of parts of its primary hydroxyl groups
with hexadecyl chains in two steps. The ratio of substitution was determined using
1HNMR spectroscopy. Two different hydrogels were prepared at polymer concentration
of 0.4 and 1.6 wt%. The rheological properties of both hydrogels were investigated
using continuous flow experiment and cyclic strain time sweep experiment.
Furthermore, the 3D printability of the hydrogels was studied using an extrusion-
based 3D printer. Results: 1H NMR spectrum of the new product revealed that the
substitution ratio was 40 mol%. Furthermore, the modified polymer was able to form
sable hydrogels at both polymer concentrations whereas unmodified HA was unable to
form hydrogel at the same concentrations. The rheological experiments showed
decreasing of hydrogels viscosity by increasing the shearing rate which points
toward a shear thinning property. Both hydrogels showed sharp decreases in the
storage moduli upon applying high strains. The hydrogel prepared using 2.6 wt% of
the modified polymer showed, however, higher shape-fidelity for 3D printing
compared to hydrogel at polymer concentration of 0.4 wt%. Discussion: Hydrophobic
modification of HA using relatively short alkyl chains enables physical
crosslinking between polymer chains to produce biocompatible and 3D-printable
hydrogel using low concentration of modified polymer. The rheological properties
suggest their suitability as ink for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting Objectives:
High resolution imaging of living cells is impaired by artefacts introduced by
chemical fixation and by the rapid movement of molecules during live cell imaging.
We have therefore developed tools to cryo-arrest living cells on a microscope and
image them by high- and super-resolution microscopy. However, the developed
equipment is also applicable to investigate the process of cryopreservation.
Methods: We have developed two different microscope cryo-stages that allow for
continuous observation on the fluorescence microscope. One stage allows for
relatively slow controlled cooling (<50 degrees C/min) and warming (<150 degrees
C/min) of cells. It allows for medium exchange during cooling and warming and thus
for change of concentration of cryoprotective agents. Due to the design of this
microscope stage, oil immersion
objectives can be used down to at least -45 degrees C. The second stage is
designed to ultra-rapidly cool cells with >10000 degrees C/s to temperatures
Results: We established a protocol to reversibly cryo-arrest living cells on a
microscope stage. This permits to image physiological processes in the same living
cells with practically unlimited acquisition time at consecutive points in time.
This allowed for super-resolution imaging and microspectroscopy measurements, which
were impeded at physiological temperatures, because of the dynamics of cellular
molecules. The development of a device to ultra-rapidly cryo-arrest living cells on
a microscope under continuous observation allowed for the investigation of cells,
which have been cryo-arrested/vitrified within Discussion: The presented cryo-
fixations methods enable a more precise measurement of molecular patterns and thus
a better understanding of molecular organization in cells under physiological
conditions. The developed microscopy stages should however also enable high- and
super-resolution fluorescence imaging of molecular processes in cells during the
process of cryopreservation. Objectives: The aim of this work is to provide a
general overview of the design challenges in the wireless powering of artificial
organs, to develop a general design strategy for inductive powering units (IPU),
and to design a prototype IPU for mid-power application with high-stable output
characteristic. Methods: Artificial organs can benefit greatly from inductive
wireless powering, but there are several major design challenges which must be
overcome. The high energy transfer efficiency must be ensured. The IPU must
tolerate coils misalignments. Tissue overheating must be avoided. Biocompatible
materials must be used. Size and weight restrictions must be taken into account.
Finally, patient body specifics should be considered. We have developed a new
general design strategy in which all mentioned problems are addressed. The main
feature is that we simultaneously optimize the inductive link and the schematics of
the transmitter and the receiver and take the body specific elements (the thickness
of the skin and the fat layer) into account. We have developed strictly formal
procedures which can be implemented using software in computer-aided design
procedures. Results: In order to test and verify our approach we have designed a
prototype IPU. The design goal was set as follows: IPU must ensure output power in
the range 0.45 horizontal ellipsis 0.55 W for the axial distance between the coils
in the range 10 horizontal ellipsis 20 mm and the lateral misalignments up to 20
mm. The design goal was achieved. Several coil couples were used to adjust optimal
energy transfer distance to the expected implantation depth. Measurements were
performed in the air as well as with the samples of "skin-fat" biological objects
were performed. Discussion: We have developed and tested design strategy for
biomedical IPU which can provide reliable design adjusted to the various
requirements and the specific of the patient's body. Objectives: The HeartMate 3
(HM3, Abbott Laboratories, USA) and HeartWare HVAD (Medtronic Inc., USA) clinically
revealed a significantly different thrombogenic profile. In detail, while the HM3
has abated incidence of pump thrombosis, it was not associated with reduced stroke
incidence. We numerically characterized and compared prothrombotic flow
characteristics of the two pumps to provide mechanistic insights into observed
clinical outcomes. Methods: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were
performed to evaluate flow fields associated with periodic speed modulation in the
two pumps (the artificial pulse for the HM3 and the Lavare cycle for the HVAD).
One-way coupling to a lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system was
employed to account for physiologic boundary conditions. Results were compared to
baseline simulations with constant pressure head and rotor speed to comprehensively
evaluate geometrical and speed modulation effects. Analysis of the thrombogenic
potential was based on calculation of: i) a specific platelet activation marker,
the Platelet Activity State (PAS), using time course of viscous and Reynolds stress
computed on platelet trajectories probed using Lagrangian particle tracking, ii)
scalar washout, iii) volumes of flow stagnation, and iv) wall shear stress
patterns. Results: The HM3 and HVAD showed different PAS distribution. Speed
modulation was associated with increased sum of viscous and Reynolds stresses and
PAS magnitude. Analysis of temporal and spatial gradients of the shear stress
histories calculated on platelet trajectories, volumes of stagnation, and wall
shear stresses allowed identification of geometrical and operating parameters that
might contribute to pump thrombogenicity and pump washout Discussion: We compared
prothrombotic fluid dynamic features of the HM3 and HVAD under realistic dynamic
operating conditions. Our results provide a "numerical rationale" for the observed
clinical outcomes. Objectives: Over time left ventricular assist devices (LVAD)
have become an alternative to heart transplantation because of enormous technical
development and miniaturization. Implantation of these systems has been proven to
lead to considerably improved survival, with an increase in quality of life.
Following implantation, most patients display a considerable improvement in
physical capacity, measured according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA)
classification, even though exercise tolerance levels following the implantation of
an LVAD are still considerably restricted. Methods: Current state of scientific
knowledge with respect to the physical capacity of patients with terminal heart
failure after LVAD implantation is described at rest and during exercise. The
significance of new diagnostic tools, such as the non-invasive inert gas
rebreathing method for measurement of cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen
difference (AVDO2) in assessment of the performance of LVAD patients is discussed.
Results: Pump flow across the LVAD can be increased to a certain degree during
exercise and normal everyday activities via two mechanisms: exercise-dependent
tachycardia and increase of enddiastolic pressure in the left ventricle in
conjunction with increased preloading. The share of the native left ventricle in
systemic perfusion can also increase during exercise. Here, left-ventricular
pressure exceeds systemic blood pressure and the aortic valve opens. The
contractile reserve of the myocardium does, of course, play a crucial role.
Discussion: Ultimately, the cardiopulmonary capacity of LVAD patients is restricted
to a higher degree during exercise, even after implantation. Larger studies are
required to clarify the extent to which longer-term physical exercise training
after discharge from rehabilitation and/or an increase in the number of pump
rotations can lead to increased physical capacity in LVAD patients. Objectives: The
epidemiology of heart failure (HF) is a rising medical burden with an estimated
growing rate of 46% from 2012 to 2030. Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) and
minimally invasive techniques are nowadays key therapies to guarantee optimal
treatments for each HF patient. So far, clinical experience with minimally-invasive
LVAD surgery showed promising short-term results. The aim of this study is to
evaluate the long-term results of the first series of patients who received
minimally-invasive LVAD surgery at our institution. Methods: We reviewed the short
and long term outcomes of 111 end-stage HF patients who received an LVAD
implantation (HVAD, HeartWare, Medtronic, USA) at our institution between 2011 and
2014. All patients underwent an upper hemisternotomy and left-sided anterolateral
thoracotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: Between 2011 and 2014, 111
minimally-invasive LVAD implantations were performed at our institution (78% male,
22% female; mean age 52 +/- 4; dilated cardiomyopathy 42.6%; ischaemic
cardiomyopathy 44.4%, other aetiologies 13%). Postoperative bleeding incidence was
9.6% leading to a low amount of applied packed red blood cells (mean: 4.9 rbc),
short ICU stay (mean 9.3 days), and a low incidence of right heart failure (4.6%).
Thirty-day mortality was 5.2%, 90-day mortality 9.0% and 1-year survival 88%. Long-
term follow-up (median 6.4 years) demonstrated a mortality of 51,4%, a transplant
rate of 16.4%, and an explant rate of 1,7%. 15.8% of patients underwent pump
exchange and 30,3% of patients had still an ongoing LVAD therapy at the time of
follow-up. Discussion: Minimally-invasive LVAD implantations are proven to be safe
and associated with a lower perioperative complication and mortality rate. By using
an upper hemisternotomy with an anterolateral thoracotomy, the intra-hospital
outcomes showed promising results impacting also the long-term follow-up which
presented an excellent percentage of ongoing LVAD therapies. Objectives:
Quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) provides fast and label-free analysis of living
cells by minimized interaction with the sample. The analysis of QPM images enables
the determination of morphological cell parameters like cell thickness and
elongation and facilitates single cell tracking for migration analysis. Methods: To
demonstrate the potential of QPM in determining the metastatic potential of cells,
we have developed a fully automated QPM system utilizing digital holographic
microscopy (DHM) in an off-axis Mach-Zehnder configuration. Different pancreatic
tumor cell lines, beating heart cells, white blood cells and in vitro toxicology
models were analyzed for refraction index, cell volume, cell area, dry mass and
cell morphology dependent processes. Results: The morphological analysis of the
different cell lines via QPM in combination with image segmentation-based
evaluation of the retrieved quantitative phase images showed that QPI could
identify and quantify cell types and cellular processes by cell specific properties
as cell proliferation, cell death, 3D cell migration or cell height. E. g. cells
with a high metastatic potential had a lower cell thickness and a higher elongation
than cells with a low metastatic potential. Moreover, computer assisted tracking of
single cells showed that highly metastatic cells covered a longer distance and had
a higher motility compared to cells with a low metastatic potential. Also white
blood cell types and disease or drug induced morphological blood cell alterations
could be separated. Discussion: In summary, the multi-functional potential of QPM
in various cell biological applications as cancer cell or stem cell research,
toxicological and pharmacological screenings and cell quality control represents a
promising new approach for a fast and label free phenotyping of different cell
types and cellular processes. QPM meets the growing interest in label-free, optical
techniques minimizing samples interaction. Objectives: Severe life-threatening
thrombocytopenia may be caused by exceptionally wide range of clinical conditions.
Currently, donor platelet (PLT) transfusion is the only efficient clinical approach
to successfully treat thrombocytopenia. However, PLT transfusion is challenged by
adverse immune responses and is limited the short shelf life of donated material.
Previously, we showed the feasibility to generate iPSC-derived MKs in a large
scale, which can be used as an alternative to conventional PLT transfusion.
However, success of this perspective therapeutic approach requires efficient
biobanking technologies that would allow long-term storage and accumulation of MKs
in clinically sufficient amounts. In this study, we aimed at the development of an
optimal biobanking strategies for the preservation of iPSC-derived MKs. Methods:
Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and propane-1,2-diol (PD) were evaluated for their
cryoprotective efficiency in iPSC-derived MKs. Comprehensive phenotypic
characterization of MKs before and after cryopreservation was performed by
fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Capability of cryopreserved MKs to form
proPLTs and release functional PLTs has been tested in vitro. Transfusion into
animal model has been performed to evaluate capability of MKs to release PLTs in
vivo. Results and Discussion: Application of developed cryopreservation procedures
allowed recovery of over 80% of iPSC-derived MKs cryopreserved with Me2SO and PD.
Recovered cell populations expressed typical MK markers, including CD41, CD61, and
CD42a and showed high polyploidy. Moreover, cryopreserved MKs showed the capability
to form proPLTs and release PLTs in vitro as well as in vivo after transfusion in
animal model. Present findings propose efficient clinically relevant biobanking
strategies necessary for progress in MK-based regenerative and replacement
approaches. Objectives: Adverse events due to flow-induced blood damage remain a
serious problem for blood pumps as cardiac support systems. The numerical
prediction of blood damage via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a helpful tool
for the design and optimization of reliable pumps. Blood damage prediction models
primarily are based on the acting shear stresses, which are calculated by solving
the Navier-Stokes equations on computational grids. The purpose of this paper is to
analyze the influence of the spatial discretization and the associated
discretization error on the shear stress calculation in a blood pump in comparison
to other important flow quantities like the pressure head of the pump. Methods: CFD
analysis using seven Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations
were performed. Two simple stress calculation indicators were applied to estimate
the influence of the discretization on the results using an approach to calculate
numerical uncertainties, which indicates discretization errors. Results: For the
finest grid with 19 million elements, numerical uncertainties up to 20 % for shear
stresses were determined, while the pressure heads show smaller uncertainties with
a maximum of 4.8 %. Discussion: No grid-independent solution for velocity gradient-
dependent variables could be obtained on a grid size that is comparable to mesh
sizes in state-of-the-art blood pump studies. It can be concluded that the grid
size has a major influence on the shear stress calculation, and therefore the
potential blood damage prediction, and that the quantification of this error should
always be taken into account. Objectives: The piezoelectric effect of
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a promising property to be considered when
controlling the diffusion of ions through membranes. This study examines the impact
of different solvents and their ratios on the piezoelectric beta-phase of PVDF and
on the diffusion rates of fiber membranes. Methods: Fiber mats were polarized via
electrospinning using 20w% PVDF solutions with solvent mixtures of
dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as first solvent and acetone or
methyl acetate (MeOAc) as second solvent in different ratios. Conversion of non-
polar alpha-phase into polar beta-phase was evaluated via Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Diffusion experiments were performed by measuring
changes in conductivity of deionized water (1.5 mu S/cm) for 150min under static
and cyclic loading conditions. Results: Polymer solutions showed a non-Newtonian
behavior. An increasing acetone ratio led to decreasing densities in PVDF
solutions. Densities remained unchanged for all MeOAc ratios. FTIR results for
MeOAc-solubilized PVDF fiber mats showed lower intensity of alpha-phase peaks at
762cm(-1) as compared to acetone solubilized ones. The intensity of the
characteristic 840cm(-1) polar beta-phase peak rose with a higher ratio of the
second solvent. Diffusion experiments with piezoelectric PVDF membranes (n=5)
inhibited sodium chloride diffusion under static conditions (67 mu S/cm) while
induction of the direct piezoelectric effect allowed for increased diffusion (533
mu S/cm). Discussion: Solvent properties and ratios influence the intrinsic
properties of PVDF solutions for electrospinning and consequently affect beta-phase
conversion. Especially, MeOAc in combination with DMF or DMAc has a positive effect
on piezoelectric beta-phase conversion. With suitable process parameters,
piezoelectric fiber mats can be produced for active filter membranes. Ongoing
experiments aim to investigate their molecular weight cut-off properties.
Objectives: A cochlear implant (CI) is an auditory neuroprosthesis used to restore
hearing in deaf and profoundly deaf patients. It features an electrode array (EA)
which needs to be inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) to enable electrical
stimulation of the auditory nerve. Spatial proximity of the EA and the nerve fibers
is considered beneficial. This requires a shape change of the initially straight EA
to enclose the inner wall of the spiral-shaped inner ear after implantation. Thin
wires made of Nitinol-a shape memory alloy (SMA)-are investigated regarding their
applicability as embedded actuators to implement a shape change. Methods: Nitinol
wires ( null 100 mu m) have been trained to a spiral shape which was derived from
cross-sectional images of a human specimen as an exemplary adaption to a specific
cochlea geometry. Ten different variations of thermomechanical processing were
applied by the supplier (G.RAU GmbH & Co. KG) to tailor the shape memory effect to
the application specific requirements. In order to determine the resulting
transformation temperatures (AS, AF) a bend and free recovery (BFR) test suitable
for curved wires was developed and utilized. Results: It is possible to design and
fabricate spiral-shaped SMA wires which fit to a specific cochlea shape. The
developed BFR test setup allows for measuring the thermomechanical properties of
these actuators in an application oriented manner. This provides slightly higher
but more realistic measures for AS and AF compared to differential scanning
calorimetry. Discussion: A complete design, manufacturing and validation process
for thin spiral shape memory wires could be established. The next step is to
integrate these wires into an EA and perform BFR measurements again as it is known
that external forces due to stiffness of the EA alter the transformation
temperatures. Objectives: The purpose of the work is to develop a theoretical basis
for determining the thickness of the laminar boundary layer in the nasal cavity
during respiration. Methods: Methods for obtaining basic scientific and practical
results are based on the general principles of theoretical physics and aerodynamics
in order to determine the laminar boundary layer of air flow in the upper
respiratory tract. Results: Using the aerodynamic approach to the study of
respiratory and olfactory disorders revealed that the thickness of the laminar
boundary layer decreases with decreasing equivalent diameter of the nasal cavity
and with increasing Reynolds number, which characterizes the degree of turbulence
in the air flow. Typical values of the thickness of the laminar boundary layer are
in the range of 0.2-0.05 mm, depending on the mode of nasal breathing and the
configuration of the nasal cavity. The data obtained characterizes the effect of
airflow on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity: if the heterogeneity of the
mucosal surface extends beyond the boundary of the laminar boundary layer, then
such portions of the nasal cavity are exposed to turbulent flow, which leads to
overdrying. The size of the heterogeneities of the mucosa is determined by
tomographic data during their processing at the sub-pixel level, which allows for
the investigation of the effect of the intensity
of the boundary elements of the walls of the nasal passages. Discussion: A model
of the distribution of airflow velocities in the nasal cavity in the turbulent mode
is proposed; it has a logarithmic or power profile cross section, and within the
laminar boundary layer the air velocity increases linearly to almost the max value.
The current air velocity in the cross sections amounted to 5-7 m/s. The feature of
the developed method is transitioned to hydraulic diameter, which takes into
account complex configuration of the nasal cavity, as well as an anatomically
narrow area - the olfactory slit. Objectives: Bioengineering of elements of the
musculo-skeletal system is rich in studies concerning bone reconstruction. Among
them, the culture of cells on a osteogenic electrospun scaffold under dynamic
conditions is an interesting option. However, one should also consider the
reconstruction of tendon and muscle finally mimicking a continuum from bone to
muscle. Methods: Poly-caprolactone (PCL) 10% was electrospun on a rotating
collector whose velocity varied to get random or aligned nanofibers. Bone marrow
stem cells (BMSCs) and C2C12 cells were respectively seeded on the materials.
Mechanical or electrical stresses were applied to the biohybrid scaffolds to
differentiate cells towards tendon's or muscle's phenotypes, in the absence any
specific biochemical factors. Results: After 2 weeks of culture under dynamic
stretching (1Hz, 4% strain for an hour followed by 11h of rest), BMSCs were found
to align in the stretching direction, presented increased levels of tenomodulin and
neosynthetized collagen, compared to static conditions. C2C12 differentiation until
aligned myotubes stage was more difficult to achieve. We proposed to add a PEG
microstructure to guide cell growth. Combined to electrical stimulation, it led to
the cells fusion into very long myotubes hosting many nuclei, as expected.
Discussion: In this study, we managed to grow two different types of cells and
generate their differentiation towards tendon and muscle lineage, in the absence of
any differentiation factors. The next step is to implement the co-culture on
different areas of the same electrospun scaffold, to let the cells proliferate and
study the events occurring at the junction. Objectives: Alarm fatigue is a safety
and quality problem where exposure to high rates of clinical alarms results in
desensitization leading to cognitive bias or slowed response to alarms. One reason
for alarm fatigue is false pressure alarms during extracorporeal blood therapies.
It is clear that current machine algorithms based on simple threshold monitoring
must be replaced by intelligent algorithms that avoid any false positive alarm.
Methods: Detailed analysis of arterial pressure, venous pressure, transmembrane
pressure, ultrafiltration rate and relative blood volume during hemodialysis was
performed using a patient data base. Main causes of pressure alarms were
identified, analysed and replicated during simulated hemodialysis therapies with a
FMC 4008 hemodialysis device and a patient simulator. Results: Data analysis shows
clear evidence that even slowly drifting adaptive baseline alarms which are
currently in use lead to false positive alarms with a high probability during
nearly every treatment. Pressure variations which are induced by local flow and
blood viscosity changes can be identified reliably by use of algorithms based on
pattern recognition. Pressure variations from patient movements and changes in
blood pressure show a different pattern that can be used to distinguish between
true alarm events and false positive events. Discussion: For 25 years, it has been
known that alarm systems which monitor whether a threshold value is exceeded have a
rate of false alarms of 77-99,5% depending on the physiologic parameter monitored
(Wiklund et al., 1994). New adaptive algorithms based on pattern recognition
principles help to combine both maximum patient safety and avoidance of false
positive pressure alarms. Objectives: In vivo tissue engineered vascular tissues
"Biotubes" constructed in the subcutaneous spaces of the recipients exhibited
superior functions. However, since the formation of the vascular tissues depends on
the recipient conditions, chemical pretreatments such as dehydration by ethanol
(ET) or crosslinking by glutaraldehyde (GA) were attempted to improve their initial
mechanical durability. Last year, we reported that ET and GA increased the burst
pressure of the tissues and did not affect their suture retention strength. This
year, we measured 3 parameters of mechanical properties: ultimate tensile strength
(UTS), ultimate strain (%) and Young's modulus. Methods: Tubular tissues (ID: 5 mm)
constructed in the subcutaneous tissues of beagle dogs (4 weeks, n=3) were
separated to the 3 groups, raw tissue group with no treatments (RAW), that under
dehydration with 70% ET (ET) for 10 min and crosslinking with 0.6% GA (GA) for 10
min. We measured 3 parameters shown above, by tissue ringlet pull test. Results:
There were no significant differences in UTS (RAW: 3.765 +/- 0.662 MPa, ET: 4.330
+/- 0.619 MPa, GA: 3.763 +/- 0.438 MPa, p=0.409) or ultimate strain (RAW: 30.15 +/-
1.60 %, ET: 41.22 +/- 6.11 %, GA: 37.73 +/- 4.36 %, p=0.209) between the 3 groups.
Young's modulus of ET group was significantly higher among the 3 groups (RAW: 5.41
+/- 1.16 MPa, ET: 12.28 +/- 2.55 MPa, GA: 7.65 +/- 1.18 MPa, p= 0.0289).
Discussion: Short period of chemical treatment using ET and GA might make it
possible to control the mechanical properties of in vivo tissue engineered vascular
tissues to produce the ideal grafts in mechanical aspects. Objectives: Stent graft
development is one of the most important topics for countries with a large number
of elderly people. However, very little research has been carried out using model
circulation of the aortic dissection. Quantitative evaluation and development have
been difficult, because there was no model. Methods: In this study, a fluid
dynamical circuit model circulation simulating the left heart circulation of the
dissecting aortic aneurysm was developed with a pulsatile blood pump. Various
shapes of the inflow side and outflow side for the pseudo lumen were used in the
experimental series. Furthermore, an animal model of the dissecting aneurysm was
developed using a mechanical dissecting method and flow patterns of the animal
aortas with the model dissecting aneurysm, after the ethical committee's approval.
Flow and pressure pattern time series data was recorded in the digital recorder and
a quantitative evaluation was carried out. Results: Flow of the true lumen and
pseudo lumen was divided with a thin membrane. Various amounts of the flow and
pressure was observed and recorded. Membrane of the dissecting aortic aneurysm was
simulated with rubber sheet. After the insertion of the aortic stent, the shapes of
the flow and pressure pattern were altered. Animal experiments to develop the
dissecting aneurysm were difficult. Firstly the aorta of the goats was removed, and
then the dissecting aneurysm was to be constructed by the detachment of the tunica
media of the aortic wall. Flow pattern of the experimental Aorta was recorded.
Discussion: Quantitative evaluation of the Aortic Stent expanding performance and
pressure and flow pattern in the true and pseudo lumen had been observed in the
mock circulation loop. Furthermore, animal model of the dissecting aorta will be
useful material for the development of the stent graft in the near future.
Objectives: The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of the RealHeart
(TM)psi total artificial heart (TAH) with a hybrid cardiac simulator (HCS).
Methods: The HCS, developed at the Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and
Biomedical Engineering, is a computational-hydraulic model of the cardiovascular
system. Four hydro-numerical interfaces reproduced the pressure/flow profiles of
atria, pulmonary artery, and aorta hydraulically, while the rest of the circulation
was numerical. The TAH was connected accordingly. The TAH is a pulsatile 4-chamber
device whose left and right sides can operate independently, by changing pulse rate
(PR) and stroke length (SL). The TAH was tested on the HCS at low/medium operating
points: PR 60/80/100/120 bpm; SL 20/22/24/26 mm; systole duration ratio 0.4 of the
TAH cycle. Systemic resistance was changed between 0.8 and 1.2 mmHg/(ml/s),
pulmonary resistance was changed between 0.1 and 0.2 mmHg/(ml/s). Systemic and
pulmonary compliances were set to 1.4 ml/mmHg. Results: The independent tuning of
PR and SL permits fine regulation the TAH flow on the left and right sides. As an
example, for a peripheral resistance of 1.0 mmHg/(ml/s) the flow ranged from 2.7
l/min (PR=60,SL=20mm) to 7.0 l/min (PS=120,SL=26mm). For the investigated PRs and
SLs, power consumption on the left pump ranged between 1.3 and 10.0 Watts and on
the right pump between 0.9 and 6.0 Watts. The TAH provides a pulsatile flow, whose
waveform depends on the SL and systole duration. This induced a pressure
pulsatility ranging from 10mmHg (PR=60,SL=20mm) to 38 mmHg (PR=120,SL=26mm) in both
the aorta and pulmonary artery. Discussion: The HCS is a flexible test bench to
evaluate the TAH performance in different hemodynamic conditions. The tuning of PR
and SL on the left and right side of the TAH, independently, offers flexibility in
regulating cardiac output and in managing the left/right flow balance. Power
consumption is in the range suitable for clinical applications. Objectives: In case
of chronic mechanical circulatory support, it is highly desirable to fully
understand the interaction between the beating left ventricle and the VAD in order
to potentially reduce adverse events. Thus, we took the VAD's perspective and
investigated the flow inside a VAD in an advanced development status during
the time course of a heartbeat. Methods: The study is conducted with computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) applying realistic pressure boundary conditions for left
ventricular and arterial pressure and the results are compared to results produced
with an established, active mock circulation loop. Due to the high resolution in
time and space and the use of sliding mesh interfaces, local flow phenomena during
different phases of systole and diastole are unmasked. The effects of inertia in
the pump and cannulae become evident, which are not modeled in more traditional VAD
flow simulations with steady-state boundary conditions. Results: The results show
that hysteresis effects due to inertia are quantitatively of high importance. The
hysteresis curves of the VAD operational point obtained experimentally and
numerically correlate well. Moreover, the results show that a VAD design for a
highly pulsed flow can lead to a situation, where almost no remaining stagnation
zones, as quantified with a numerical stagnation index, exist during a heartbeat.
Discussion: Despite increased computational costs, highly resolved CFD simulations
in time and space with realistic time-varying boundary conditions are a powerful
tool to increase understanding of the interaction of the mechanically supported
circulation and the device itself. This enabled a verification of a VAD design with
low to almost non-existing flow stagnation at constant rotational speed. This
finding correlates well with the fact that the VAD does not require any
anticoagulation in chronic animal trial testing lasting weeks to months.
Objectives: The friction properties for the contact between contact lenses and the
eyelid are the focus of current research in order to optimize the wearing comfort.
The tribological system consisting of contact lense, eyelid and tear fluid should
be considered. Suitable measurement conditions must be used for the examinations.
Methods: In this research the nano- and microtribological friction properties of
hard and soft (hydrogel) contact lenses were investigated. The friction conditions
were investigated by nano scratch test; moreover, a nanotribometer was used to
evaluate the frictional properties during sliding on the lenses. Contact lens fluid
was applied as lubricant for both cases. Results: The friction coefficients of hard
contact lenses and hydrogel lenses were detected for a range of speeds and loads.
It was possible to examine the differences of the both contact lenses in detail.
For the nano scratch and friction tests, there is a dependency of speed and normal
force. Discussion: In case of nano-scratch tests, the frictional properties were
investigated wile ploughing. This case shows the elastic- and plastic material
properties besides the friction. In the case of the frictional tests, the measuring
tip slides without ploughing. Due to the lubrication conditions, the soft hydrogel
lenses feature a much lower friction coefficient. In case of the hard contact
lenses, the coefficient of friction is comparable to the nano scratch test, as
there is no lubrication film between both measuring tips and the contact lens. For
further work it is mandatory to work under standazdized measurement conditions.
Objectives: Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) show an increased
cardiovascular mortality and morbidity mainly due to the accumulation of protein-
bound uremic retention solutes. Dialysis therapies have been optimized for the
removal of low-molecular weight water-soluble and unbound uremic retention solutes,
but not for protein-bound uremic retention solutes. Therefore, there is a strong
need to increase the portion of unbound fractions in order to increase the
clearance for these uremic toxins. Methods: We developed dialysis techniques where
the protein-bound uremic retention solutes are removed more efficiently under high
ionic strength or high-frequent electric fields. The protein integrity of proteins
and enzymatic activities were analysed. Results: The protein-bound fraction of
phenylacetic acid, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate was significantly decreased
by using high ionic strength or high-frequent electric fields Discussion: Although
protein-bound uremic retention solutes have a major impact on the morbidity and
mortality of CKD patients, the clearance of these solutes by conventional
extracorporeal therapies is low until now. These uremic toxins bind to plasma
proteins with a molecular weight greater than the cut-off of dialysis membranes and
therefore conventional dialysis therapies do not sufficiently remove protein-bound
uremic toxins. Disruption of association with protein and uremic solute is one
possibility to significantly improve the removal of protein-bound uremic toxins.
Therefore, we developed approaches for an increased release protein-bound uremic
retention solutes from their protein-binding resulting in an increased clearance.
Conclusion: Improvements of therapies for CKD patients are essential. Especial the
consideration of removing hydrophobic protein-bound uremic toxins via new methods
like application of high-electric fields or increased ionic strength is a further
progress Objectives: Tissue decellularization is one of the novel techniques in
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for obtaining extracellular matrix,
which doesn't preserve mechanical properties of native tissue. Modified by the
extracellular matrix, silk fibroin scaffolds can combine high biocompatibility and
suitable mechanical properties. Methods: Wistar rats were used as liver donors.
Decellularization of liver tissue was performed by sequential incubation with three
solutions of 0,1% SDS containing Triton X-100 in the following concentrations: 1%,
2% and 3%. Livers were ground in liquid nitrogen and a certain fraction of
microparticles was separated by precipitation and centrifugation. Silk fibroin
scaffolds were prepared by a casting method using water as a solvent. Microparticle
suspension was blended with fibroin solution before film preparation. Scaffold
structure was investigated by scanning probe nanotomography (SPM) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity of scaffolds, cell adhesion and
proliferation were evaluated. Modified scaffolds were used as wound coatings in a
full-thickness skin wound model. Results: Microparticles with a size less than 5 mu
m were prepared from decellularized liver tissue. Modified silk fibroin scaffolds
were obtained. Sinuous and rough topography of the obtained matrix was shown. The
produced scaffolds did not show cytotoxic effect. The cells adhesion was
significantly higher on scaffolds modified with decellularized liver tissue
microparticles in comparison with non-modified scaffolds. Modified silk fibroin
scaffolds promoted skin wound regeneration by 30% in comparison with non-modified
scaffolds. Discussion: Regenerative potential of extracellular matrix as
microparticles was shown. Decellularization of organs and tissues may be used in
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for increasing the biocompatibility of
the artificial grafts. Hemodialysis is an important therapy for End Stage Renal
Disease (ESRD) patients if a donor kidney is not available. During four hours of
conventional therapy, three times a week, mainly small water-soluble toxins and a
limited number of middle molecules are effectively removed from the patients' blood
[1]. Besides, the therapy is non-continuous, causing large fluctuations in water
balance and uremic waste, potassium and phosphate. Therefore, in recent years, many
developments are focussed on longer treatment times, such as, nocturnal dialysis or
application of a portable or wearable artificial kidney (PAK or WAK respectively).
The continuous therapy outside the hospital requires application of membranes with
long-term selectivity, fouling resistance and blood compatibility as well as
demands reduced amount of water. In fact, for WAK, a small volume of spent
dialysate should be continuously regenerated and reused. In this lecture, we will
discuss all these important issues, including: Strategies for achieving endotoxin-
free dialysate since the continuous recirculation of the dialysate for prolonged
time demands additional efforts to avoid microbial contamination, without extra
water consumption and without affecting the overall weight of the system.
Strategies for achieving dialysate regeneration and especially urea removal since
its daily molar production is higher than that of other waste solutes. Objectives:
Ventricular assist devices are a commonly used therapy for end stage heart failure
patients. Pump thrombosis is one of the most common problems in patients supported
by an LVAD. Two types of thrombus can be distinguished: white thrombi and red
thrombi. The only available option to combat a PT is a lysis therapy or a pump
exchange. The objective of the presented study is to develop a relevant white pump
thrombus model to promote development of these concepts. Methods: We developed an
in vitro mock circulation system. The artificial blood circulation is provided by a
HVAD. The HVAD pumps 80ml of human blood through the silicone loop. Parameters for
inducing the white thrombus are high shear stress (4000 revolutions per minute), a
rougher surface of the rotor, and an added activator of the intrinsic coagulation
cascade. After two hours, the HVAD-system was checked for a white thrombus.
Generated thrombi were stored for subsequent analysis (scanning electron microscopy
and mechanical stability). Results: Thrombus generation was reproducible in number
and geometry. After ten test runs, 23 thrombi were detected. All these generated
thrombi had a minimal size of 12 mm(2). The developed thrombi are very similar in
structure compared to white patient thrombi explanted in clinic. The scanning
electron microscope showed a fibrin
net on the surface of all tested thrombi (n=5). All tested thrombi samples (n=5)
resist high strength (max. 1.029 MPa) in compression tests, which is typical for
white PT. Discussion: The size of the thrombus should be increased for special
investigational needs. A protocol was developed for reproducible and reliable
production of white, shear induced thrombi for lysis therapy investigations. In
addition, the similarity (biological structure, mechanical stability) to explanted
patient thrombi was shown. However, additional analyses should be performed for
further characterization of the artificial thrombi. Patient-specific anatomies can
be reconstructed with a precision of approximately 0.5mm, using state of the art
imaging modalities. This refers both to hard and soft tissues, hence with
applications in clinical domains such as orthopedics, dentistry, cardiovascular
surgery. Datamining techniques such as statistical shape modeling support the
generation of biofidelic computer models. However, these models have to be fed with
accurate data to reflect not only the geometry but also the material properties,
the loading conditions and the interface between implants and bone in case of
prosthetic reconstruction. The challenge is to optimize the interface between host
tissue and implant in order to achieve maximum long-term functionality, but this
optimization is also dependent on the optimization of the interfacing between the
implant, the surgeon and the host tissue. Thus also the surgical technique will
benefit from engineering support. Biomedical engineering is a key player to achieve
this. A good geometric fit between implant and host tissue will ensure optimal
initial stability. Patient-specific implants can ensure this stability,
incorporating solid and porous structures where needed. Pre-operative computer
assisted planning allows to optimize the surgical intervention, incorporating
patient-specific biomechanical models to predict the functional outcome of the
surgical intervention. And finally, in order to achieve that the pre-operative plan
is accurately transferred into the surgical practice, computer assisted surgery
enabled by e.g. navigation, robotics of patient-specific surgical instrumentation
(guides and implants) can come into play. Key to all state of the art developments
in computer assisted surgery is the engineering on anatomy, enabled by
multifunctional softwares and 3D printing technologies. Biomechanical modeling
allows for patient-specific outcome prediction after surgical interventions and
should become a routine practice in patient treatment. Patient specific surgical
instrumentation is able to assist in realising the plan with sub-millimeter
precision. Finally, quantification of the uncertainties that are inherent to
biomechanical modeling is an essential contribution to reliable patient-specific
outcome prediction. Objectives: Hemodialysis (HD) is a lifesaving therapy in
patients with end stage renal disease. Little is known about why life expectancy
for these patients is reduced in Europe and USA as compared to Japan. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the importance of the interdialytic weight gain (fluid
retention in relation to estimated body weight in %, IDWG) in relation to the
dialysis length (hours). Methods: 20 hemodialysis patients performed besides their
regular dialyses 1 hemodialysis/week within the frame of the study during a 3 week
period. The baseline values and the change during HD of NT-pro-BNP (ProBNP) and
Troponin T (TnT) at 180 minutes and pentraxin 3 (PTX) at 30 and 180min were
compared with the change in IDWG divided by the hours the patient performed the HD
as a marker of speed of ultrafiltration. The PROOF formula used was: [100 x Weight
gain between dialysis (kg)]/[estimated body dry weight (kg) x time of HD session
(hours)]. Spearmans correlation analysis was used to adjust for eventual outliers.
Results: There was a correlation between extent of removal of the IDWG/hours of HD:
1) the baseline values of ProBNP (rho=0.54, p<0.001), TnT (rho=0.37, p=0.004), PTX
(rho=0.26, p=0.043) and 2) the change during HD at 30 min of PTX (rho=0.27,
p=0.038) and at 180 minutes of ProBNP (rho=0.68, p<0.001) and TnT (rho=0.40,
p=0.002). 3) a PROOF breakpoint < 0.63 caused less release of ProBNP (p<0.001).
Discussion: The increase in weight between dialyses should be related to the body
weight. A larger IDWG gives worse conditions. An increased speed of fluid in
relation to body weight removal causes a higher release of cardiac markers
indicating a strain and damage to the heart by each HD in contrast to what would be
expected. Patients should be advised to limit fluid intake in relation to their
body weight and adjust the HD length. Objectives: Fish roe is a highly nutritional
product with diverse beneficial effects for the human health. This work used
sardine (Sardina pilchardus) roe to produce novel delivery systems presenting
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: Methyl-tert-butyl ether
extraction method was used to obtain lipid- and water-soluble compound rich phases.
The fatty acids profile was analyzed by GC/MS. The identification of the
hydrophilic compounds was performed by LC-HRMS. Lipids were used to produce large
unilamellar liposomes (LUVs). The hydration of the lipid film was performed with
PBS or sardine roe-derived aqueous phase. LUVs were characterized by their size,
surface potential and morphology. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated
using L929 cells. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated against different
radicals, and their anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in the presence of LPS-
stimulated macrophages. Results: GC/MS analyses demonstrated the presence of
several fatty acids, such as omega 3 fatty acids. LC-HRMS analyses revealed the
presence of numerous bioactive compounds (e.g. essential amino acids and gadusol).
LUVs prepared with the aqueous phase presented a higher heterogeneity in terms of
size than when they were prepared with buffer. Both LUVs formulations have a
negative surface charge and a spherical shape. The extracts presented antioxidant
activity against peroxyl, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals. Biological assays
indicated that the extracts are cytocompatible for the lowest tested concentrations
and that they can inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which
reveals their anti-inflammatory effect. Discussion: Our sardine roe-derived
delivery systems and compounds have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activities and thus they may be considered as a valid alternative for the treatment
of inflammatory conditions. Objectives: Engineered skeletal muscle tissues in
three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms that resemble the muscles complex
native structure and organization can be used as in vitro models to study muscle
physiology and metabolism. This project allows us to develop a new platform to
model muscle diseases (such as myotonic dystrophy 1) in vitro in order to study its
response to candidate therapeutics and to better understand disease mechanisms of
pathogenesis. To this end, we monitor the secretion of disease-associated biomarker
proteins and metabolites. Methods: Here, we present 3D skeletal muscle constructs,
fabricated by encapsulating C2C12 cells and patient-derived transdifferentiated
skin fibroblasts in a photocrosslinkable Gelatin Methacrylate and
Carbolymethylcellulose Methacrylate (GelMA:CMCMA) hydrogel and cryogel scaffold.
These scaffolds present a microgrooved topography that promotes cell alignment and
differentiation. Electrical stimulation (ES) was then applied to the engineered
tissues during cell culture to induce spontaneous contraction and maturation of the
sarcomeres. Cell alignment differentiation, and the effect of ES were assessed by
calculating the orientation angle and fusion index of immunostained myotubes
expressing Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC). Results: We have obtained a new platform to
study the evolution of congenital muscle diseases, specifically myotonic dystrophy
1 and evaluate the functional tissues by metabolic and gene expression analysis.
Monitor the secretion of biomarkers proteins, metabolites, and the glycolysis
pathway of muscle tissues for different drug candidates. Discussion: This platform
has been tested with different drugs assays and represent a step toward the goal of
producing in vitro drug testing systems for medical and pharmaceutical industry
applications. Finally, such "muscle tissue-on-a-chip" devices can be fabricated
using patient's own cells as a major step toward personalized medicine. Objectives:
The aim of this work is the creation and research of properties of tissue-
engineering structures by the method of laser structuring a nanocarbon framework in
bioorganic matrices. Methods: For the formation of the framework fibers from
single-walled carbon nanotubes were used. Aqueous dispersions of nanocarbon fibers
and proteins of albumin, collagen and amino sugar of chitosan were used as the
initial medium for printing tissue-engineering structures. Printing of structures
was carried out using the laser device generating pulsed laser radiation. The
radiation wavelength was 1064 nm (100 ns pulse duration, 100 kHz frequency). Laser
radiation using the scanner system of the device was moved on the dispersion layer.
A computer model regulated the trajectory of the movement of radiation. Results: We
have demonstrated the effect of welding nanocarbon fibers into a framework under
the action of laser irradiation. The functionalization of nanocarbon fibers by
protein and amino sugar molecules were proven. It was found the diameter of
nanocarbon fibers was increased by several tens of nanometers due to their wrapping
with a bio-organic matrix. Tissue-engineering structures had a meshy frame. The
mesh size was 100x100 mu m. The electrical
conductivity of the structures increased several times and amounted to 1 S/m with
laser irradiation. The hardness of tissue-engineering structures was 150-370 MPa.
The cytological compatibility of tissue-engineering structures with fibroblast
cells and endothelial cells was tested. The density of proliferating cells on
tissue-engineering structures was 33% more compared to the control type. In vivo
investigations indicated the rate of biodegradation of tissue-engineering
structures when implanted in laboratory animals for 60-90 days. Discussion: The
investigated structures are promising for use in medical practice. Such structures
can act as cardiac tissue-engineering implants since they have physicomechanical
and biological properties similar to the parameters of cardiac tissue. Objectives:
A major part of developing rotary blood pumps requires the optimization of
hemolytic properties of the entire pump. The aim of this project was to compare
blood flow simulation in the first and second generations of the ventricular assist
device Sputnik and to evaluate its effect. Methods: Studies of the flow field were
conducted with commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 16.0, which uses a finite-
volume approach. Scalar shear stresses were calculated for both pumps. The pumps
were compared in terms of volumes subjected to certain viscous shear stress
thresholds, below which no trauma was assumed (von Willebrand factor cleavage: 9
Pa, platelet activation: 50 Pa, and hemolysis: 150 Pa), associated residence times
and recirculation zones. Results: Volume fractions of shear stress above 9 Pa, 50
Pa, 150 Pa were received: Sputnik-1 had 7.69 ml, 2,58ml, 0.74 ml, Sputnik-2 - 3.41
ml, 1.07 ml, 0.22 ml. The sum of the cell residence times at these shear stresses
is 0.5095 s for the Sputnik-1 and 0.2019 s for the Sputnik-2. The volumes of
recirculation zones were obtained, the value is 4.36 ml for the Sputnik-1 and 1.72
ml for the Sputnik-2. Discussion: The second generation of the VAD Sputnik have
better flow characteristics than first. In the operating point, the volume fraction
of the shear stresses is less, the residence time is less and the volume of
recirculation zones is less. Objectives: End-stage renal disease is increasing
dramatically in the western world and represents a major challenge for health care.
Due to organ shortage transplantation can help only a few patients who otherwise
require lifelong hemodialysis. Access for hemodialysis is an essential point and
carries a high morbidity mainly due to occlusion of arterio-venous fistulas (AVF)
and/or grafts (AVG). Therefore, alternative graft material has to be considered
such as tissue engineered vascular grafts for access in hemodialysis. Methods:
Besides patient characteristics and technical issues of surgical procedures the
choice of the vascular graft is essential. Despite optimization over the last
years, the clinical results are still sub-optimal due to early thrombosis and late
intimal hyperplasia of the non-degradable synthetic vascular grafts such as
Expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), or, polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron).
Results: New material developments and tissue engineering techniques have shown
good pre-clinical and initial clinical results for AVG implantation in hemodialysis
patients. These range from acellular and cell-based, stable or bio-degradable,
synthetic scaffolds to biological (mandril-induced) or decellularized grafts as
well as self-assembly technologies. Discussion: This symposium will review the
clinical need and especially address new developments of vascular grafts based on
tissue engineering. Modern heart failure therapy makes use of left ventricular
assist devices for severe cases as well as other active implants. While these
devices have come far from their beginnings with improved hemocompatibility,
smaller size and less invasive implantation techniques, their advancement takes
close cooperation of engineers and clinicians to face the challenges of further
advancements. It is vital to ensure interdisciplinary communication and exchange to
define the future of Mechanical Circulatory Support. On the engineering side,
greater biocompatibility, patient-specificity and options for smart devices and
telemedicine offer great potential. These developments go hand in hand with
improved surgical technique and clinical expertise. This cooperation will allow us
to work towards reduced mortality, less adverse clinical events and ultimately
improved quality of life for the cardiac assist device patient of the future.
Objectives: To elucidate the role of the solvent and pH in the conformational
changes of human serum albumin (HSA) and its binding to fatty acids. Albumin is a
key biomolecule, found in most fluids of the body. HSA functions as depot and
carrier for many compounds like fatty acids and affects the pharmacokinetics of
drugs. Importantly, HSA acts as a toxic waste handler, displays pseudo enzymatic
properties and it is a valuable biomarker in many diseases. Structurally, HSA is a
very soluble, extremely robust and usually monomeric protein, which features three
alpha-helical homologous domains that fold into a characteristic heart shape.
Despite its importance, the reversible pH-dependent conformational transitions of
HSA in solution are not yet fully understood. Methods: To compute the stability
differences between the different conformers of HSA, we combine molecular dynamics
simulations (MD) with free energy calculations. We determine the conformational
free-energy change between conformers of HSA obtained upon introducing
perturbations in the surroundings (pH, solvent mixtures) and its physiologically
native state. Extended constant-pH MDs followed by Gaussian accelerated molecular
dynamics simulations allow us modelling these systems at different pH values. We
perform free energy perturbation calculations to characterize the binding sites of
fatty acids to HSA under different conditions. Results and Discussion: We
elucidate, at the molecular level, the effects of the solvent and pH on the
conformational transitions and functionality of HSA. Our work allows establishing
ways to modulate such transitions by tuning key biomolecular interactions, with
implications for biomedical research. Objectives: The metal ions can affect
differentiation of stem cells, which makes them interesting for applications in
tissue engineering and regenerative in medicine. The layer-by-layer (LbL) technique
is based on the alternating adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes to
form polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM). Multilayer systems combined with metal ions
of different concentration might be promising for making coatings on implants and
scaffolds to regenerate tissues like bone, cartilage, and others. The purpose of
this study is to investigate the influence of the concentration of metal ions on
the physical properties of Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM), and evaluate the
effect of metal ions on stem cell adhesion. Methods: Polyelectrolyte multilayers
(PEM) prepared by layer-by-layer technique made of polysaccharides hyaluronan (HA)
as polyanion and chitosan (Chi) as polycation were additionally cross-linked by
metal ions (Cu2+, Co2+, Ca2+ and Fe3+). to modulate physical properties and
bioactivity of multilayers to control adhesion and function of mesenchymal murine
C3H10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts. Characterization of multilayer formation and
surface properties was performed by different analytical methods. Results: Changes
of wetting, thickness and mechanical properties of multilayers depending on
concentration and type of metal ion. Most interesting, however, was the finding
that metal ions like Fe3+ promoted adhesion and spreading of C3H10T1/2 cell greatly
on the less adhesive HA/Chi multilayer system Discussion: Multilayer systems
combined with metal ions can be used to regenerate tissues like bone, cartilage and
others Objectives: The aim of the study is to analyse and modify the gas transfer
properties of a novel PMP fiber blood gas exchanger with a cylindrical shaped blood
flow channel by improving the sweep gas flow profile through the fiber bundle while
considering the fiber length in blood contact. Methods: A test set-up has been
developed to visualize the gas flow through the fiber bundle by means of steam. In
an in-vitro setting with porcine blood the gas transfer rate has been measured
subsequently. The cylindrical blood flow geometry and the fact that the fibers are
stacked with an offset of 90 degrees onto each other results in fibers with various
effective lengths. For the study, various prototypes of gas inlets with different
inlet geometries have been designed, manufactured and evaluated regarding their gas
transfer rates. Results: The different designs resulted in the aimed flow profiles
during the flow visualization. Selected prototypes have been tested with blood and
the gas transfer rates have been determined. However, the modified designs with
improved gas flow properties do not significantly impact the gas transfer rates
measured with blood. Discussion: Two possible explanations can be derived from the
results which may be tested in the course of further studies. Firstly, it is
possible that the current gas inlet is already sufficiently adapted to the
cylindrical blood flow geometry and fibers of different effective length. Secondly,
it could be considered that side parameters such as the diffusive transfer of water
vapour from the blood side to the gas side have a superseding influence on the gas
flow profile. In conclusion, the gas transfer rates cannot be significantly
increased by manipulating the gas flow profile through the fiber bundle.
Nevertheless, the blood gas exchanger achieves already comparable transfer rates to
products on the market but has reduced PMP membrane surface. Objectives: Throughout
the
history of medical devices, highly invasive systems underwent a series of
generations prior a successful establishment as a widely accepted therapy. The only
available THA today (SynCardia TAH) is successfully saving lives but comes with a
significant restriction of the quality of life (QoL) and a stigmatization of the
patients. According to surgeons this is an important factor contributing to the low
number of implantations today. Methods: Next generation devices using an implanted
drive promise a new level of QoL and are currently developed by several
institutions worldwide. Reasons for the long time to market of the next TAH
generation (>15 years) might be found in the enormous challenges of technological
aspects together with a difficult marked situation from an investors point of view.
However, a higher QoL and an increasing trust in the reliability of the next TAH
generations will inherently lead to a higher number of implantations, and further
the acceptance of these devices towards an established therapy option. Results: The
approach of the ReinHeart TAH is to adopt the well-proven hydraulic features of the
SynCardia TAH while improving its current limitations. The ReinHeart TAH features a
passive filling during diastole, a principal that is also successfully applied by
the SynCardia TAH. The simple and robust linear driving mechanism allows for a
compact design, achieving fit in the vast majority of patients. Beyond that, the
drive principle makes additional sensors unnecessary. The compact, smart and
usability-driven design of the external components will lead to a broad acceptance
by the patients. Discussion: The unique features of the ReinHeart TAH elevate TAH-
therapy to the next evolutionary step with regards to robust long-term application,
size, ease of use and quality of life. Objectives: Circulating endothelial cells
can be used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. However, their concentration in
the blood is very low (<100 per ml). A large volume of blood is needed, which
should not be drawn from the patient. Instead a probe is inserted into the
bloodstream of the patient to isolate as many cells as possible. The geometry of
the cell probe is one of the key factors affecting cell deposition because its
shape influences the flow conditions along the cell probe. The aim of this combined
in vitro and in silico study is to find out the optimal flow conditions for cell
deposition aiming to develop in future novel optimal cell probe shape. Methods: In
vitro experiments in a closed loop with endothelial cells from HUVEC cell line were
carried out and the cell deposition as a function of the probe shape (4 probe
types) and five different flow rates were investigated. The knowledge of the flow
conditions at the cell probe was obtained by flow simulations by using CFD software
STAR CCM+. By combining the experimental and simulation data with an iterative
procedure, wall shear stresses, which seems to promote cell deposition, can be
identified. Results: It could be shown that the geometry of the cell probe has a
much greater influence on cell deposition than the flow rates in the blood vessel.
Wall shear stress around 0.4 Pa seems to be responsible for the optimal deposition
of endothelial cells. However, this flow condition does not correlate with all flow
rate experiments. Discussion: The results of the combined in vitro - in silico
study on deposition of endothelial cells on the existing cell probe design are
promising. However, the used in vitro set up does not allow to extract maximal
information from each test and should be redesigned. Objectives: The left
ventricular assist device (LVAD) consists of the pump, driveline and peripherals,
all of which are potentially subject to failure. According to the recent research
only 13% of failures were due to the pump itself, while over 60% were due to
batteries, controllers and peripheral cables. Taking into account usability factors
we present a novel control unit for the rotary blood pumps aimed to decrease LVAD
malfunction. Methods: The pump motor windings are leaded out by doubled wires (six
total) via driveline to the extracorporeal splitter where the driveline is divided
by two ways. Each way consists of three pump motor phase signals and three current
sense signals from the other way. The two identical control units with integrated
rechargeable batteries are connected to each way of the splitter simultaneously.
This symmetrical peripherals architecture allows each control unit to drive the
pump (in the active mode) or sense the parameters from the parallel way (in the
passive mode). The control is based on the field oriented control method that
allows the passive unit to continuously monitor the direction and magnitude of the
magnetic field vector in the pump, which is created by the active unit and, upon
loss of control, immediately begins to generate control signals with the necessary
amplitude and phase. In case of mismatch of the parameters in any control units,
alarms are to occur. Results: Novel Sputnik LVAD was developed according to the
described philosophy. This LVAD system has a backup feature which covers almost all
peripherals including driveline, control system and battery. In case of the single
fault condition in the peripherals the system continues to drive the pump with
pause in the control less than 4 ms. Discussion: Developed peripherals integrated
in the LVAD allow reducing the risk of the device malfunction and improving
usability. Objectives: Polysaccharides belong to the most abundant biomaterials on
earth. They form structural elements of plant and animal tissues, but many of them
have also important regulatory functions towards cells, tissues and organs.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and other carboxylated and sulfated polysaccharides
possess a bioactivity that is due to their high affinity to a plethora of proteins
forming insoluble and soluble components of cell environments, but also direct
interaction with cell receptors. Methods: Making surface coatings for implants from
natural or semisynthetic GAG that guide cell behavior requires different strategies
of covalent or physical attachment. Simple covalent binding mechanisms can be based
on oxidation of pendant hydroxyl groups of monosaccharide subunits or introduction
of reactive side groups like thiols that permit direct coupling to surfaces.
Results: Physical can exploit the inherent charge of these molecules that permits
formation of multilayers kept together by ion pairing, but also intrinsic cross-
linking of activated GAG. Both mechanism can be also used to form 3D structures as
biocompatible in situ gelling hydrogels that permit embedding of growth factors and
cells. Discussion: These 2D and 3D systems are instructive controlling cell
spreading, growth and differentiation, which will be shown with examples on
chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem and other cells.
Objectives: A successful creation and adequate maturation of arteriovenous fistula
(AVF) provides efficient treatment and long term patient survival. The aim of the
study was to determine the predictors for primary failure of AVF, such as gender,
age, AVF site of creation, and primary renal disease, in patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD) stage 4/5. Methods: The medical records of 178 created
arteriovenous fistulae in patients with CKD stage 4/5, in a single center for the
year 2018, were retrospectively studied. Primary failure of AVF was defined as
thrombosis or inability for cannulation of the fistula within 3 months of creation.
Early thrombosis of AVF was defined as an immediate failure due to thrombosis of
the fistula within 24 hours of creation. Adequate maturation of AVF was defined as
successful cannulation of AVF for efficient HD. Results: The mean age of the
patients was 59.75 +/- 14.65 years, and 65.16% (116/178) were men. Adequate
maturation of fistulae was achieved in 83.71% (149/178). Primary failure of AVF
occurred in 16.29% (29/178) of the created fistulae, while 10.11% (18/178) had
early thrombosis. Distal AVF (radio-cephalic) was the dominant site with 38.76%
(69/178) of the created fistulae, followed by middle-arm AVF (radio-cephalic) site
in 32.02% (57/178) and proximal AVF (brachio-basilic) site in 29.22% (52/178) of
the created fistulae. The distal fistulae were significantly more frequently
created in male patients (51 vs 18; p=0,015). The female patients were
significantly older than the male patients (63.27 vs 57.86 years; p=0,018). The
patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were significantly older than the non-DM
patients (63.65 vs 58.05 years; p=0,018). Discussion: Hospital strategy for
creation of a permanent vascular access for hemodialysis is an "Arteriovenous
fistula first". The female gender was more frequently associated with primary
failure of AVF, while age, AVF creation site, and primary renal disease were not.
Objectives: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its co-polymer with
trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) demonstrating biocompatibility and piezoelectric
property are among the most promising biomaterials for nerve regeneration. Their
blends with polydiphenylene phthalide (PDP) can improve nerve tissue regeneration
due to combined electrical switching effect of PDP. Methods: Electrospinning and
film casting were used to produce porous electrospun fibre mats and thin films,
respectively. SEM, DSC, RAMAN and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as piezoelectric
measurements were performed to analyse morphology and physical-chemical properties
of initial and final materials. A special measuring cell was designed to conduct
dielectric spectroscopy measurements on samples with both deposited and pressed
contacts. Results: Electrospun PVDF-TrFE and PVDF-TrFE+PDP fibre mats and casted
PVDF-TrFE, PVDF, PVDF-TrFE+PDP film samples were produced. The range of fibre
diameter
of 0.5-1.2 mu m was obtained from SEM images. RAMAN (500-3500 cm(-1)) and FTIR
(600-2000 cm(-1)) spectra were obtained for initial and final materials. The
dependence of the samples capacity on the uniaxial pressure was measured. The
frequency dependence of the capacitance and tangent of the dielectric loss angle
tg(delta) at a constant uniaxial pressure has also been analysed. Discussion: RAMAN
spectrum of PDP+PVDF-TrFE fibre mats contains peaks from PDP and PVDF-TrFE,
indicating that electrospinning method is suitable to produce PDP-containing PVDF-
TrFE materials. Results of dielectric measurements showed that the presence of TrFE
in co-polymer significantly reduces the value of the samples' capacitance. The
capacitance of fibrous samples is much lower than that of films due to high
porosity of fibre mats (>90%). TrFE-containing samples demonstrate high dielectric
losses at low frequencies. The combined analysis of dielectric and piezoelectric
properties is ongoing. Objectives: The objective of this study is the development
of a magnetic levitation system of a new type of blood pump. A fully magnetically
levitated plate is oscillating in a trapezoidal shaped pump housing to create a
relatively blood gentle flow. The oscillating movement of the plate is realized
with a combination of a driven harmonic oscillator and a 1-degree-of-freedom
magnetic levitation system. Methods: Multiple design concepts utilizing different
electromagnetic principles were 3D modelled with Solid Works and imported into
Ansys Mawell 3D to execute electromagnetic FEM simulations. Based on the results,
the most suitable concept was selected by means of electromagnetic performance,
stability, use of space and general feasibility. A PID-controller was implemented
using Matlab/Simulink. The feasibility and stability of the concept was tested on a
full-scale prototype. Results: The prototype demonstrates the feasibility and
stability of the concept. The stabilization of the plate can be realized with an
electric current that is about 7 times lower than bearable for the electromagnetic
coils of the first prototype, allowing further miniaturization of future
prototypes. Discussion: Though the general feasibility of the concept could be
demonstrated, tests of the pumping performances are still pending to evaluate the
suitability of the pump as an implantable blood pump. Objectives: Long term
survival rate after the resection for the esophageal carcinoma has not been
satisfactory. One of the most important topics in the area of the esophageal cancer
is the reconstruction of the esophageal tract. If the artificial esophagus can be
constructed, this technology will be beneficial for patients with esophageal cancer
in the advanced stage. Methods: In the previous reports, artificial esophagus with
shape memory (SMA) alloy actuator had been reported. However, total occlusion of
the esophageal tract had been difficult. In this study, Origami engineering
technology had been used for the peristaltic motion. Triangle shape of the Origami
structure had been designed in this study for the total occlusion of the esophageal
tracts to prevent the gastroesophageal reflux. The corner of the triangle had been
pulled by SMA actuators following the diagonal lines for the folding power.
Results: In the design concept of this artificial esophagus, the artificial
esophageal tracts will be sutured to the human's esophagus. In this stage, the
artificial esophageal tracts were consisted by the artificial vessel's material,
and in the next stage regenerative esophagus will be the candidates. Esophageal
tracts will be covered with triangle shape tracts with SMA actuator to embody the
peristalsis. In the results in this study, total occlusion of the artificial
esophageal tracts had been embodied by the use of the Origami structure. Through
the arrangement of the triangle shape origami structures, co-driving will be
embodied for the peristalsis function. Discussion: Until now, there had been no
success in achieving peristalsis motion of the artificial esophagus. For the
application of the human esophageal tracts, more study is necessary. This study was
the first step for the application of the new artificial esophagus in the world for
the achievement of the totally occluded peristalsis. Objectives: The
transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived grafts
represents an alternative treatment option for post-myocardial infarction patients.
So far, myocardial tissue engineering mainly focused on the generation of
ventricular-like tissues providing sufficient contractile function. Atrial- and
pacemaker-like cardiomyocytes (CMs) are hypothesized to have a negative effect on
tissue function, as they could lead to a lower force development and to arrhythmias
after transplantation, respectively. Therefore, we aim to characterize subtype
composition in the differentiated CM cultures, as well as in generated tissues
thereof and analyze tissue functionality. Methods: The hiPSC-CMs are then mixed
with human fibroblasts and a matrix to generate bioartifical cardiac tissues (BCTs)
using our established bioreactor technology. In order to assess the ratio of
individual iPSC-derived CM subtypes, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF)
stainings with antibodies targeting subtype-specific markers (MLC2v, COUPTF-2, and
MLC2a) were performed. Results: First results revealed a high percentage (80-90%)
of MLC2v positive cells in differentiated CM populations. The remaining cells
stained positive for atrial markers (COUPTF-2, MLC2a). Functional measurements
mainly focused on BCT contractility and showed forces similar to the native
myocardium (6.5 mN/mm2). In addition, we observed that a higher proportion of
ventricular-like CMs leads to higher contractile BCT function. Discussion: Taken
together, these molecular and functional results reveal that our differentiation
protocol led to the formation of mainly ventricular-like CMs and that BCTs
generated thereof show typical characteristics of myocardial tissues. For future
ventricular-like tissue replacement therapy, we aim to perform a risk assessment
for "contaminating" cardiac cell types with respect to both BCT function and
arrhythmias. Objectives: Standardized hemolysis tests according to ASTM F1841-97
(2017) are the current gold standard for hemolysis evaluation. As part of the
standard flow loop, a screw clamp is used to regulate the flow resistance in the
circulations. Especially with extracorporeal pumps used for lung support,
cardiopulmonary bypass application, or C0(2)-Removal, resistance has to maintain a
pressure gradient of more than 500 mmHg. As a consequence, the screw clamp itself
turns into a critical hemolysis hotspot, possibly overlying and biasing the
hemolysis caused by the tested pump. Therefore, we present an alternative
resistance causing only low hemolysis and at the same time maintaining ASTM testing
specifications. Methods: We developed one novel resistance and evaluated the
hemolysis potential of the novel and one alternative in flow loops. The flow loops
were set up according to the ASTM standard with three identical pumps (Deltastream
(R) DP3, Medos AG), two with the novel and alternative resistances each and one
with the state-of-the art resistance, the screw clamp. The loops were set to high
pressure conditions present in cardiopulmonary bypass applications, ECMO or C0(2)-
Removal. The loops operated for 6 hours with porcine blood (n = 6). Blood samples
were drawn hourly and free plasma hemoglobin was evaluated by means of photometric
measurement. Results: A new resistance for ASTM pump evaluation at high pressure
regimes with little impact on hemolysis was developed. The resistance is easy to
integrate into the recirculation loop and can be adjusted continuously. In-vitro
blood trials revealed lower hemolysis for the new resistance compared to the
current gold standard. Discussion: Extracorporeal continuous flow blood pumps with
transfemoral cannulation work against high pressure at low flow. Up to now,
hemolysis evaluation of the pumps is biased by hemolysis caused by the flow loop
resistance. Our newly designed resistance causes less hemolysis, thus allowing for
more meaningful and reliable hemolysis test results. Objectives: To characterize
the biological background of prothrombotic platelet function in the setting of
durable Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) with Left Ventricular Assist Devices
(LVADs) and to evaluate influence of different antithrombotic regimens dictated by
specific clinical needs. Methods: Platelet thrombin generation was quantified in 75
LVAD patients implanted with the HeartMate II (n=10, 13%), HeartMate 3 (n=27, 36%),
or HeartWare HVAD (n=38, 51%) using the Platelet Activity State (PAS) Assay and the
Thrombin Generation Test (TGT). Data was compared in patients managed with i) oral
anticoagulation plus aspirin (n=46, 61%) or ii) anticoagulation alone (n=29, 39%)
due to significant bleeding risk. Coagulation parameters (platelet count,
International Normalized Ratio [INR], activated Partial Thromboplastin Time [aPTT],
Fibrinogen and D-Dimers levels) and hemolysis index (lactate dehydrogenase levels,
LDH) were also recorded to comprehensively characterize hemostatic profiles and
actual prothrombotic risk in the two groups. Results: The PAS assay revealed low-
intensity increase in platelet prothrombinase activity in patients without aspirin
(1.13-fold higher; p=0.04). Similarly, the TGT revealed moderate higher platelet
reactivity in patients not on aspirin, consistent with reduction of lag time (0.87-
fold lower; p<0.001), increase in peak of thrombin generation (1.5-fold higher;
p=0.002) and thrombin generation rate (2-fold higher; p=0.01), but comparable
endogenous thrombin potential (p>0.05). Coagulation parameters and LDH levels were
not different in these two
groups (p>0.05). Discussion: In patients with a durable MCS, aspirin minimally
modulates the biochemical pathway of platelet thrombin generation. Re-evaluation of
antithrombotic management criteria in selected patients stratified according to
bleeding risk might significantly reduce LVAD hemcompatibility-related adverse
events. Objectives: To determine the value of post-reperfusion kidney biopsyin
predicting renal function and the incidence rate of DGF in deceased donor renal
transplant recipients within 1 year after the surgery. Methods: We retrospectively
included 461 patients who accepted the donation after the death of citizen at our
center. According to the Remuzzi criteria, we compared the pathological biopsy and
graft outcome between right and left donor kidneys from the same donor.Remuzzi
score pound 3 was divided into low group, 4-6 middle group, > 6 high group. The
incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR) and renal function
within 1 year after surgery was observed. A multivariate analysis was conducted on
the risk factors of kidney function and DGF incidence. Results: Of the 461
recipients,458 recipients have good graft function and 3 grafts failed. The
reperfusion kidney biopsy, the incidence of graft DGF and renal function at each
time point after transplantation between the left and right kidneys from the same
donor were same (p>0.05). 88.1% was in low group, 10.4% in middle group, and 1.5%
in high group. The incidence of DGF and the eGFR in different time points after
transplantation were different (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that last
creatinine before acquisition and Remuzzi score were independent predictors of DGF
after transplantation (p<0.05). Vascular scores were independent risk factors
affecting renal function at 1 year after transplantation(p<0.05) Discussion: The
reperfusion renal allograft biopsy can reflect the donor's baseline data and
predict early renal function after transplantation. Renal vascular disease may be
an independent predictor of poor prognosis of the graft. The ongoing development of
modern manufacturing processes, as well as the automation and cross-linking of
production facilities opens up new freedoms for the individualized manufacturing of
medical devices. The patient-specific design of these highly loaded devices is
associated with a high degree of experience on the part of the designer. The
assessment of the safety and performance of these " lot size 1 products" cannot be
carried out economically by mechanical testing. This results in a verification gap
in the product life cycle of patient-specific medical devices. A verification of
the design and thus the evaluation of the function and safety of the products can
only be carried out economically with the help of automated numerical simulations.
A software to perform virtual strength assessment of custom implants was developed.
The lecture shows how the verification process of patient-individual designs with
numerical methods, can contribute to the increase of patient safety. In addition,
the integration and documentation of numerical simulations within the product life
cycle will be presented using industrial examples. Objectives: One of the most
pressing issues of regenerative medicine is the fabrication of constructs with
defined parameters in order to create conditions for proper cell adhesion and
proliferation that will be close to native tissue conditions. An application
utilizing the electrospinning method may potentially solve this problem. The main
goal of this study was to fabricate electrospun scaffolds based on silk fibroin and
to characterize their properties. Methods: Silk fibroin scaffolds were obtained by
electrospinning method. There were two types of scaffolds: 1) silk fibroin
scaffolds, 2) silk fibroin scaffolds with addition of 30 per cent of gelatin by
mass. Scaffold structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and
scanning probe nanotomography. Cell adhesion and proliferation were investigated in
mice fibroblasts 3T3 model. The regenerative potential of scaffolds was estimated
in a model of Wistar rat full-thickness skin wound regeneration. Results: The
electrospun scaffolds have fibrous porous structure with an average fiber thickness
300-600 nm. Both types of scaffolds are biocompatible in vitro. Presence of gelatin
in scaffold composition improves cell proliferation. Scaffolds promote skin wound
regeneration and restore native skin structure. Histological analysis did not
evolve inflammatory process. Discussion: Electrospinning is a promising method to
obtain fibrous biomimetic constructs with defined properties. The biocompatibility
of produced constructs was shown in vitro and in vivo. Both types of scaffolds have
a significant regenerative potential and are prospects for different fields of
regenerative medicine. Objectives: Biodegradable PCL-based electrospun scaffolds
are often used in TE. However, such scaffolds lack biocompatibility, wettability
and chemical accessibility for tendon replacement applications. Here, we propose a
new method to overcome those shortcomings by using PCL:Chitosan-graft-PCL (PCL:CS-
g-PCL) blends instead of post-process coatings. Methods: Blended solutions of PCL
(175 mg/ml in 2,2,2-TFE) and CS-g-PCL (1200 mg/ml in chloroform) were electrospun
into scaffolds with CS-g-PCL from 0 to 90 wt% (10 ratios). SEM based measurements
were carried out to investigate fiber diameter and morphology. Chitosan amino
groups within the fibers were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(H-1-NMR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). DSC measurements were
conducted to assess thermal properties and crystallinity. Subsequently, metabolic
activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) seeded on the scaffolds, was
determined over 7 days. Results: Blends with CS-g-PCL contents < 90 wt% led to
fiber diameter of 1 +/- 0.35 mu m and to 2 +/- 0.38 mu m for 90 wt%. XPS
measurements showed an enrichment of chitosan amino groups at the surface of the
fibers. The enthalpy of fusion increased by up to 40 J/g for CS-g-PCL contents from
0 to 90 wt%, indicating a significant increase in crystallinity. hMSCs had maximum
metabolic activity on samples with CS-g-PCL contents between 10 and 30 wt%.
Discussion: Electrospinning of blended PCL:CS-g-PCL solutions resulted in higher
crystallinity while preserving mechanical properties. Furthermore, increased
wettability improved biocompatibility and chemical accessibility, which ultimately
influenced the metabolic activity of the hMSCs positively. This promising novel
approach will increase the biocompatibility of PCL-based scaffolds with
simultaneous reduction in production complexity. Objectives: Biventricular assist
device (BVAD) is reported to be used in 3-5% of continuous-flow VAD (cf-VAD). Our
recent strategy is to stabilize INTERMACS profile 1 or unstable profile 2 patients
by paracorporeal VAD, central ECMO or IABP before proceeding to cf-VAD. Patients
with RV failure are also aggressively treated by PDE-5 inhibitors or endothelin
receptor antagonist at the outpatient clinic after implant. We examined validity of
this strategy by analyzing BVAD necessity and patient survival. All cf-VAD was used
for bridge to transplantation. Average waiting time for heart transplantation is
nearly 3.5 years in our country. Methods: 166 consecutive patients were implanted
with cf-VAD. DCM was seen in 113, ICM in 14, dHCM in 12, post-myocarditis CM in 6,
ARVC in 3, RCM in 3 and others in 15. 130 patients underwent primary cf-LVAD
implantation. Pre-implant profiles of those patients were 2 in 62, 3 in 62 and 4 in
6. 36 patients were converted from another type of mechanical circulatory support
(MCS). Actuarial survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and comparisons
were made using Log-rank method. Results: No patient required RVAD at the time of
implantation nor late after implantation. Average support duration was 787 days,
and 53 patients were on the support longer than 3 years. During follow-up 56
patients reached transplantation, 9 weaned from VAD due to functional recovery and
80 on-going support. 1-, 2-, 3-year survival of 166 patients was 92.8%, 89.5% and
85.9%. There were no statistical differences between subgroups, such as sex, pre-
implant profile, body size and primary/redo sternotomy. Discussion: We successfully
implanted cf-LVAD and managed in the outpatient clinic without RVAD support in 166
consecutive patients, including those who were severely ill in the pre-implant
stage. Our strategy for stabilizing profile 1 and unstable profile 2 patients by
other types of MCS and aggressive use of PDE-5 inhibitors or endothelin receptor
antagonist seemed to be safe and effective. Objectives: Recently, composite
bionanomaterials containing biological materials and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have
been actively studied. CNTs may contain catalytic ferromagnetic nanoparticles and
they can affect the properties of the composite bionanomaterial. To the study of
this issue, we paid attention. The object of the study was a composite nanomaterial
consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA - matrix) and single-walled CNT (SWCNT -
filler). Methods: Aqueous dispersion in the composition of 20 wt.% BSA and 0.01 wt.
%. SWCNTs were prepared using traditional nanotechnology methods (thorough mixing,
ultrasonic homogenization, decanting, etc.). The optical density of dispersion was
measured after a magnetic field gradient ( 1 T/m) was applied to it for 100 hours.
The obtained values were compared with the optical dispersion density in the
absence of a magnetic field. Recent samples were considered control. Results: It
was found that under the action of a magnetic field, the optical density of the
water dispersion of BSA/SWCNT in the region of 300 divided by 800 nm decreases by >
10% relative to control
samples. Additionally, it was found that under the action of a magnetic field, the
optical density of the aqueous dispersion of BSA/SWCNT decreases by > 10% relative
to control samples. Discussion: The decrease in the optical dispersion density of
BSA/SWCNT is caused by the deposition of nanotubes on the cell surface under the
action of a magnetic field gradient. It is assumed that the single walled carbon
nanotubes contain catalytic ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Estimates showed that in
bionanomaterial at a level with concentrations > 0.0001 wt.% CNT nanotubes can be
fixed with modern sensors of a weak magnetic field with a threshold sensitivity of
<= 1 pT. It was concluded that changes in implants in the BSA/SWCNT composite
bionanomaterials can be observed non-invasively with the help of weak magnetic
field sensors (for example, SQUID or CMFS). Objectives: Recent developments in
imaging technology have enabled cryobiologists to reveal some mechanisms employed
by nature to cope with freezing stress. The systematic study of these mechanisms
may prove useful for developing ultimately novel and efficient cryopreservation
protocols. In this work, we examine the potential advantages of using infrared
video thermography (IVT) for monitoring latent heat release and freeze-thaw events
in 3D porous collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds used as a model system. In this
context, we present ongoing results on the identification of warm ice-nucleating
agents (INA) from Hippophae rhamnoides with potential use in cryopreservation of
tissue-engineered constructs (TECs). Methods: The scaffolds were prepared by
freeze-drying of mineralized collagen suspensions and characterized by Raman
microscopy, X-ray microcomputed tomography and differential scanning calorimetry.
Visualization of freezing/thawing events in scaffolds frozen with and without
cryoprotective solutions based on leaf homogenate from Hippophae rhamnoides was
performed using the thermography-based platform developed at the University of
Thessaly. Results: Scaffolds presented 3D porous architecture and characteristic
RAMAN peaks of collagen type I and hydroxyapatite (HAP). Presence of HAP decreased
the specific heat capacity of collagen scaffolds. The probability of ice nucleation
was higher in cryoptotective solutions with scaffolds than in solutions without.
The ice nucleation temperature within scaffolds using INA was determined to be
around -1.5 degrees C. Discussion: IVT proved to be a very effective approach for
visualizing latent heat release and freeze-thaw events within scaffolds frozen in
cell culture plates. INA from Hippophae rhamnoides may potentially be used for
prevention of supercoiling in cryopreservation. The results obtained could serve as
a basis for further development of efficient cryopreservation protocols for 3D
TECs. Objectives: In the development process of heart assist devices, numerical
simulations become more and more essential. The variety of applications comprises
different types of cannulas or flow geometries of ventricular assist devices
(VADs). The analysis of the flow field inside VADs by means of Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) is extremely useful. Numerical parameter studies allow the treatment
of several device related problems in conjunction with a well-balanced cost-benefit
ratio. Methods: Results obtained from properly performed CFD calculations permit
the determination of flow induced blood damage of new flow designs in VADs and
enable the prediction of the risk of harmful hemolysis for the patient. The
literature provides different models for blood cell damages. In application, a
proper definition of acceptable thresholds is required, in order to optimize blood
guiding geometries as rotor blades or diffusor shapes in VADs. Another application
of CFD can be found in the field of flow path optimization of new cannula designs.
Corresponding results can lead to various design changes and can significantly
contribute to a comprehensive risk analysis for regulatory assessment. Results:
Based on the numerical results, geometrical design iterations can considerably
improve the flow design of blood pumps and cannulas. Thoroughly optimized designs
exert reduced shear stresses to the cells and create less damage to the patient's
blood. Furthermore, CFD studies can provide valuable information in the process of
risk analysis during the regulatory assessment of heart assist devices and support
the interpretation of experimental in-vitro investigations. Discussion: Although
numerical simulations represent a commonly used tool during research and
development in the field of heart assist devices, the introduction of strict
requirements and well-defined guidelines would considerably simplify the
implementation of numerical studies for regulatory approval and enhance the
comparability of independently gained results. Objectives: Current standards in
cryopreservation for biomedical technology are still based on slow freezing
processes inducing crystallization within the sample. In preparation for this
cryopreservation regime, cells and tissues are detached from growth surfaces and
dissociated into single cell suspensions. Existing infrastructures like freezing
devices, lab ware, and liquid nitrogen tanks for long-term storage, are designed
for the handling of suspended cells and tissues and for stock keeping purposes,
these procedures usually are efficient enough. Through the addition of
cryoprotective agents, the sample can cope with the emerging damaging mechanism
resulting from ice crystal formation. However, diagnostically and therapeutically
relevant cell systems, e.g. human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) or their
derivates like neuronal cells, depend on cell-cell and cell-surface interactions
mediated by cytoskeletal proteins. Their structures are disordered, either due to
these preparatory dissociating steps or due to crystallization, resulting in loss
of functionality or cell loss in general. Methods: A second cryopreservation
regime, the vitrification, avoids crystallization within the sample and thus avoids
the occurring damaging mechanisms (e.g. shear forces, osmotic shock). Thereby, the
structure of cells and tissues is preserved, leading to viable and functional cells
even in their adherent state (with cell-cell and cell-surface contacts) after
thawing. However, vitrification requires a skilled handling and so far, the
infrastructure has not been established to enable routine vitrification workflows
for large cell numbers. Results and Discussion: Our work shows the potential and
capacity of vitrification on different cell types (e.g. hiPSCs, dopaminergic
neurons). We demonstrate that vitrification is superior to slow freezing regarding
cell loss and functionality and holds the possibility to cryopreserve scalable and
ready-to-use cell products for a broad range of biomedical research. Objectives:
The aim of this work is to characterize the decellularized human chorion membrane
(dHCM) and to study its suitability as a substrate to model biological barriers.
Methods: HCMs were submitted to a chemical and physical decellularization process.
The decellularization protocol was optimized by quantifying and analyzing the
presence and distribution of cell nuclei and dsDNA by DAPI staining, PicoGreen and
electrophoresis. The dHCM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
immunohistochemistry, Dot-Blot, SDS-PAGE, and GAGs and Collagen quantification.
Moreover, dHCM's mechanical properties were assessed and biocompatibility tests
(metabolic and proliferation assays) with an endothelial human cell line
(EA.hy.926) were performed. Results: The decellularization process of the HCM was
successful, since the presence of nuclei was not observed, the amount of dsDNA was
around 10 ng/mg of dry tissue, and the DNA fragments had less than 200 bp. A
compact membrane that preserved the HCM's reticular layer and basement membrane was
obtained. SEM images revealed that dHCM is a substrate with two different surfaces:
one composed by nanofibers and the other (in trophoblast layer's side) covered by a
thin compact layer (basement membrane). In tissue sections it was possible to
verify the presence of collagen type I and IV, fibronectin and laminin in both dHCM
and native tissue. Corroborating these results higher molecular weight species were
preserved in dHCM (SDS-PAGE). Additionally, dHCM's mechanical properties were
determined: young's modulus of 5.9 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 5.3 MPa.
Differences in metabolic activity and cell proliferation were observed between both
sides of the dHCM. Discussion: dHCM retained the main proteins of the extracellular
matrix. Cell proliferation and viability were higher in the side of dHCM that
preserved the basement membrane. dHCM's physical and mechanical properties make it
a suitable substrate to mimic biological barriers. Objectives: Cryogels with
improved non-fouling and cell adhesive surface properties were investigated as
potential cell scaffold for BAL purpose. Cryogel monolith columns were used by
other groups to fill the bioreactor chamber. However, device performance was not
maintained for more than a few hours. Fluid dynamic measurements using a purpose-
built mu PIV setup with video post-processing were conducted in order to
extrapolate the effect of flow inside the cryogel matrix to improve cell viability
and avoid blood cell activation. Starting from PIV results, a multi-layered
bioreactor composed of spaced cryogel discs was developed to maximise
blood/hepatocyte mass-exchange. This study aimed to investigate whether the multi-
layered design results in improved performance compared to the column version in
terms of hepatocytes viability and functionality. Methods: p(HEMA-co-MBA) cryogels
were synthesised by cryogelation technique. Cryogels were then functionalised with
alginate
and RGD peptide and synthesised by solid phase method. Porous structure was
analysed with SEM, confocal imaging and mu CT. Non-fouling properties were
investigated by protein absorption studies. Cell viability was assessed by MTT/ATP
activity and live/dead imaging. Hepatocyte functionality in bioreactors was
investigated by quantification of albumin and urea production using ELISA and
colorimetric assay, respectively, over time. Results: Synthesised cryogels
possessed an open porosity with pore sizes of up to 100 mu m and an interconnected
network of pores. Alginate helped preventing protein absorption from plasma. RGD
peptide enhanced hepatocyte functionality. Cryogel perfused bioreactors maintained
hepatocytes viability and functionality for up to 1 week. Discussion: Multi-layered
bioreactor design showed a significantly higher production of albumin and urea
compared to the column version, suggesting an improved mass exchange between medium
and cells. Also cell colonization and proliferation through the device were
improved. Objectives: Placental complex, including placental tissues, foetal
membranes, and umbilical cord, is one of the most promising sources of a range of
tissues and cells for clinical and experimental application in regenerative
medicine and tissue engineering. Certain components of placental material are
already applied in medicine since decades, while others undergo intensive research
and pre-clinical trials. Since placenta is a temporary organ, it provides the
unique opportunity to obtain large amounts of tissues, including autologous,
without the adverse effects to the donor. Moreover, great potential of placental
multipotent stromal cells is recognized in generation of tissue engineered
multicellular constructs. At the same time, clinical use and research proceedings
are significantly restricted due to imperfections in storage technologies.
Application of low-temperature preservation methods is especially challenging for
3-D multicellular structures, such as organs, tissues, and tissue engineered
constructs. Methods: Here we aim to analyze the variety of cryoinjuries in a range
of placental tissues and tissue engineered multicellular placental constructs, as
well as support the cellular viability after low temperature storage. A range of
cell and tissue culture as well as tissue engineering methods, cryomicroscopic
analysis, evaluation of phenotypic and metabolic characteristics have been applied
in this study. Results: Results have shown that the mechanisms of damage caused by
cryopreservation procedures depend on particular structure of the studied object,
peculiarities of intercellular bonds, as well as interaction with cryoprotective
agents. At the same time, developed protocols allowed us to efficiently isolate
viable cells after thawing of the studied tissues. Discussion: Conclusions of this
study may lead to progress in improvement of biobanking technologies for tissues
and tissue engineered multicellular constructs. Extracorporeal therapies, such as
hemodialysis, apheresis or blood oxygenation, are only possible when recurrent
blood access is feasible. Both, artificial grafts, e.g. made of polyethylene-
terephthalate (Dacron (R)) or a fistula are not ideal models for that purpose and
are commonly considered to represent the Achilles` Heel of extracorporeal blood
circuits. A stable, implantable biologic vascular graft would be an ideal solution
for the benefit of patients and many bioengineers are working on this dream to come
true. When considering such a vascular graft to be used clinically and as a product
to be sold in the medical device market, a series of problems with regard to
approval have to be solved and some fundamental questions be answered. Regarding
approval, current EU regulations refer to either the Medical Device Regulation
(MDR) from 2017 or to Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Regulation (ATMPs) from
2007. Under the premise "Better safe than sorry!" regulations, such as MDR and
ATMP, represent a European law. A bioengineered vascular graft is taken as a
"combination product", as it is commonly made of biological cells and a (possibly)
biodegradable scaffold material. When implanted, it would represent a high-risk
class III medical device under the MDR regulation and would require a CE-mark. The
ATMP regulation, however, says that a combination product has to be approved
following the "principal mode of action". For products containing viable cells or
tissues, a specific approach has been taken by the EU. For these products it holds
true that "whatever the role of the medical device, the pharmacological,
immunological or metabolic action of these cells are considered to be the principal
mode of action". Under these premises, a combination product, such as a
bioengineered vascular graft, is regulated under the ATMP rules, which renders
approval rather complex. Consequences refer to the need of Phase I-III clinical
trials including post-market surveillance Neuroengineering is a research area where
engineering skills are used to solve basic and clinical problems in neuroscience.
The aim of the presentation is to give an insight into neuroengineering applied in
neurosurgery. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a method for reducing symptoms in
movement disorders as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. A thin electrode is
surgically implanted with stereotactic technique at a well-defined brain structure.
Our research focus on support systems for improving the surgical implantation
procedure, and to increase the understanding of the DBS mechanism. A method for
performing patient-specific simulations of the electric field around a DBS lead and
map the data to the anatomy has been developed. The goal is to create improvement
and side-disorder maps for the most common symptoms and brain targets used in DBS.
Optics is another core area we apply in neurosurgery. Several optical probe systems
for intraoperative guidance have been developed. Forward-looking probes can act as
"vessel alarm" by recording the tissue's microcirculation with laser Doppler
flowmetry during creation of the brain trajectories in relation to stereotactic
neurosurgery. In DBS this method has been evaluated in the clinical setting in more
than 100 implantations. For brain tumor biopsies the method is presently introduced
in combination with 5-ALA fluorescence measurements at the tumor border. 5-ALA
induced fluorescence spectroscopy- and microscopy can also be used together in
brain tumor surgery. Under the neurosurgical "blue-light" microscope, a hand-held
probe supports the surgeon by enhancing malignant tissue. Another challenge is
optical monitoring of cerebral microcirculation in the neuro-intensive care
setting. A prerequisite for successful project outcome is a close collaboration
between biomedical engineers and neurosurgeons. difference. Objectives: The main
goal of this study was to synthesize polysaccharide-based hydrogel systems that
favor bone regeneration. The hydrogel formation is driven by Schiff base
crosslinking reaction between the amino functionalities of carboxymethyl chitosan
(CMChi) and the aldehyde groups of the different oxidized polysaccharides resulting
in an imine bond formation. Methods: Different amounts of NaIO4 were used in order
to oxidize Alginate (ALG) and Hyaluronic acid (HA), forming reactive dialdehyde
derivatives with different oxidation degrees. The amount of aldehyde groups was
determined by: A) using Schiff's reagent and detected by a UV-Vis spectrometer
(550nm) and B) acid base titration after reacting the aldehyde groups with
Hydroxylammoniumchloride. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was used for
molecular weight determination of the different polysaccharides. Biocompatibility
of the products was tested using Qblue (R) assay and CFDA staining. Results: Data
obtained from both UV-VIS spectroscopy and titration show that the different
polysaccharides have more aldehyde groups when high concentrations of NaIO4 were
used and the reaction times were extended. The weight average molecular weights of
all the products were lower after the oxidation step. Products with high oxidation
degrees showed low biocompatibility. Discussion: ALG and HA with high oxidation
degrees are required to prepare stable hydrogel systems and the dual utility of
using CMChi and oxidized polysaccharides as both structural and bioactive component
is promising for the formation of biocompatible hydrogel systems that can be used
for bone tissue regeneration. Objectives: Xenotransplantation of transgenic porcine
pancreatic islets offers a promising alternative source to circumvent current
limitations posed by the scarcity of allogeneic donors. However, either immune
rejection or oxygen supply in immune protected encapsulated islets remains a major
concern. To decrease xenogeneic immune responses, we have investigated the
feasibility to generate tissue engineered SLA silenced islet cell clusters (ICC)
from alpha-Gal knock out, CD46, CD55 and CD59 transgenic minipigs. Methods:
Pancreatic islets single cell suspensions were generated by enzymatic digestion of
porcine ICCs. The single cells were silenced for SLA class I and II by lentiviral
vectors encoding for Nanoluciferase as reporter gene and for short hairpin RNAs
targeting beta2-microglobulin (shb2m) or class II transactivator (shCIITA),
respectively. SLA transcripts were evaluated by real-time PCR and protein levels by
flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses. Cell death was evaluated by
Propidium Iodide staining. The effect of SLA class I silencing was evaluated in
human T and NK cell cytotoxicity assays. SLA-silenced pancreatic beta-cells were
then used to form new ICCs in stirred bioreactors. Results: SLA class I silencing
was designed to reach a level of up to 86% and class II by up to 64% on pancreatic
islet cell monolayers.
Silencing SLA expression did not affect cell viability and the insulin-producing
beta-cell phenotype as indicated by Dithizone staining and levels of insulin
production. Xenogeneic T-cell immune responses (p<0.05) as well as antibody-
mediated cellular-dependent immune responses (p<0.01) were significantly decreased.
Silencing SLA class I expression did not increase susceptibility to NK-cell
cytotoxicity. In stirred bioreactors, tissue engineered islets showing the typical
3D-structure and morphology of ICC were assembled from SLA-silenced pancreatic cell
suspensions to be used for transplantation in humanized mice as a first model.
Discussion: These data shows the feasibility to generate low immunogenic porcine
ICC from transgenic pigs after single cell engineering and post- transduction islet
reassembling that might serve as a robust alternative to allogeneic pancreatic
islet cell transplantation. Objectives: In patients with circulatory support,
preload is a valuable clinical monitoring variable. While it is difficult to
measure directly, it can be indirectly measured by PCWP or left atrial pressure
(LAP). Typically, assessments of LAP require invasive methods. However, non-
invasive estimation of LAP can be a useful tool for monitoring patients and
adjusting pump speed to reduce the likelihood of hazardous events, such as
ventricular suction and pulmonary congestion. This study presents an artificial
neural network model estimating the LAP noninvasively across different patient
conditions. Methods: LAP was estimated based on the HeartWare HVAD pump
characteristics (current, flow and speed) derived from 186 experiments performed in
a mock circulatory system with HVAD speed range from 1800 to 3600 rpm. The LAP
estimation was evaluated by measuring the hemodynamic variables in response to a
range of changes to the mock cardiovascular system, including changes in PVR, SVR
and HR. A neural network was trained with 70% of the data (randomly chosen), and
was validated and tested with the rest of data. The model performance was
quantified by the mean squared error (MSE), correlation coefficient (r2) and Bland-
Altman plot between measured and estimated LAP in different scenarios. Results: The
neural network model was able to estimate LAP accurately using data collected in-
vitro for training, validation and test sets. The MSE for all data is 1.36 mmHg,
and correlation coefficients are 0.99, 0.91 and 0.94 for training, validation and
test sets, respectively. The Bland-Altman plot showed that error has a bias of 0.28
mmHg with a reproducibility coefficient of 2.2 mmHg. Discussion: The developed
model would be useful for a real-time estimation of preload noninvasively which can
be employed to adjust pump speed in heart-failure patients without inserting a
pulmonary catheter into the pulmonary artery. Implementation of the developed
estimator would also create a new physiological control system that can work
noninvasively. Objectives: Blood vessels are integral to the maintenance of all
tissues. They deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Blood vessels not only
contain endothelial cells (ECs) that are in direct contact with flowing blood cells
and fluids but they may also have pericytes and smooth muscle cells on the outside
that stabilize and regulate their size. Defects in EC and pericyte/smooth muscle
cell interaction are often implicated in many pathological conditions. Patients
with a genetic disease called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) suffer
from heavy and recurrent nosebleeds, due to unstable blood vessels as a result of
defective interaction between ECs and pericytes. Methods: Here we used human
induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a source of patient-specific cells, as
they can be derived from all individuals, including children and patients with
genetic disease and subsequently differentiated towards all cells of the body.
Besides, we can now use hiPSCs to derive all the component of blood vessels in
large numbers and use them to re-create blood vessels on a chip to model
inflammation and disease. Results: HHT-hiPSC-ECs displayed no apparent functional
differences using a set of standard two-dimensional (2D) assays. The ability of
hiPSC-ECs to form a perfused microvascular network was next examined using three-
dimensional (3D) cultures in microfluidic chips. Using these 3D vessels on a chip,
we found that in contrast to 2D microvascular cultures, the ability to form 3D
microvessels in microfluidic chips was strikingly compromised when HHT-hiPSC-ECs
were used compared to isogenic control ECs. Discussion: This patient-based hiPSC
model thus serves as the first proof of principle that vascular diseases could be
modeled using patient-specific hiPSCs in 3D microfluidic chips and to identify new
target cells and possible pathways for therapy. Objectives: This study was aimed at
fabricating various layer-by-layer (LbL) systems using glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
with the capability to bind BMP-2 specifically in order to control osteogenic
differentiation of cells by biocompatible release systems. Methods: Heparin,
chondroitin sulfate and their oxidized forms as polyanions were combined with
chitosan and collagen I as polycations to form various multilayer coatings on model
materials with the advantage of the intrinsic cross-linking formed between oxidized
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and polycations, improving multilayer stability and
affecting the release of BMP-2. The myoblast cell line C2C12, which can
differentiate into osteoblasts was seeded on 5 mu g/mL BMP-2 loaded multilayers.
Cell viability, adhesion, osteogenic differentiation and BMP-2 release were
investigated. Results: C2C12 cells cultured directly on the top of multilayers
showed that particularly BMP-2 loaded multilayers made of oxidized GAGs promoted an
osteogenic differentiation that was nearly comparable to the positive control, when
5 mu g/mL BMP-2 was added directly to the medium. Interestingly, the BMP-2 had
synergistic effect on cell adhesion and spreading. BMP-2 in oxidized chondroitin
sulfate multilayers was successfully loaded to the layers, sustainably released
over time and affected cell differentiation more than the soluble BMP-2.
Discussion: The results show that oxidized GAGs forming intrinsically cross-linked
multilayers are useful as reservoirs for sustained release of BMP-2 in which the
intrinsic cross-linking affected BMP-2 release, improved multilayers stability due
to the resulting stiff surface compared to the native ones, supported cell
adhesion, proliferation and subsequent differentiation. This can pave the way for
coating implants and scaffolds for repair and regeneration of bone fractures.
Objectives: Functional myocardial recovery during support with left ventricular
assist devices (LVADs) is highly desirable but only observed in approx. 1% of all
patients. Previously, the more frequently implanted pulsatile blood pumps (PBPs)
showed higher recovery rates than the currently used rotary blood pumps (RBPs). The
aim of this study was to comparatively assess the capability of PBPs and RPBs to
unload the left ventricle and restore physiological cardiac energetics in isolated
hearts. Methods: An RBP (Medtronic HVAD) and a heartbeat synchronized PBP
(BerlinHeart Excor) were alternately connected to eight isolated porcine hearts. To
modulate the mode of LVAD support, RBP rotational speed was set to different
support levels and ejection delay of the PBP was phased from 0% to 90%. Pressures,
flows, left ventricular volumes, and myocardial oxygen consumption were recorded
and cardiac efficiency quantified by the ratio of external work (EW) over
myocardial oxygen consumption. Results: With increasing RBP support, lower left
atrial pressures (LAP) were found to coincide with a decreased cardiac efficiency
(r=0.91 +/- 0.12) with a median [inter quartile range] slope of 0.28 [0.91] %/mmHg.
In contrast, depending on the phase delay of ejection of a PBP, LAP and cardiac
efficiency follow a sinusoidal course with the LAP minimum at 90% and efficiency
maximum at 60%. Discussion: In RBP support, aggressive ventricular unloading was
found to lead to lower cardiac efficiencies. On the other side, phasing of a PBP
offers the possibility to restore cardiac efficiency and simultaneously unload the
ventricle. These results may justify future studies linking optimized cardiac
mechanics and efficiency to functional recovery and reverse myocardial remodeling
with LVAD therapy. Objectives: We focused on the interventricular dyssynchrony
caused by the shortened systole of left ventricle (LV) compared to right ventricle
(RV) during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. The purpose of this
study was to assess and quantify the mechanical interventricular dyssynchorny
according to the support condition using conductance catheter. Methods: We studied
five goats with normal heart condition. A centrifugal LVAD was implanted under
general anesthesia. We inserted the conductance catheter into the LV and RV and
obtained the pressure-volume relationship. We defined the dyssynchronous status by
the sign (plus or minus) of the LV volume (LVV) change is opposite to that of RV
volume (RVV). (i.e., (dLVV/dt)*(dRVV/dt)<0). Interventicular dyssynchrony (DYS) was
quantified by calculating the percentage of time within the cardiac cycle. Bypass
rate was set dividing the LVAD pump flow by the main pulmonary artery flow. We
calculated the DYS under LVAD support with various bypass rate. Results: The mean
DYS of normal heart, LVAD clamp, LVAD support with bypass rate of 50%, 75 % and
100% were 6.0 +/- 1.3, 8.6 +/- 2.6, 9.6 +/- 1.8, 15.5 +/- 5.6, and 24.6 +/- 8.6,
respectively. Also, there was a higher linear negative correlation between LV
stroke volume and DYS. Discussion: Interventricular dyssynchrony during LVAD
support was assessed and quantified
using conductance catheters. Dyssynchrony became significant when the LV was
unloaded with high rotational speed under LVAD support. Assessment of influences
for the right ventricular function and heart failure models will be studied in the
further study. Objectives: (Bio)chemical modification of implants with drug
delivery systems can support the body's natural healing capabilities by imitation
of smooth tissue transitions along bone-tendon conjunctions. Modified
interconnected 3D porous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) could act as a scaffold
material for these implants. Methods: Cocontinuous blends of poly(epsilon-
caprolactone) (PCL) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were prepared by batch blending in
an internal mixer. Annealing and leaching of the blends with water yielded the
porous PCL scaffolds, which were then modified with chitosan (CS) grafted PCL (CS-
g-PCL) via dip coating. Nanoparticle systems containing CS and tripolyphosphate
(TPP) were obtained via ionotropic gelation. These CS-TPP nanoparticles (CSNPs) can
be attached to the modified scaffolds via a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition
approach involving alginate (ALG). Results: Interconnected 3D porous PCL scaffolds
with different morphologies have been prepared. Modification with CS-g-PCL,
alginate, alginate fluorescein amine (ALG-FA), CS-TPP and fluorescein
isothiocyanate labelled nanoparticles (CS-FITC-TPP) in a LbL approach was carried
out. The blank scaffolds were analyzed in various ways, including via scanning
electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Modified versions of the
scaffolds were analyzed accordingly and the fluorescently labeled species were
investigated via confocal laser scanning microscopy. CSNPs were loaded with bovine
serum albumin (BSA) and layered on the modified scaffolds. Release of BSA from the
scaffolds was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy at 37 degrees C in
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Discussion: Porous PCL scaffolds with different
pore sizes and morphologies can be obtained via annealing and leaching of
cocontinuous PCL/PEO blends. Surface modification with CS-g-PCL, alginate and CSNPs
open up possibilities regarding graded implant fabrication. Objectives: Vascular
calcification is accelerated and worsened in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and
dialysis patients compared to the general population. Misbalanced phosphate and
calcium metabolism plays an important role in this health burden in CKD. In this
study the role of phosphate and calcium in inducing medial vascular calcification
is researched. Methods: Rat aortic rings were incubated in the normal and
calcifying mediums for seven days. Three independent experiments, three rings per
condition in each, were performed (N=9). Normal medium consisted of DMEM with 0.9
mM phosphate and 1.8 mM calcium. Calcium medium (Ca) consisted of 4.0 mM calcium
and 0.9 mM phosphate; phosphate medium (P) of 2.8 mM phosphate and 1.8 mM calcium;
and calciumphosphate medium (Ca+P) of 4.0 mM calcium and 2.8 mM phosphate.
Histochemical von Kossa staining was performed, and calcification area of a medial
and adventitial section of the aorta was calculated. The results were compared
using a two-way ANOVA test. Results: Von Kossa stainings and evaluations of the
calcified area demonstrated increased calcification in aortic rings incubated in
different calcification mediums, whereas the calcification takes part in different
sections of the aorta. Calcium alone causes calcification in the adventitia,
phosphate alone in the medial section of the aorta. Combination of both leads to
extensive calcification in the adventitia and media. Discussion: In dialysis
patients, serum calcium levels are maintained quite well, but serum phosphate
levels may exceed suggested levels multiple times. The results of the study
demonstrate that high phosphate level is the trigger of excessive vascular
calcification and the control of levels of phosphate in CKD patients is crucially
important. Objectives: Heterogeneously structured electrospun composite scaffolds
have performed well as ECM-mimetic tissue replacements in recent years. In light of
this, we present an assessment of amnion derived multipotent stromal cell (aMSC)
growth on hybrid polycaprolactone(PCL)-gelatin(G) scaffolds in terms of viability,
infiltration depth and metabolic activity. Methods: Four scaffold types were
electrospun (150 mu m thick) with different PCL:G ratios and fibre diameter
distributions using vertical (V) and horizontal (H) orientations - PCL175V (175
mg/ml, homogenous), PCL125G50H (125:50 mg/ml, homogeneous), PCL125G50V (125:50
mg/ml, heterogeneous), PCL100G75V mg/ml (100:75 mg/ml, heterogeneous). A 7 day
live/dead assay and a 15 day infiltration study (depths measured using confocal
laser scanning microscope) with aMSCs from Callithrix jacchus were performed.
Metabolic activity was measured by MTT assay (7 days). Additionally, gelatin loss
during scaffold degradation (30 days) was measured by Raman spectroscopy. Results:
In general, PCL-gelatin blends perform better than unblended PCL. PCL125G50V shows
the deepest cell infiltration on all days (76.3 +/- 7.1 mu m by day 15). It is also
the only sample that shows an increasing trend in metabolic activity from day 1
(0.0436 +/- 0.002) to day 7 (0.0996 +/- 0.009). Raman spectroscopy revealed a
significant gelatin loss of 53.44 +/- 6.48 % in PCL100G75V while PCL125G50V showed
no significant loss by day 15. Discussion: A combination of heterogeneous fiber
morphology and composite polymer content in electrospun scaffolds positively
affects cell growth and infiltration. Considerable gelatin swelling during
degradation can physically inhibit infiltrating cells. Therefore, choosing the
right ratio of PCL:gelatin when designing such scaffolds is key. A total artificial
heart is used for orthotopic replacement of the native ventricles in cases of
irreversible biventricular heart failure resulting either from chronic dilated
cardiomyopathy or fulminant acute myocardial infraction. It is essential to find
the right indication. There are several surgical options to perform a total
artificial heart operation. To prevent therapy-failure it essential to set the
right indication for implanting a total artificial heart. In general therapy with a
TAH is feasible with good postoperative results. Setting the right clinical frame
is crucial for the establishment of a therapy concept. Objectives: Although
diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in many countries, data
about its impact on patient-specific reaction to haemodialysis (HD) is scarce.
Models that allow identifying and predicting patient-specific response to HD are in
development and their improvement is encouraged by clinicians to obtain suitable
decision support systems (DSS). Here, possible correlations between diabetes and
alterations in the patient-specific parameters identified by a multi-pool, multi-
solute model, developed in our laboratory, are investigated. Methods: Data acquired
during the 'DialysIS' Interreg Project (141 patients, 4 centres, 1276 HD) have been
used. For each patient, a set of specific parameters was identified: one modulates
the permeability at the capillary wall (rho), the others account for altered
transport of catabolites and electrolytes at the cellular wall (k(i)) and at the
dialyser membrane (eta(i)), where '(i)' indicates different solutes. Patients have
been classified as diabetic (D) or not (ND) and among Ds, as insulin-dependent
(D_ID) or not (D_NID). Initial glucose concentrations and identified values of rho,
ki, eta i in the different groups have been compared using proper statistical tests
(p<0.01). Results: There were were 37 (26,4%) D patients and 16 of them were D_ID
(43,2%). Initial plasma glucose concentration statistically differs both between D
and ND and between D_ID and D_NID patients. Among the patient-specific parameters
rho, and K-Na, K-Mg, K-Creatinine and K-Bicarbonate results were different between
D and ND. The values of eta(Na), eta(Mg), eta(Ca), eta(Urea) and eta(Creatinine),
instead, significantly differ between D_ID and D_NID. Discussion: Diabetes-induced
autonomic and peripheral neuropathies can justify the finding of altered capillary
wall permeability in D; moreover the use of insulin, protein based, seems to impact
on the mass transport through the dialyzer membrane. The proposed approach allows
adding a new tile to the studies on how the diabetic pathology affects the response
to the HD treatment. Objectives: Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) therapy has
become an accepted treatment for end-stage heart-failure. While patient management
has improved over the past decades, limitations in caregiver resources necessitate
efficient allocation. Decisions on the optimal setting of LVAD support currently
occurs in intervals ranging from a few weeks to a few months. However, the optimal
setting for LVAD support may change multiple times per minute. Thus, automation is
the only viable solution to this problem. Physiological control promises to
integrate the cardiac assist device into patient physiology even more closely,
reacting to varying demands or specifying the load for training of the heart
muscle. One important design consideration is the choice of feedback variable.
Methods: Literature of the past two decades was collected and the presented
physiological control concepts were clustered into categories corresponding to
functional similarity of feedback variables. Results: It was found that most
literature could be summarized into five categories. Control algorithms either used
preload, heart rate, ventricular contraction, or afterload as feedback variables or
modified the flowrate/headpressure relation. Discussion: Each of these categories
contains information about the cardiac state. While preload variables, most closely
resemble the native
functioning of the left ventricle, they are inherently difficult to measure
without using additional sensors. Chronotropic incompetence might be a limiting
factor for heart rate based control. Ventricular functioning might fluctuate over
time due to changes in inotropy while afterload is heavily regulated by other
autoregulatory mechanisms. The headpressure/flowrate relation suffers from
uncertainty regarding the origin of pressure changes. Combining elements of these
five categories into one control concept might prove beneficial, as different
information could be extracted for the controller, which could then be tuned by the
physician. Objectives: Current understanding of membrane performance in
hemodialysis implies that their permeability in terms of molecular weight cut-off
must be restricted to a figure below the molecular weight of albumin, i.e. <
60.000. Nephrologists commonly request a maximal allowable albumin loss during a 4h
treatment to be below 4g per session. Methods: Recent investigations have shown
that the 3D-conformation of albumin is unstable and changes in e.g., uremia or
liver failure. Thus, detoxification efficiency of albumin may decrease by about 70%
and can be explained by a considerable reduction of albumin's binding constants for
both pharmaceutical drugs and uremic retention solutes, as well as for exogenous
toxins. As a result, free concentrations of such solutes increase in patient's
blood and a higher toxicity is observed. Binding constants for defined uremic
retention solutes, such as p-Cresylsulfate, are further affected by the
simultaneous presence of other solutes, such as Indoxylsulfate. Results: Oxidative
stress, as manifested in many dialysis patients, further promotes changes in
albumin conformation. It's thus no surprise, that hemodialysis with protein-
permeable membranes improves patient performance, as shown recently in a clinical
trial by Nagai et al., (Ther Apher Dial, 2017; 21:378). They reported, that in a 7-
year observation period, albumin leakage of 3g or more per HD session provided a
better prognosis than albumin leakage less than 3g. Obviously, a clinically
acceptable large albumin leakage provides beneficial effects on maintenance HD
patients. Discussion: The performance of albumin as an adsorbing protein is
inefficient during uremia and liver failure. Due to lower binding constants for
pharma-drugs and uremic toxins following conformational changes in the sick state,
albumin is unable to perform like in the healthy state. It should, thus, be
removed. Identification of 3D-changes of albumin and thus its removal should become
a priority. Cataract surgery followed by implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL)
is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in medicine. In 2020
alone, there are expected to be 32 million interventions. Here, ophthalmologists
can look back on 70 years of experience. Since there is no blood perfusion at the
lens, however, the IOL has a comparatively simple immunological special position.
Furthermore, the ophthalmologists also have extensive experience with implants in
the cornea, in the chamber angle of the eye and on the retina. In the presentation
an overview will be given of the current implants and the necessary regulatory
processes. In addition, own experiences (with medical devices) with the new
requirements of the MDR will be described. Recent evidence from randomised
controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that post-dilutional haemodiafiltration (HDF) is
associated with a benefit in survival. This benefit has been mainly observed in re-
analyses of the primary data looking at the patients treated with the highest
convection volumes (HCV-HDF). To obtain HCV-HDF, significant pressure has to be
applied to the dialyser membrane and the dialysis systems are submitted to
significantly stronger transmembrane pressure (TMP) constraints, frequently
surpassing the limits proposed by the guidelines. Several automatized systems are
proposed to avoid or overcome the alarms induced by the increases in convection and
still maintain the volumes prescribed by the physician. The present overview will
i) Critically analyse the evidence on the effect of convection volumes on survival.
ii) Review the automatic systems presently proposed to achieve a given level of
convection. iii) Analyse the possible pitfalls in determining the limits
established by a dialysis monitor when performing HCV-HDF. iv) Explore a harmonised
definition of the parameters that may drive the convection volumes during a
dialysis procedure with the aim to help in better defining the Best Practice
Guidelines for HCV-HDF. Objectives: Human Parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) infection is
known to cause pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) in kidney transplant recipients. We
investigated the diagnosis and prognosis of HPV B19 infection by urine detection in
kidney transplant patients with anemia and graft dysfunction. Methods: 1195
recipients (living donor/donation after citizen's death: 492/703) were performed
kidney transplant in our center from January 2015 to January 2018. Thirty-six
patients diagnosed with HPV B19 infection during follow-up (3.01%, 36/1195). Among
those, fourteen HPV B19 infected patients underwent transplanted kidney biopsy,
including 12 persons with PRCA and graft dysfunction and 2 recipients with donor-
derived HPV B19 infection. We collected the urine samples for detection of HPV B19
DNA copies at the day of kidney biopsy. Meanwhile, the biopsy specimen were studied
for immunohistochemical detection by using polyclonal mouse Anti-Parvovirus B19
antibody. Results: The mean diagnosis time of fourteen HPV B19 infected patients
was 44 days (7-300days) after transplantation. The reticulocyte percentage was 0.1-
0.2% and the mean hemoglobin level was 67 g/L (51-87 g/L). Among 12 biopsies with
PRCA and graft dysfunction, 6 were diagnosed with T cell-mediated rejection (IA-IB-
IIA), 3 borderline rejection, 2 without rejection signs and 1 was diagnosed with
thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). The patient, who was diagnosed with TMA, had
performed ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. It displayed glomerular
microthrombus and diffuse necrosis of renal tubules on renal biopsy. Despite the
treatment of IVIG, the graft was ultimately lost. The immunohistochemical result of
the TMA biopsy specimen was positive and the others were negative. The result of
urine detection for HPV B19 virus DNA copies was >10 boolean AND 5/ml with TMA and
the others were negative. Discussion: If the urine test is positive for HPV B19
DNA, parvovirus -associated kidney injury should be suspected. Hemodynamic
simulations are increasingly used to assess the flow phenomena in intracranial
aneurysms (IAs). Based on detailed simulation results existing therapies such as
coiling or stenting can be improved or novel approaches are tested. However, the
accuracy of patient-specific blood flow acquisitions strongly depends on
preliminary and highly interdisciplinary steps. These include for instance medical
imaging, image reconstruction, image segmentation and acquisition of appropriate
boundary conditions. To assess capabilities, but also limitations of state-of-art
IA modeling techniques, international simulation challenges are frequently
organized. These comparisons address single or combined steps along the simulation
process. Within this talk, the most relevant competitions are presented and the
main findings are summarized. In this regard, sources of error in the context of
hemodynamic modeling are revealed and the awareness for standardized simulations is
sharpened. Objectives: Heart failure (HF) is a critical healthcare issue and a
primary source of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Globally, it is estimated
that up to 100,000 people are candidates for heart transplantation, but only about
5800 transplants were performed in 2016. At Cleveland Clinic, we are developing a
continuous-flow total artificial heart (CFTAH) in an attempt to provide a viable
alternative to transplantation for the growing population of patients with end-
stage HF. Methods: The Cleveland Clinic CFTAH is a double-ended centrifugal pump
with only one moving part that is designed to passively self-balance left and right
circulations without active intervention. The device has no mechanical bearings to
wear out and is driven by an extremely reliable 3-phase brushless, sensorless
motor. The nominal external dimensions of the latest version of our adult CFTAH
design to be tested in-vivo were 98.4 mm in length, 62 mm in diameter, 160 cc in
volume displacement and 486 g in weight without the cable. Results:
Biocompatibility of the CFTAH has been demonstrated in two full-term 90-day in vivo
tests, completed without the use of any anticoagulation. Since the conclusion of
these tests, our team has been working on design improvements to further reduce
susceptibility to thrombosis, enhance autoregulation, improve motor controller
hardware, add clinically useful features to the control interface and enhance
manufacturability. Discussion: Our results to date suggest that a small,
mechanically and electronically simple, auto-regulated total artificial heart has
significant potential to provide an important clinical option for HF patients. We
discuss a novel method for hemolysis prediction in computational fluid dynamics,
which avoids potential problems inherent to the traditionally used Eulerian and
Lagrangian methods. The traditionally used Eulerian method computes a hemolysis
index (HI) at the flow outlet by solving a transport partial differential equation
(PDE) where the source term equals shear stress raised to some power (which is
determined empirically), and then looks at the HI transported to the flow outlet.
The largest contribution to HI typically occurs at the flow boundaries (walls),
which is precisely the location where numerical noise
is most likely to be inadvertently introduced, e.g., from sharp edges in the wall
or from low quality mesh elements. This can cause errors in the Eulerian method
because its PDE lacks a diffusion term, and consequently any numerical noise is
transported to, and accumulates at, the flow outlet surface. We have not seen this
potential problem occurring when using a Lagrangian method, although theoretically
it could still occur. Regardless, a major disadvantage of the Lagrangian method is
a large computational cost required to achieve reasonable accuracy. Instead of
using one of the two traditional methods, we use a volume integral where the source
term includes both shear stress and flow speed. In situations with sufficient
mixing, such as in an LVAD, this approach predicts blood damage at least as well as
either of the other methods, for a fraction of the computational cost, and avoids
the numerical problems. The method also lends itself better to frozen rotor
simulations, while the traditional methods prefer more costly time-dependent
simulations. We present an example where the method is used to evaluate potential
changes to a HM3-like rotor design. Objectives: A great and long pursued goal in
cancer research is the development of a suitable culture system for expanding
haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can thereafter be successfully used in
transplantations. Since HSCs only reproduce in their natural environment, novel
systems try to mimic the in vivo niche of HSCs, the bone marrow, in many factors
such as material rigidity, chemical and cellular compositions. Mesenchymal
stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known to support HSC expansion. This effect is even
greater when the cells are cocultured in a 3D environment. The aim of this project
is to study the interactions of HSCs and MSCs in a conventional 2D culture compared
with a 3D porous hydrogel, which was previously developed in our group. Methods:
The influence of HSCs on MSCs and vice versa will be studied on a transcriptomic
level by next generation sequencing and verified by qPCR, cytokine arrays and
western blots. To regain the cells from the system we want to make our hydrogel
degradable by introducing disulfide bonds, which can be cleaved by reducing agents.
Afterwards the RNA will be fixed within the cells and these will be separated by
magnetic cell sorting, previous to RNA isolation. Results: Previous experiments
indicate that the 3D system has a positive effect on HSCs only in coculture with
MSCs. With a deep insight into the transcriptomes of both cell types in coculture,
we hope to identify key molecules playing a role in this phenomenon and in HSC
expansion. Such key molecules shall further be tested for their influence on the
coculture by inhibition or enhancement. Discussion: The HSC expansion in vitro
while maintaining their stem cell character has been a major and challenging goal
in research for more than 60 years. By finding and influencing key molecules of the
HSC-MSC interaction, we hope to further develop our 3D hydrogel system and increase
HSC expansion in vitro. Objectives: Small molecule drugs can be bound to plasma
proteins. Examples are Apixaban (459 Da, 87% protein bound), Carvedilol (406 Da,
98% protein bound) or Calcitriol (416 Da, 99.9 % protein bound). In plasma, these
drugs have a free and a protein bound fraction. Protein binding impacts the removal
behavior of the drug during dialysis. The purpose of this work was to develop a
quantitative model to describe the removal of these solutes, and validate the model
experimentally. Methods: A mathematical model was developed by coupling the
equations of transport in dialyzers reported in one of our previous studies, and
mass balance equations reported in literature to include the effect of binding.
Simulated HD treatments with human plasma were performed with 3 different types of
commercial dialyzers having different membrane permeability to study the removal of
Apixaban, Carvedilol or Calcitriol, expressed in terms of solute clearance.
Additionally, the loss of albumin was quantified. Results: Experimental clearance
results [ml/min] are given as mean +/- MAD from 3 independent experiments in the
order of Apixaban / Carvedilol / Calcitriol. Calculated values are reported in
brackets. Dialyzer 1 was tested in HDF mode, yielding clearance of 60 +/- 1.0
[61] / 41 +/- 1.8 [10]/ < 6 [0.5]. Dialyzer 2 tested in HD mode yielded clearance
of 60 +/- 1.6[ 60] / 31 +/- 1.6 [10] / Discussion: Clearance of tested drugs was
lower than expected for their nominal molecular weight. The levels scaled Apixaban
> Carvedilol >> Calcitriol, which is inverse to their degree of protein binding
(Apixaban < Carvedilol << Calcitriol). The degree of protein binding was revealed
to be the actual critical determinant, rather than dialyzer design and operational
mode. Drug clearance seemed to be driven by the proportion of the free fractions,
as is reflected in the model by the increase of clearance for decreasing bound
fraction. Objectives: In the development of biocompatible materials for biomedical
applications, the foreign body response is an important issue. The healing of
surrounding tissue often interferes with the function of an implanted biomaterial.
Events like protein deposition, hemostasis, inflammation, tissue repair, infections
and the encapsulation of the functional part of the implant are the main cause of
failure of the implanted device. Methods: In this study biocompatible nanofilms are
produced by means of a plasma polymerization process using a low-pressure
magnetron-enhanced 15 kHz glow discharge. This process allows the precise control
of the film nature and behaviour. The resulting hydrocarbon film has a thickness of
a few nanometer and keeps therefore the inherent properties of the substrate
material. Measurements on protein adsorption gave the possibility to tailor the
thin films in the needed direction. This means to tailor a native secondary
structure of in situ adsorbed proteins. Results: The nanofilms were investigated
using different surface analytical methods. Also the interaction in contact with
different biological sample materials was tested in-vitro. The precise measurement
of the adsorbed proteins indicated a native secondary structure of proteins on
these surfaces. Different in-vivo sensor dummies which are in contact with blood
and soft-tissue were coated by these nanofilms. The explanted sensors were kept
free of any encapsulation by this coating. This stands in good correlation with the
measurement of adsorbed proteins. Discussion: The first in-vitro results of the
adsorption of blood proteins indicated already a very biocompatible character of
these nanofilms. The explanted sensors were kept free of any encapsulation by this
coating. These coatings can open the door for many new applications in the field of
new implants but also other biomedical products. Objectives: Human placenta tissue
has great advantages to be used as tissue source due to its molecular composition
and its availability as clinical waste product. In our previous studies, human
placenta arteries were decellularized and showed low immunogenicity and a
supportive environment for cell migration and proliferation. Decellularized
extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels are a widely-used tool in the field of tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine. To create placental ECM hydrogel (pECM-HG)
decellularized arterial grafts were further processed by an enzymatic pepsin
digestion. Methods: pECM-HG were biochemically analyzed. Scanning electron
microscopy was used to visualize fiber structures. Cell adherence and migration
assays were carried out on pECM-HG coated culture plates to confirm
cytocompatibility of the material. As next step pECM-HG was used for coating of
vascular grafts in a reseeding experiment using a perfused 3D bioreactor system.
Furthermore, biomechanical properties of 3D hydrogels were tested by rheological
measurements. Results: pECM-HG showed low amount of DNA residuals and preservation
of cell interacting ECM proteins. SEM analysis revealed the formation of specific
fibrous structures, dependent on respective hydrogel concentration. Cell binding
and viability assays showed significantly enhanced cell adherence and increased
proliferation rates when seeded on surfaces coated with pECM-HG (p<0.001) compared
to controls. pECM-HG showed beneficial properties for cell reseeding on acellular
vascular grafts in a flow bioreactor system. Discussion: We developed a hydrogel
from human vascular tissue that is cytocompatible and supports cell adherence and
proliferation. We hypothesize that this hydrogel has great potential due to its
origin and composition. Further investigations on the hydrogel composition are
ongoing. It is planned use the pECM-HG for 3D cell printing applications or as
injectable hydrogel to support ischemic injury regeneration. Objectives: Intra-
aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) is undoubtedly the most widely used mechanical
circulatory support system for a range of severe heart failure indications. Average
duration of IABP use is 1-3 days, however its longer-term use has not been
adequately studied. The objective of this work is to establish the extent to which
the IABP duration has been used, and also to examine the clinical outcome
pertaining to prolonged use of IABP, using meta-analysis of literature data.
Methods: We defined IABP prolonged use as 7 days or longer; a choice based on a
duration that is greater than double the current perceived average use. We
systematically reviewed the literature (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science) and
identified 14 studies that have prolonged IABP use between 1968 - 2018. Patients
indications included heart failure (refractory, congestive, end stage), ventricular
arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Results: A total number of
1707 patients of both genders received prolonged IABP use with an overall average
of 22.6 days. The studied cohort is split into: Group 1: n= 1683 adults, mean age
57.9 years, range 19-84 years old, average use of 21.2 days. Survival rate in this
group was 64.4%. Group 2: n=24 infants and children, mean age 5.5 years, range 7
days-17.5 years old, average use 24 days. Overall mean survival rate to discharge
was 62.5%. At a mean follow-up of 85 months, all 15 survivors were alive and well.
Discussion: Due to its ease of insertion and relative low cost, IABP presents the
first port of call in a wide range of heart failure scenarios. This analysis
indicates that, age does not seem to be a significant parameter that affect
outcomes of IABP long-term use. Although, IABP is perceived to be only a short-term
support, its prolonged use is evident with successful outcomes. Further trials of
IABP long-term use for children and adults is warranted to further establish the
range of indications IABP can be utilised as a long-term support. Objectives: Human
serum albumin (HSA), one of the dominating proteins in human plasma with its
exceptional binding capacity plays an important role in storing and transporting
different substances throughout the human circulatory system. Clinically used to
treat a variety of diseases, particularly in liver failure therapy, pharmaceutical-
grade HSA contains high amounts of stabilizers, such as Na-caprylate and N-
acetyltryptophanate. These compounds represent potential risks to patients with
restricted liver function. The aim of this study was to test if the elimination of
stabilizers by adsorbent technique affects HSA's secondary structure. Methods:
Albumin infusion solutions (BIOMED, Germany) were filtered using a commercial
system Hepalbin (Albutec, Germany). Raman- and FTIR spectroscopy as well as DSC
analysis were applied to analyze conformational changes in treated and untreated
HSA samples. For Raman based studies different parameters such as object slides
type, integration time, accumulations number and laser capacity were investigated.
Results: Preliminarily results of the physical-chemical analyses showed some
differences for filtered samples in comparison to the unfiltered ones. Raman and
FTIR spectra exhibited both, peak shifts in characteristic HSA amide bands and an
alteration in the peaks' shape. DSC thermograms revealed significant differences in
denaturation temperatures of the compared samples. Discussion: A Raman shift in
amide I band and changes in the alpha-helix/beta-sheet ratio detected via FTIR
spectroscopy indicated a possible alteration in the HSA conformation after
filtration. These findings were corroborated by DCS showing a tendency towards
lower denaturation temperatures in samples after stabilizers removal. The results
may contribute to finding a compromise between stability and high functional
performance of HSA for the improvement of liver failure therapy. Objectives: The
protein fibrinogen is important in blood coagulation and wound healing. Hence,
nanofibrous fibrinogen scaffolds are highly attractive as biomaterials. One
currently used technique to prepare fibrinogen nanofibers in vitro is
electrospinning. Since this technique uses organic solvents and high electric
fields, which can impede the biological protein function, we have developed a novel
technique to prepare fibrinogen scaffolds with physiological buffers. Methods: We
introduced the novel method of salt-induced self assembly under controlled drying
conditions to prepare nanofibrous fibrinogen scaffolds. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to characterize the fiber morphology. We studied
the secondary structure with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To
assess the biocompatibility of our novel scaffolds we analyzed the proliferation of
3T3 mouse fibroblasts with WST1 assays and studied the cell morphology with SEM.
Results: Salt-induced self assembly reproducibly yielded fibrinogen nanofibers with
overall scaffold dimensions in the centimeter range. SEM analysis revealed fiber
diameters between 200 and 300 nm. By adding a customized fixation step after the
fiber formation we fabricated either immobilized or free-standing fibrinogen
networks depending on the underlying substrate material. With FTIR spectroscopy we
found a higher content of beta-sheet structures for fibrinogen nanofibers in
comparison to planar fibrinogen. 3T3 fibroblasts were found to proliferate well on
fibrinogen nanofibers with cell numbers comparable to planar fibrinogen substrates.
SEM analysis showed that 3T3 fibroblasts grew in close contact with fibrinogen
nanofibers. Discussion: Our new self assembly process offers a well controllable
and physiological biofabrication method for large-scale fibrinogen scaffolds. Based
on the good biocompatibility results our fibrinogen networks are very promising
candidates for a new class of wound dressings. Total artificial hearts (TAH) are
used to restore quality of life to biventricular heart failure patients but can
also introduce significant risks. Several features were included in to the BiVACOR
design to mitigate some of the major risks, such as 1) device malfunction, 2)
insufficient hemocompatibility, 3) ineffective physiological interaction, and 4)
inappropriate device geometry. To achieve a durable design the BiVACOR TAH reduces
mechanical wear by levitating a single rotating impeller in a magnetic field. To
reduce the incidence of single fault failures, the levitation and drive systems
incorporate backup features. Large clearance gaps in the blood flow path and cyclic
speed variations assist hemocompatibility. Physiological interaction is improved
via autonomous left/right outflow balancing, the ability to inherently adapt total
outflow based on physiological conditions, and to respond to variations in filling
volumes. Initial durability testing is ongoing with no device failures after 180
days. The redundant motor and hydrodynamic backup bearing maintain hemodynamic
function when failure modes are induced. Preliminary NIH, platelet activation and
vWF degradation during in-vitro tests show lower levels than implantable VADs. In-
vivo results (1x90day, 3x30-day) confirm benchtop observations. When operated with
either pulsatile or non-pulsatile outflow up to 15 l/min, or with the hydrodynamic
backup bearing, pfHb ranged between 0.5-2mg/dL. The system can balance outflows
under a wide variety of physiological conditions, while inherently adjusting flows
by more than 4 l/min. Finally, device weight and size allowed a good anatomical fit
in human cadavers with BSA >1.4m(2). By implementing the risk mitigating design
features, the BiVACOR device aims to provide patients with a durable,
hemocompatible, and physiological interactive TAH with suitable anatomical fit.
Successful development of this device may ultimately lead to a long-term
alternative to heart transplants. Objectives: Visualization of hemodynamics often
represents a simplification of blood as a monophasic fluid. In this study, blood is
used as a multiphase fluid. The aim is to fabricate artificial blood to visualize
hemodynamics with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). More specific, micro beads
(ArtErys), which mimic the erythrocytes, are fabricated with a membrane-emulsion-
technology system (MET). This system is developed and compared with the results
(e.g. ArtEry size) of three other methods: microfluidic, electro-spraying and air
flow. Methods: The ArtErys are made of hydrogels (Agarose 0.3-0.7 wt.%) to match
refractive index and biomechanics. For PIV tracking, particles (Sphericals (c), 20
mu m) are encapsulated directly into the ArtErys and are not added to the plasma
where they might affect the hemodynamics. For the MET system, different oils (e.g.
paraffin) are used as disperse phase. The Agarose/PIV mixture is pumped (50 to 100
ml/h) into a constant oil flow (5 to 40 ml/h) through a PTFE membrane (Reichelt
Chemietchnik GmbH, pore size 60 mu m). The ArtErys are created during this process
and transported away by the oil. The MET process is carried out in a heated water
bath with a temperature of 55 degrees C. Results: The ArtEry size depends mainly on
two parameters: the flow rate of the agarose/PIV solution and the flow rate of the
oil. A flow rate of 80 ml/h Agarose/PIV solution leads to smallest bead sizes with
a mean diameter of 150 mu m. High rates lead to merging of the ArtErys, which is
reflected in a larger diameter. Furthermore, the bead size depends on the parameter
oil flow rate. Here, a rate of 30 ml/h leads to the smallest beads. Discussion: The
MET method has been successfully implemented to fabricate ArtErys with encapsulated
PIV particles. Compared to the other methods, the MET system fabricates the biggest
ArtEry sizes (MET: 150 mu m, microfluidic: 15 mu m, electro-spraying: 80 mu m, air
flow: 100 mu m). Objectives: Since the latest revision of the Medical Devices (MDs)
Directive, the European regulatory framework considers stand-alone software as a MD
per se, as confirmed by the MD Regulation. The recent surge of AI tools, which
promise to be ubiquitous soon, poses problems relative to their certification as
MDs. In view of the already granted market approval in Europe and the USA for some
AI-based MDs, we aimed to investigate the main relevant issues of such MDs'
regulation. Methods: Unlike traditional SW as MDs, for which established standards
already exist (e.g., IEC 62304, "Software life-cycle processes"), for AI tools
there are very few specific standards. The definition of AI, or intelligence
itself, is by no means universally accepted. Thus, we limited the scope of AI to
Machine/Deep Learning (ML/DL). Results: 1) ML/DL tools are data intensive, so that
a critical issue is how to construct a representative set of input data. E.g., IEC
62304 recommends that the manufacturer
include software system inputs and outputs, in the SW requirements: this is
clearly too generic for a DL tool. 2) Guidelines for acceptable input data size
should be drawn, for a given system/software architecture. Moreover, quality check
of training data should always be executed, before SW training. Quality of ML/DL
tools and of physical architecture is also relevant. 3) Generally, DL tools lack an
explicit declarative knowledge representation, hence it is difficult or impossible
to assess to "reasoning" behind the algorithmic decisions. "Explainable" AI should
be the standard, in order to rule out fuzziness in machine clinical decision making
and impossibility to pinpoint the problem(s), in view of the legal responsibility
for MD use. It has been found that DL performance conflicts with explainability,
thus priority setting will be crucial. Discussion: The regulatory treatment of AI-
based MDs needs improvements, in order to have safe and effective products, as well
as wider societal acceptance. Objectives: The aim of this work is to design a
reliable and efficient sheath for an implantable part of a device for the wireless
inductive powering of artificial organs. Methods: Wireless inductive power transfer
can help get rid of the problems of recharge and wired constant power supply to
artificial organs. However, the design of the implantable part of the
transcutaneous powering device, or so-called assembly, is complicated by the lack
of a comprehensive solution of technical and medical problems. The assembly must be
encapsulated in the sheath which requires the choice of a biocompatible and non-
magnetic material. This eliminates the formation of eddy currents on the sheath,
whereby negative influence on the energy transfer is minimized. At the same time,
the material should have a low thermal conductivity (about 0.5 W / (m . K)) to
prevent overheating of the tissue from the circuitry. The sheath of the assembly
must have sufficient durability to protect the circuitry. The form-factor of the
sheath should be minimized for the convenience of the patient (dimensions in the
limit of 20 x 20 x 3 mm). Results: The sheath was developed for the assembly
prototype. The assembly provides an output power in the range 0.45 horizontal
ellipsis 0.55 W for the axial distance between the coils in the range 10 horizontal
ellipsis 20 mm and the lateral misalignment up to 20 mm. The calculation and
measurement were performed in the air and with the samples of "skin-fat" biological
objects, in order to determine and verify the sheath characteristics. Discussion:
We have developed and tested the assembly's sheath for inductive powering of
artificial organs that meets technical and medical requirements. Objectives:
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used in medicine for targeted drug delivery to
the area of cancer. There is the problem of remotely determining in vivo
concentrations of MNPs. The aim of our work was to experimentally test
acoustomagnetic method (AMM) for detecting MNPs in a model sample of a biological
substance (BS). Methods: A colloidal solution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a mixture
of oleic acid and kerosene was used as a model sample. The weight concentration of
the MNPs in the solution was 0.15%, and the viscosity of the solution was close to
the blood viscosity. To detect MNPs in solution, a special experimental setup was
developed. The installation consists of an ultrasound generator, a permanent
magnet, a glass container with a solution, an induction multi-turn coil near the
glass tube, and a voltmeter as a measure of the voltage across the coil. Ultrasound
causes periodic movement of the particles of the solution together with the MNPs
along the container axis. The magnet orients the MNPs in the direction
perpendicular to the axis of the container. As a result, the summation of MNPs
creates an alternating magnetic field with an ultrasonic frequency in the coil
area. An alternating voltage (U) arises on the coil, as measured by a voltmeter.
Results: As measurements have shown, the magnitude of the voltage is proportional
to the concentration of MNPs in the field of action of the ultrasound and the
magnet field, as well as the intensity of the ultrasound. In particular, when the
intensity of ultrasound was at the level of 0.02 W/ cm2, U = 1mV was obtained.
Discussion: The experimental results are consistent with the calculated estimates
and suggest that AMM can be used to detect MNPs in a real BS. Considering that the
magnitude of the constant magnetic field in these experiments was 0.1T, we can also
conclude that this method is safe, more accurate, and easier to implement than
traditional X-ray and MRT methods. Objectives: For a single hemodialysis session
several hundred liters of water are consumed. Water scarcity and inadequate water
purification facilities worsen contamination risk especially in developing
countries. Here, we investigate the application of a mixed matrix membrane (MMM),
which combines filtration and adsorption, for achieving endotoxin-free dialysate
combined to high removal of uremic toxins from human plasma. Methods: We
investigate the adsorption of lipo-polysacharide (LPS) by a MMM in both static and
dynamic conditions. Dynamic adsorption of LPS is also investigated in presence of
uremic toxins in human plasma. Diffusion experiments using dialysate contaminated
with bacterial culture filtrates are also performed to assess the ability of the
MMM to act as a safety-barrier to avoid transfer of pyrogens to the plasma. A
membrane without sorbents is used as control and the obtained results are compared
with literature studies using current dialysis membranes. Results: The MMM can
remove approximately 10 times more endotoxins from dialysate compared to commercial
dialysis membranes. No transfer of pyrogens was detected in the blood compartment,
revealing safety-barrier properties of the MMM. Importantly, endotoxins from
dialysate and protein-bound toxins from human plasma can be removed simultaneously
without compromising AC adsorption capacity. Discussion: We estimate that 0.15
m(2)of MMM is needed to remove the daily production of the protein-bound toxins,
indoxyl sulfate and hippuric acid and to completely remove endotoxins in a wearable
artificial kidney (WAK) device. Future studies would focus on the applicability of
the MMM in wearable/portable artificial kidneys and in general for home-
hemodialysis treatments. Objectives: Nearly half of all heart failure patients
suffer from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). With no
effective treatment, a major clinical need is presented. The aim of this study was
the hemo - and fluid dynamic investigation of a valveless pulsatile pump for HFpEF
using in-vitro, ex-vivo, computational fluid dynamic (CFD), and 4D flow MRI imaging
studies. Methods: The pump is a pneumatically driven pulsatile pump with a single
valveless cannula that is to be implanted through the LV apex and is operated
synchronously with the left ventricle. A prototype of the proposed pump system was
fabricated. The pump was tested in an in-vitro hybrid mock loop system to evaluate
its hemodynamic effect in four HFpEF phenotypes. Further hemodynamic evaluation was
conducted by implanting the pump in an ex-vivo isolated heart model. CFD was
employed for flow field analysis of two different pump designs-a symmetric and an
asymmetric configuration. The results were validated by 4D flow MRI imaging of the
respective prototypes. Results: In the in-vitro studies, the pump augmented cardiac
output (CO) by 14 - 30% and reduced left atrial pressure (LAP) by 14 - 30%. Ex-vivo
studies showed the similar hemodynamic trends: augmented CO by 20.0 +/- 9.7%, and
reduced LAP by 57.5 +/- 14.4%. Fluid dynamic simulations revealed good correlation
with the respective 4D flow measurements. The asymmetric configuration disclosed
superior fluid dynamic performance with 94.5% of the initial blood being exchanged
after 3 beats. Discussion: It was demonstrated that the valveless pulsatile device
can improve hemodynamics in HFpEF patients by augmenting CO and reducing LAP.
Appropriate washout of the pump chamber is achieved by a persisting vortex evolving
within the asymmetric design throughout each pump cycle. By demonstrating the
hemodynamic effects and promising fluid dynamic performance of the pump,
feasibility of the system as a potential treatment option for HFpEF patients is
supported. Objectives: In this work, the denaturation behaviour of bovine serum
albumin (BSA) in single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) aqueous nanodispersions
during heating was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry. Thermodynamic
effects of BSA interaction with SWCNTs have been discussed. The calculation
procedure for estimating the parameters of laser treatment on the basis of
differential scanning calorimetry data is presented. Accurate calculation of the
optimal parameters of laser treatment, under which there is complete denaturation
of albumin and the solid nanocomposite material is forming, will minimize the
thermal damage of the connected tissues, while not reducing the tensile strength of
the seam. Methods: Laser solders based on water dispersion of BSA (25 % w/w) and
SWCNTs (0, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 % w/w) were used for differential scanning
calorimetry study. Studies were conducted in hermetically sealed crucibles with
heating rates of 3, 5, 10 and 20 degrees C/min. Results: The specific energies and
denaturation temperatures of the laser solders were measured. The use of SWCNTs led
to a decrease in the specific energy of denaturation from 4.11 to 3.27 J/g and a
denaturation temperature from 87.2 to 86.9 degrees C. The activation energy of
albumin denaturation in laser solder has doubled during use SWCNTs Discussion:
Thermodynamic effects of BSA interaction with SWCNTs have been discussed, namely
the changes in temperature characteristics of denaturation processes and the
partial thermal destabilization of albumin. The energetic parameters of laser
treatment have been estimated on the basis of differential scanning calorimetry
data. The values obtained are optimal for complete BSA denaturation resulting in
formation of solid nanocomposite material with minimal thermal damage of the
connected tissues and sufficient tensile strength of the seam. Objectives: Clot
formation in the membrane oxygenator is a serious complication in long-term
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the blood vessels, nitric oxide (NO)
generated by nitric oxide synthase on the endothelial cells suppresses both
aggregation/activation of platelets and adhesion/activation of leukocytes.
Therefore, biocompatibility of the membrane oxygenator may be improved by the
addition of NO gas to the sweep gas. The objective of the present study was to
determine, using a rat ECMO model, whether addition of NO gas to the blood can
suppress blood coagulation. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 350 to 400 g
were used for the experiments. After the rats were anesthetized, extracorporeal
circulation was established by guiding the blood from the right jugular vein into
the left femoral vein. Heparin was administered by bolus injection (0.7 unit/g-rat)
only at the start of the ECMO. Polymethyl pentene membranes were used for the
oxygenator. The sweep gas (NO: 0, 100 or 200 ppm, O2: 30%, CO2: 5%, N2: balance)
was added to the blood via the oxygenator. During the experiment, the arterial
pressure, oxygenator inlet pressure, venous pressure, activated whole blood
clotting time (ACT), and methemoglobin (Met-Hb) concentration were measured. After
circulation, the hemoglobin (Hb) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity
in the eluate from the residual blood in the oxygenator were measured. Results:
Extracorporeal circulation was stably performed for 4 hours. There were no
differences in the ACT during the experiment among the three groups. The amount of
Met-Hb was below 10% in the NO group. The Hb content and LDH activity in the eluate
were significantly lower in the 200-ppm NO group than those in the 0 ppm NO.
Discussion: The amount of Met-Hb in the NO group indicates that there is no adverse
effect related to Met-Hb. The Hb content and LDH activity indicate that the NO
contained in the sweep gas inhibited blood coagulation in this rat extracorporeal
circulation model. Objectives: Data from the WAA apheresis registry was
investigated regarding patients treated with extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) as
a tool to modulate immune response in various diseases. Methods: 381 patients (34%
women) had been treated with ECP for a total of 10668 procedures. The mean age was
48 years (+/- 18, range 3-81 years). Estimation of quality of life was made using
grade 0 (suicidal) up to 10 (best ever) and health quality grade 1 (Bed ridden, ICU
condition) up to 10 (athletic). Adverse events were analyzed. ANOVA comparisons
were used. Results: Most patients were treated due to graft versus host disease
(GVHD, n=284) and other hematological diseases (n=34). Adverse events were
registered in 5.8% of the first treatments and in 2.1% of the subsequent
procedures. Severe adverse events were present in 0.4% of all procedures. No
patient died due to the procedure. Tingling and stitching were the most common side
effects. For those with GVHD the QoL was initially at a mean 6.3 (+/- 1.5, range 2-
10) and improved significantly within 10 procedures and the Health Condition
estimate improved significantly within 9 procedures and improved further with added
procedures. Discussion: Photopheresis is an established therapy with few side
effects. The present data indicate that approximately 10 procedures are necessary
to note significant effect to GVHD. Objectives: The most fundamental goal in
improving quality of care in hospitals is to eliminate unnecessary deaths. AIM:
Three-year mortality and quality of care between 2015-2017 were evaluated in a
tertiary nephrology clinic. Methods: Audit of 392 deaths was carried out to reveal
prevalence of suboptimal clinical observations. Admission pressure, direct
admissions avoiding public healthcare system, severity of clinical conditions,
elderly persons dying in the hospital, time of admissions and death were evaluated.
Results: In 2015 and 2016, 5.5 of every 100 inpatients died in the hospital, and
this proportion decreased to 4.9 in 2017, with high percentage of patients who died
in the first 24 or 48 hours from admission. The percentage of hospital deaths
occurring in combination with AKI rose from 17% up to 37% over the three-year study
period. Many patients who died with worsening CKD, were not ever referred to a
nephrologist. More than half of patients were admitted on duty and died over
weekends. About 5% of the hospital deaths were among patients aged 85 and over, and
in 2017 that number rose up to 10%. Patients who died were seriously ill, at least
17% had malignancy. Most of the cardiovascular deaths were directly caused by
ischemic stroke. Discussion: In this study we did not find patients with
preventable deaths. The results indicated that patients were seriously ill,
elderly, some being admitted to hospital to die. Some of the patients were kept
long period prior to death because of shortage on certain facilities. There is
admission pressure and other external factors contributing to high burden in
treatment of the dying patients. Still, further effors are necessary for further
providing and auditing health quality of care. Objectives: Human immune cells have
been produced using Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) guidelines and have
been tested in clinical studies for a number of diseases, for which still no or
only inadequate alternative therapies are available. Examples include several
cancer entities, stroke, myocardial infarction, severe autoimmune disorders and
chronic infections. Despite many in vitro or in animal studies report positive
outcomes after immune cell therapy, convincing results showing the benefits of ATMP
in clinical studies are rare. Part of this discrepancy in the outcome of the
clinical studies in comparison to the in vitro and in animal studies may be caused
by the manufacturing of immune cells for clinical trials. Cells prepared for
clinical trials were mostly manufactured using archaic, scarcely controlled and
incomparable production processes and stringent analytical methods for assessing
proliferation and differentiation of the immune cells during the manufacturing
process were not applied. Methods: The production of ATMPs is first of all
dependent on the donor specific biology, which significantly varies from one donor
or patient, respectively, to another (biological heterogeneity). In case of immune
cell therapy, the manufacturing process is key for cytotoxic function and is the
basis for the biological activity of the cells after injection into the patient.
Results: The challenge for future clinical trials therefore is to reproducibly
provide a sufficient number of biologically active cells of appropriate quality
preferably in accordance with quality manufacturing guidelines (e. g. Good
Manufacturing Practice, ICH etc.). Only using cells which have been produced under
these rigorous quality control regimes will allow the conduction of clinically
meaningful trials. Discussion: The talk presents a survey and discusses
consequences on future requirements for manufacturing processes of products for
immune cell therapies. Objectives: Cryopreservation plays a major role in the
storage of tissues that are kept for subsequent transplantation. A wide variety of
tissues intended for transplantation for a patient are stored in this way. In
addition to the assignment to a suitable recipient, it must be ensured in
particular that a sufficiently long period of time is available for infection
diagnostic analyses. Cryopreservation of tissue is therefore routine in everyday
tissue medicine. Methods: As is well known, the success of low temperature storage
depends in particular on coordinated freezing and storage processes, in the
optimization of which many research approaches have already been investigated. In
contrast to these well-known principles of important parameter adjustment in this
context, little attention is paid to optimizing the freezing process in the daily
routine of tissue medicine. In fact, for some applications the suboptimal storage
of tissue is not critical, as no vital cells are necessary or desired. Results:
This reduces the process to a minimum and eliminates the need for additives such as
cryoprotective agent (CPA) or animal/human serum. This is particularly important
for tissue preparations which, as in Germany, require a medicinal product approval
by a competent authority. Any change to the process must be first approved by the
competent authority, the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI). Optimizing the freezing
process would therefore entail a new approval procedure. If the changed process was
not previously known in the EU, a clinical study is also required. Discussion: For
this reason, the conditions are not improved in case of doubt, although it is known
that this could lead to a higher quality of the tissue after thawing. Less toxic
CPA could simplify the approval procedure and thus contribute to improved tissue
storage for transplantation. The same applies to the cryopreservation of tissue
engineered products. Vascular access is a key issue for survival for uremic
patients that need acute or chronic dialysis. In acute settings the use of central
venous catheters, holding two luminae, are most commonly used in the intensive care
for continuous or intermittent hemodialysis. Such catheters may be of acute type or
a chronic type containing a separate cuff to limit bacterial
invasion into the vessels. Another option is to place a peritoneal dialysis
catheter into the abdominal cavity. If using the right technique, this catheter can
be surgically inserted in local anesthesia and could be used directly
postoperatively for acute but also chronic peritoneal dialysis. For chronic
hemodialysis (HD) the preferable option is to place an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)
at the lower arm. This results in enlargement of the vein, and partly fibrosis,
that allows for frequent punctures leaving no material externalized after the end
of a HD procedure. A problem is the development of vascular stenosis and thrombosis
that need interventions in at least 50% of patients within one year. When the AVF
fails an option is to insert a graft (AVG). This may be either a biologic or
synthetic graft interpositioned between the feeding artery and a more proximal vein
below the elbow instead of the local vein that usually is occluded. If this option
even fails, the patient has to rely on a sufficient permanent central dialysis
catheter where complication such as bacterial contamination and occlusions are
problems. To avoid such catheters a dream for future would be a graft as AV access
that is made of an autologous biodegradable material that has physiological
characteristics that prevent stenosis and clotting and also is possible to easy
correct in its diameter to adjust for the volume of blood returned/minute to the
heart to avoid congestive heart failure. Objectives: It has been observed that the
in-vivo dialyser clearance for small solutes is not constant during a hemodialysis
(HD) session. This may influence the choice of the value to be measured and
reported. We investigated the presence of trends in the clearances of urea and
creatinine, and how it impacts their values. Methods: Diffusive clearances were
calculated for urea and creatinine from dialysate concentration data measured in 25
patients who underwent 3 consecutive HD sessions each. Clearance values were
obtained for each hour (at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 minutes). The significance of the
observed trend in the data was statistically tested, as was any difference between
the values at 2 and 3 hours, and the average clearance during the session. Results:
Urea clearance showed an overall increase from the start of HD (by +10.1 +/- 19.3
mL/min, p = 0.0002) while creatinine clearance decreased (by -30.7 +/- 17.1 mL/min,
p < 10(-4)). For urea, there was, however, a significant increase during the first
hour (by +26.5 +/- 16.3 mL/min, p < 10(-4)) which was not observed for creatinine.
Starting from 2 hours, both clearances decreased significantly, but the overall
drop for creatinine was twice that for urea (by -34.1 +/- 15.7 vs. -16.3 +/- 19.8
mL/min, p < 10(-4)). As a consequence of these different trends, clearance at 2 h,
3 h, and the time-average clearance were not significantly different for urea
(199.2 +/- 25.9 mL/min, p = 0.18), whereas they were so for creatinine (2 h: 115.9
+/- 26.3 mL/min vs. 3 h: 106.2 +/- 29.2 mL/min vs. average: 109.7 +/- 26.1 mL/min,
p < 10(-4)). Discussion: A decrease in clearance during HD can be expected because
of the progressive clogging of the dialyzer membrane's pores. It is not clear
however the reason for the higher decrease in creatinine compared to urea. Our
results suggest anyway that the time at which creatinine clearance is measured in-
vivo should be clearly reported, as the difference during the session might be as
high as 30%. Objectives: Currently, there are no reliable internal treatment
options for large segmental bone defects. The objective of this study is to develop
an alternative treatment for a young male patient with a huge 180mm diaphyseal
tibial bone defect, who was already recommended amputation. Methods: A modular add-
on system is developed for a commercially available motorized bone lengthening nail
(Ellipse Technolo-gies, USA). The system allows bifocal segmental transport of
osteotomized bone segments. By this, the bone defect is filled from two sides. A
wire rope hoist shall ensure that the bone can overcome the distance from both
sides, which re-duces the time of healing and the amount of implanted parts. A 3D-
printed model of the patient's bone segments helps to design the implant system
itself and the handling which includes fixation, transport and explantation.
Results: The results show in accordance to previous studies that the developed
implant system effectively transports both osteot-omized transport bone segments.
The wire rope hoist mechanism and the modular construction works as planned. The
implant system can be explanted successfully. Discussion: In this study, we present
an individualized modular add-on implant solution. The advantage of the modular
setup is that many parts can be manufactured in universal sizes. This method of
bone reconstruction could help many patients, who suffer from large critical size
defects. Among the various possible embodiments of Advanced Therapies and in
particular of Tissue Engineering the use of temporary scaffolds to regenerate
tissue defects is one of the key issues. The scaffolds should be specifically
designed to create environments that promote tissue development and not merely to
support the maintenance of communities of cells. To achieve that goal, highly
functional scaffolds may combine specific morphologies and surface chemistry with
the local release of bioactive agents. Many biomaterials have been proposed to
produce scaffolds aiming the regeneration of a wealth of human tissues. We have a
particular interest in developing systems based in biodegradable polymers. Those
demanding applications require a combination of mechanical properties,
processability, cell-friendly surfaces and tunable biodegradability that need to be
tailored for the specific application envisioned. Those biomaterials are usually
processed by different routes into devices with wide range of morphologies such as
biodegradable fibers and meshes, films or particles and adaptable to different
biomedical applications. In our approach, we combine the temporary scaffolds
populated with therapeutically relevant communities of cells to generate a hybrid
implant. For that we have explored different sources of adult and also embryonic
stem cells. We are exploring the use of adult MSCs, namely obtained from the bone
marrow for the development autologous-based therapies. We also develop strategies
based in extra-embryonic tissues, such as the perivascular region of the umbilical
cord (Wharton's Jelly). We are currently involved in a European consortium aiming
at developing films with antimicrobial properties to be used in hospitals to cover
surfaces that are prone to facilitate the transmission of infections. Those films
use surface topographies and natural-derived oils to ensure the needed
antibacterial properties to the films. This talk will review our latest
developments of functionalized biomaterials and scaffolds in combination with stem
cells for advanced biomedical devices and therapies. Objectives: Corwave LVAD is
being developed to employ gentle oscillation of a membrane to propel blood, based
on the wave motion of swimming fish. The pump output can be readily tuned by
adjusting membrane oscillation frequency and magnitude. The purpose of this project
was to increase the hydraulic efficiency, implement a physiologic pulsatility
control algorithm, and confirm performance in animal implants. Methods: The fluid
path of the pump was simulated by Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) computational
fluid dynamic analysis in COMSOL. Membrane size, oscillation frequency, oscillation
magnitude, and the blood flow path were modeled and refined to improve hydraulic
performance and eliminate areas of flow stagnation. Pumps were then tested in blood
analogs and blood in mock circulation loops and in vitro hemolysis testing. Non-
hermetic prototype pumps were implanted in a total of 25 sheep for acute and
chronic implants. Results: Design simulations and individual component testing
resulted in a pump which can generate 6+ LPM of blood flow against physiologic
pressures with maximum shear rates orders of magnitude lower than those of rotary
blood pumps. Mock loop testing demonstrated the pumps have "flat" HQ (pressure vs.
flow) curves. Three control methods were developed: fixed, asynchronous pulsatile,
and synchronous pulsatile. Pulsatile modes generated dP/dt>400 mmHg/s using
sensorless detection of native ventricle systole. Animal implants demonstrated low
hemolysis and an absence of renal infarcts, but were limited to about a week in
duration due to the non-hermetic sealing of the pumps. Discussion: Application of
robust computational simulation and bench top testing have produced a unique new
kind of VAD, offering the flow capacity and reliability of rotary pumps, but adding
physiologically relevant pulsatility without excessive shear rates. Future efforts
will implement full hermeticity to extend animal study durations and confirm von
Willebrand Factor compatibility. Objectives: To investigate the colonization
potential of Ovine Endothelial Progenitor Cells (OEPCs) on thermoplastic silicone-
based polyurethane (TSPU) polymer under static condition. Methods: Functionalised
TSPU (F-TSPU) was prepared by first subjecting the TSPU nonwovens to plasma
treatment, followed by sterilization with 70% ethanol for seven minutes and then
coupling with VEGF under sterile conditions. TSPU without any additional treatment
or modification, identified as NF-TSPU, were used as control. OEPCs were seeded at
the density of 5x10(4) cell/cm(2) onto square 4 cm(2) sized polymers under static
conditions. Samples were taken at three time points: 1, 3 and 7 days. Samples were
examined through live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to check
the progression of cellular colonization on the polymer.
MTS assay was used to quantify the metabolic activity of the cells on the polymer.
Results: Cells seeded on the polymer surface were clearly visible on the SEM
images. On day 3, the cells could be observed as patches on surface but did not
cover all the surface. By day 7, the cells had almost filled the polymer surface.
In case of F-TSPU, at Day 7, the underlying fiber pattern of the polymer could be
observed on the cell sheet covering the polymer. Whereas this feature was not seen
for NF-TSPU, indicating that the cells attached firmly to F-TSPU compared to NF-
TSPU. Bright green fluorescence was observed on samples that underwent live/dead
staining, indicating presence of live cells. Only a few red spots, representing
dead cells, were seen. The metabolic activity on NF-TSPU was quantified to be
higher than in the F-TSPU, though the difference was not statistically significant.
Discussion: Static cell seeding experiments showed that OEPCs were able to attach
and grow on the surface of both types of TSPU. These are promising results
suggesting that TSPU holds potential for engineering of a new generation of heart
valve prostheses, which will be assessed in pre-clinical animal models in the near
future. Objectives: To investigate the impact of rotational speed modulation on VAD
hemodynamics by comparing the effects induced by the artificial pulse in the
HeartMate 3 (HM3, Abbott Laboratories, USA) to those induced by the Lavare cycle in
the HeartWare HVAD (Medtronic Inc., USA). Methods: We compared the effect of speed
modulation to a baseline case with constant speed and pressure head in both HM3 and
HVAD using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD simulations employed high
spatial (10(7) elements) and temporal (2 degrees per time step) resolution and one-
way coupling to a lumped parameter model (LPM) of the cardiovascular system for
physiologic boundary conditions. Lagrangian particle tracking was implemented to
probe viscous and total stresses along cell paths. Results were validated against
experimental pressure-flow (HQ) curves. Results: LPM results showed that HM3 and
HVAD follow drastically different HQ loops during speed modulation, reflecting
differences in pump characteristics, modulation rate and magnitude and associated
fluid inertial effects. In the HM3, pump flow varied between -1.2 and 8.8 L/min
during the artificial pulse vs. 3.7 to 7.1 L/min in the HVAD during the Lavare
cycle. Induced aortic pressure pulses were comparable (11.3 vs 13.2 mmHg). CFD
results revealed higher baseline shear stresses in the HVAD than in the HM3,
coherent with previous studies. In both pumps, stresses were highest during flow
acceleration. Sudden flow deceleration during the artificial pulse destabilized the
flow and thereby also increased turbulence and total stresses on particles.
Discussion: While speed modulation may contribute to pump wash out and pulsatility,
it may also increase flow disturbances and shear. By relating shear stress to the
rate and magnitude of the speed changes, this study sheds light on the impact of
the imposed accelerations on the stress fields. This is of relevance for the
establishment of both built-in and physiologically-controlled speed modulation
sequences. Objectives: Thrombotic deposition is a major consideration in the
development of implantable cardiovascular devices. Recently, it has been
demonstrated that fluid mechanical shear micro-gradients play a critical role in
thrombogenesis. The goal of the present work is to develop a predictive
computational model of platelet activation and deposition that can be used to
assess the thrombotic burden of cardiovascular devices. We have developed a
comprehensive model of platelet-mediated thrombogenesis which includes platelet
transport in the blood flow, platelet activation induced by both agonists generated
at sites of vascular injury and shear micro-gradients, kinetics and mechanics of
platelet adhesion, and changes in the local fluid dynamics due to the growth of a
thrombus. Methods: A 2D computational model was developed using the multi-physics
finite element solver COMSOL 5.3a. The model can be described by a coupled set of
convection-diffusion-reaction equations, and it comprises 7 species: resting and
activated platelets, agonists that induce thrombosis, and an anticoagulant agent.
Platelet adhesion at the surface was modeled via flux boundary conditions. Using a
moving mesh for the surface, thrombus growth and consequent alterations in blood
flow were modeled. In the case of a stenosis, the notions of shear stress-induced
platelet activation in the acceleration zone and platelet deposition in the
expansion zone downstream of the stenosis were studied. Results: The model provides
the spatial and temporal evolution of thrombosis in the flow field. The computed
density of platelets adherent to the surface was validated against experimental
data. The results confirm the importance of considering both mechanical and
chemical activation of platelets. Discussion: The developed model represents a
potentially useful tool for the optimization of the design of the cardiovascular
device flow path. Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of
glucose concentration in the culture medium on metabolism and viability of the
human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) co-cultured with the human umbilical
artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) on polysulfone semipermeable flat membranes.
Methods: Cells were isolated from umbilical veins and arteries obtained by
Caesarean section. Membranes with a surface area of 2 cm2 were covered with
fibronectin to promote cells' attachment and then were placed in specially designed
inserts. Cultures were carried out in 12-well plates filled with culture medium
containing glucose in normal (5 mM) or high (20 mM) concentration. The HUVEC and
HUASMC were seeded on separate membranes or on both sides of the same membrane with
density of 4,600 cells/cm2. Cultures have been conducted in standard conditions
(37oC, 5% CO2) for 7 days. Activity of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell
viability were analyzed using the flow cytometry (with DCFDA test and Annexin V /
7AAD test, respectively). Microscopic visualization of cells was made after
fixation in formalin using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: In the HUVEC
co-cultured with HUASMC the ROS activity was lower by 17% in the normal than in
high glucose concentration. In normal glucose concentration the ROS activity of the
HUVEC co-cultured with HUASMC was lower by 8% than in HUVEC cultured separately,
whereas in high glucose concentration it was higher by 19%. Viability of HUVEC
cultured separately in normal glucose concentration was higher by 4% than in high
glucose concentration. Microscopic visualization of cells did not reveal any
morphological differences. Discussion: In terms of the ROS activity the obtained
preliminary results indicate a beneficial effect of HUASMC on HUVEC co-cultured in
normal glucose concentration. The opposite tendency was observed in high glucose
concentration. Objectives: Continuous rhythm monitoring is useful for predicting,
determining and treating a large class of diseases. An implantable heart monitor is
useful for this purpose. it has small dimensions and records events over a
timeframe measured in years. The objective of the study is to develop methods and
algorithms for determining QRS-complexes and disorders in the work of the heart.
Methods: Several sources were used to obtain the ECG: large collections of recorded
physiologic signals PhysioBank and BioModule BioHarness 3. Records of database have
annotations with tags of QRS-complexes and conclusions of doctors. BioModule
BioHarness 3 record lead V4 or V5 dependent on position electrodes. Sampling
frequency is 1000 Hz. The records were made on the basis of I.M.Sechenov University
Clinical Hospital No.1, Russia. The monitor of physiological parameters and the
device for daily monitoring of ECG was installed by the patient simultaneously.
Recording was carried out for 24 hours simultaneously on both instruments. The
device for daily monitoring of ECG is used to determine the sensitivity and
specificity of the developed methods. MATLAB was used to implement algorithms.
Results: Testing the algorithm with PhisioNet database resulted in a mean
sensitivity of 99.21% and a mean specificity of 99.49%. Testing the algorithm with
Biomodule 3 resulted in a mean sensitivity of 99.02% and a mean specificity of
93.69%. 16 records were analyzed. The analyzer gave an incorrect result in 2 cases.
Discussion: A careful study of records revealed that algorithm sets false tags in
the absence of contact between the electrodes and the surface of the human body.
The device for daily monitoring of ECG continues to operate normally at the same
time. A careful study of the annotations PhysioNet showed that they contain errors.
Some records have been shortened or excluded for this reason. Objectives: The aim
of this paper is to improve the design of the current commercial cannula being used
by clinicians in order to minimise the blood flow stasis and thus avoid thrombosis
in ECMO drainage cannula Methods: A CFD simulation is used in order to determine
the optimum desing for the drainage cannula. The improved cannula design was
fabricated and validated in-vitro using particle image velocimetry. Results: 16
different cannula designs were simulated and results were analysed in terms of
velocity and mass flow rate at side holes and different sections of the cannula.
Different parameters including side holes diameter, number, spacing, distance to
the cannula tip, and angle relative to flow direction were investigated. Simulation
results were in agreement with PIV. Discussion: This study demonstrated that the
improved drainage cannula can significantly reduce blood flow stasis, and
potentially
thrombosis, in patients receiving ECMO. Objectives: The aim of this work was to
study the influence of the constructive and personal characteristics of the
wireless energy transfer system on the temperature distribution in biological
tissues. The basic parameters of the transcutaneous energy transfer system, such as
transmitted power, efficiency and displacements, were taken into account. The
patient's personal characteristics, such as the thickness of biological tissue
layers, were also taken into account. To obtain data on the level of thermal
damage, Henriques and Moritz study was used. Methods: The temperature data was
obtained using the numerical solution of a bioheat equation by the finite element
method. This article mathematically evaluates thermal injury based on Henriques and
Moritz study, in which damage can be represented as the speed of a chemical
process. Results: The temperature distributions in the tissues corresponding to the
following types of displacements were obtained: axial, lateral, angular and also
for the case where there are no displacements. Also the temperature distributions
in tissues with different structures were obtained. Further, the temperature values
at the maximum heating points were used to estimate thermal damage to the tissues.
Discussion: It was established that when a wireless energy transfer system is
operated without displacements, the severity of thermal injury does not exceed the
threshold corresponding to a first-degree burn. It was also found that the
patient's personal characteristics are influenced by the temperature distribution
in the case when a change in the thickness of a layer of biological tissue occurs
in the region of the nearest heat source. Objectives: The objective of this work is
the development of a two-phase blood model fluid for the use in upscaled flow
models. In large scaled models of different flow geometries, frequently used water-
glycerol mixtures are not sufficient because in critical regions with small gaps,
e.g. between the rotor and the wall in cardiac support systems, the two-phases of
blood have a great influence on the flow. Therefore, it is necessary that the model
fluid represents both phases of blood: the plasma and the cells. Methods:
Transparent alginate beads were used as a model of red blood cells. A water-
glycerol mixture was used as a model fluid for plasma. The alginate beads made up
about 40 % of the volume to model the proper hematocrit. Furthermore, the beads
have a slightly higher density than the surrounding medium and keep floating once
in motion. This was achieved by embedding hollow glass particles in the spheres
that have a density <1.0 kg/l, also enabling particle tracking and flow analysis
using the Particle Image Velocimetry method. A camera tracks the flow path of the
beads through the required geometry. Reynolds similarity was maintained. Results:
Flow analysis has been performed in an upscaled model of blade and gap of a
ventricular assist device. Compared to a water-glycerol mixture, the proposed blood
model fluid enabled the visualization of the strong influence of the two phases on
the flow. Because of their transparency, it was possible to visualize the flow
field at several layers in the fluid by choosing the appropriate light sections.
Discussion: The proposed blood model fluid showed promising results in an initial
case. Moreover, the results of the experiment lead to a possible optimization of
the geometry of future rotor blades in blood pumps in order to reduce hemolysis.
Further channel geometries will be explored. In the long term, the model can be
used for experiments on flow analysis and optimization in blood pumps or as a
validation model for CFD-codes to calculate multiphase flows. Objectives: FTR, the
death rate among patients with complications, is an emerging quality metric, that
has received an increasing focus in the last years. Concerning the management and
outcome in life-threatening complications due to ECMO-insertion there are only few
reports available. We report the successful rescue therapy in two patients of our
hospitals large ECMO-patient cohort with severe ARDS who experienced right
ventricular (RV)-perforation after v-v-ECMO-cannula insertion by the Seldinger's
wire. Methods: RV perforation was assumed by deteriorating hemodynamics and
immediate echo-cardiography showing cardiac tamponade during ECMO-cannula
insertion. In cases of two patients an immediate bedside sternotomy was performed
and the diagnosis verified. The source of bleeding was controlled and the tamponade
was cleared. Either patient was transferred to the OR after ROSC for a definitive
hemostasis and subsequent optimally controlled cannula placement. Results: Both
patients survived this life-threatening event without neurological complications or
further bleeding as well as no infections of the wounds. In Patient 1 the ECMO-
therapy was not instituted immediately but later. This patient was weaned from ECMO
after one week, survived six months but finally died due to an underlying disease.
In Patient 2 switching the v-v- to an a-v-ECMO in the acute setting lead to a
sufficient circulation during CPR. This patient was completely weaned from ECMO
after 2 weeks and was finally discharged to rehabilitation after two months.
Discussion: Successful management of seriously complicated ECMO- insertion is
possible. The provision of an immediate bedside operative therapy and every kind of
circulatory support to achieve ROSC seem to be essential in this setting. By reason
of this concept a No-FTR situation could be achieved, which depicts a positive
marker for quality of care for ECMO patients. Objectives: Blood trauma is an
unintended consequence of mechanical circulatory support. Evidence indicates that
exposure to high shears may induce sublethal changes to blood cells and also overt
cell destruction. To determine whether such changes in blood properties have a
functional impact on microcirculatory function, we examined the effect of surgery
requiring cardiopulmonary bypass on the rheological properties of blood and also
direct assessments of cell flux in the microcirculation. Methods: Thirty
individuals requiring elective coronary artery bypass graft (n = 15) or valve
surgery (n = 15) volunteered to participate. Dependent variables were collected
prior to use of cardiopulmonary bypass, after 60 min of being on pump, and in the
post-surgical period. Blood analyses included measurements of blood and plasma
viscosity, red cell deformability, red cell aggregability, mechanical sensitivity
of red cells, and levels of haemolysis, among others. Microcirculatory function was
assessed using incident dark field visualisation of the sublingual vessels. Results
and Discussion: Initial findings of this project indicate that blood viscosity and
red cell aggregability are significantly affected by 60 min of cardiopulmonary
bypass; these measures do not restore following the early post-surgical period.
Microcirculatory assessments reveal altered transit and velocities of red cells,
potentially indicating a link between biophysical assessments of blood and
microcirculatory function. Extended presentation of this ongoing study will be
presented, and discussed in the context of the secondary complications that still
plague circulatory support patients. Objectives: Granulocyte and monocyte apheresis
(GMA), in which granulocytes and monocytes are removed from the patient's whole
blood, is used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective
of the present study was to clarify the effects of the anticoagulation methods used
on blood clot formation in the column during GMA. Methods: Extracorporeal
circulation was established for 60 minutes in male Sprague Dawley rats. A small
column filled with 0.7 g of cellulose diacetate beads was used. We administered
heparin at a total dose of 0.5 U/g by 2 different administration methods: the bolus
administration method (single bolus administration prior to extracorporeal
circulation) and the half bolus and half continuous administration method. During
extracorporeal circulation the arterial pressure, column inlet pressure, venous
pressure, and activated clotting time (ACT) were measured. The hemoglobin (Hb)
concentration of the eluate of the residual clots was measured after the
extracorporeal circulation. Results: Extracorporeal circulation was performed
stably for 60 minutes without events like in-circuit coagulation, in both groups.
The ACT reached its peak value within 30 minutes in the bolus administration group,
to decline gradually thereafter; on the other hand, in the half bolus and half
continuous administration group, the ACT remained nearly constant during the
extracorporeal circulation. The Hb concentration in the eluate was significantly
lower in the bolus administration group than in the half bolus and half continuous
administration group. Discussion: The results indicated that even for the same
total dose of heparin, clot formation in the column was influenced by the method of
administration. We concluded that bolus administration of heparin, which led to
early peaking of the ACT value was more effective to reduce residual blood clotting
in the column as compared to half bolus and half continuous administration.
Objectives: Suction at the inlet of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is
common and known to cause adverse events. It occurs when tissue is drawn towards
the cannula, thus leading to a reduced or even ceased flow. Moreover, the sudden
occlusion can cause flow situations inside the device to be dramatically different
from typical operation. The objectives were to quantify the effect of suction on
the rotor bearing of an LVAD in an advanced development status and to mitigate
unfavorable effects on the ongoing therapy and pump performance. Methods: A custom-
made
suction module was integrated into an established, active mock circulation loop
upstream of an LVAD. This module comprises a membrane that can occlude the inflow
cannula depending on the pressure in its fluid chamber relative to an adjustable
air pressure chamber. The LVAD is equipped with rotor position sensors for online
position tracking. Suction was initiated by reducing venous return and thus pump
inlet pressure or by actively increasing air pressure in the respective chamber.
The tests were performed with active and inactive suction speed control algorithms.
Results: Spontaneous suction by reducing venous return was unlikely for the LVAD
under test independently of the stationary air pressure applied. By actively
provoking suction, increased radial force on the rotor was observed with
uncharacteristic movement of the rotor. The radial gap remained satisfactory for
all operational points and patient scenarios investigated. Suction was accurately
detected by the controller and the speed reduced accordingly, thus leading to a
relieve of the suction event. Discussion: Ventricular suction is a critical event
in two ways as it negatively affects the LVAD therapy and secondly provokes
uncharacteristic forces that might be critical for device performance. Future
research is needed to ensure that experimental models of suction represent the
variety of supported ventricles accurately. Objectives: Human amniotic membrane
(AM) is employed in a broad field of applications as a wound dressing, corneal
treatment, and scaffolding material. However, mechanical properties of native
membranes vary depending on the zone of the placenta where the AM is obtained. For
this reason, mimicking the AM through tissue engineering is a way to obtain a
membrane with standardized properties. One technique to mimic the morphology of the
extracellular matrix of AM is electrospinning. With electrospinning, a nanometric
arranged similarly to the AM extracellular matrix made of different polymeric
blends could be obtained. In addition, the correct storage is a key point in order
to guarantee the availability of such tissue-engineered constructs for clinical
applications. Methods: The AM extract is first prepared from native material and
then freeze-dried. Afterwards, the AM-based scaffolds are obtained using blend
electrospinning of polyethylene oxide and freeze-dried AM. Structural and
compositional properties are assessed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal
Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical properties are evaluated by static mechanical
testing before and after cryopreservation. The scaffold is then seeded with
multipotent stromal cells. The biocompatibility of the tissue-engineered AM is
analyzed using cytotoxicity assay. Results: The tissue-engineered membrane presents
a nanostructured morphology similar to the extracellular matrix of AM. The
compositional results can detect the presence of collagen, fibronectin and
hyaluronic acid in the final material. Preliminary results present changes in the
mechanical properties related to the cryopreservation. The fabrication technique
for the tissue-engineered AM seemed not to alter the biocompatibility with stem
cells. Discussion: The AM is ideal for treatment of different tissues, and in
combination with polymeric materials by electrospinning, it could be a suitable
candidate for a tissue-engineered membrane with standardized properties.
Objectives: A mixed flow blood pump with an outer casing diameter of 9 mm is
proposed as part of an intracorporeal membrane oxygenator. The usage of a blood
pump deals with major challenges in the design of an intravenous device,
specifically overcoming the pressure drop and enabling a controllable blood flow.
This study presents the design, manufacturing, experimental and numerical
investigation of the pump prototype. Methods: The pump prototype was manufactured
using a Kudo3D Titan 1 (Kudo3D Inc. Dublin, USA) 3D printer, utilizing liquid photo
polymeric resin coupled with a digital light processing (DLP) curing process. A
static test loop consisting of the pump, ultrasonic flow sensor and pressure
sensors was used to obtain the pump characteristics at different rotational speeds
ranging from 23000 to 32000 rpm. A water glycerol mixture with a dynamic viscosity
of 3.4 mPa.s was selected as working fluid. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations were carried out using the open source CFD code OpenFOAM (R). Results:
Over the investigated range from 30 to 500 mmHg, stable characteristic curves at
different rotational speeds were measured. At 27700 rpm, a flow rate of 1.4 L/min
against a pressure difference of 174 mmHg was observed. CFD simulations show a good
agreement of the numerically predicted and measured pump characteristics, with an
average deviation of about 8 %. Discussion: The applied manufacturing process was
capable to produce thin structured, complex parts down to 300 mu m wall thickness,
durable enough to be used in experimental investigations up to 32000 rpm.
Experimental pump characteristics show adequate performance of the proposed mixed
flow pump for the intended purpose. CFD simulations accurately match the
experimental pressure difference. Objectives: Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a
technique to evaluate lungs before transplantation. As a tool for experimental
research, this method allows organ modification and assessment. However, the costs
are high. The aim of this study was to establish a low-cost EVLP model on the one
hand and to investigate the feasibility of surgical graft downsizing during EVLP on
the other hand. We compared a lobectomy, a stapled wedge and a sutured wedge
resection during EVLP. Methods: Pigs of 60 kg weight were used for organ
harvesting. After cardiac death lungs were retrieved, flushed with Perfadex and
perfused with autologous blood for 4 hours of EVLP. The circuit was assembled from
an ECMO system consisting of a Deltastream DP2 pump (Medos), an Affinity Fusion
oxygenator (Medtronic) and a hardshell reservoir. After 90 minutes of perfusion a
lobectomy was performed. At intervals of 30 minutes, a stapled wedge resection and
a sutured wedge resection were performed. Air leak and the loss of blood were
measured. The function of the lung was monitored including pulmonary artery
pressure and blood gas analysis. Results: 20 porcine lungs were used to establish a
stable model. Another 7 lungs underwent surgical interventions. The blood loss
after lobectomy (3,14 +/- 4,14 ml/min) and after stapled wedge resection (5,29 +/-
8,1 ml/min) was lower than after sutured wedge resection (33 +/- 17,36 ml/min).
There was no major difference in air leak after the surgical interventions
(lobectomy: 0,06 +/- 0,16 l/min vs. stapler: 0,03 +/- 0,09 l/min vs. suture: 0,04
+/- 0,1 l/min). The oxygenation performance was satisfactory. The pulmonary artery
pressure was in a physiological range. Bleeding into the parenchyma after suture
was higher compared to the other interventions. Discussion: The low-cost custom-
made EVLP model presented here is feasible and stable. Surgical interventions
during EVLP are possible. Performing a lobectomy and a wedge resection is superior
to a wedge resection with suture regarding to the blood loss. Objectives: Human
induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possess an exceptional differentiation
potential, as they are able to differentiate towards cells from all three germ
layers. Owing to this capability, they are an attractive cell source for
regenerative medicine applications and in vitro disease models. To date, coated
substrates with Matrigel (R) and Geltrex (TM) have been providing promising
platforms for hiPSC culture and differentiation. Besides many advantages, both
substrates provide some drawbacks such as batch-to-batch variation and xenogeneic
origin, which pose problems in potential clinical applications. To tackle these
issues, a matrigel-mimetic synthetic biomaterial able to maintain hiPSCs in culture
is required. Cell behavior is controlled by a complex set of biophysical (e.g.
stiffness) as well as biological (e.g. growth factors) parameters. In this study,
we want to develop a fully synthetic hiPSC-supporting hydrogel that allows
investigating the influence of biophysical and biological parameters on hiPSCs.
Methods: The substrates were prepared via crosslinking starPEG and heparin
molecules with different molar ratios. Substrates were biofunctionalized with two
methods based on NHS ester binding to amine groups of laminins in different ratios.
hiPSCs were seeded on substrates and the medium was changed every day. Cells were
stained after 72 hours for pluripotency markers (OCT4-SSEA4). Results:
Functionalized substrates with storage modulus of 4kPa maintained hiPSCs culture.
On the other hand, no adherent cells were observed on the substrates with a storage
modulus of 1kPa and 10kPa. Discussion: StarPEG-heparin hydrogels functionalized
with laminin mixtures clearly represented an appropriate matrigel-mimetic growth
substrate for the hiPSC culture and maintenance of their pluripotency. 3D cultures
have already been shown to be superior to 2D and it is an outlook of this work.
Objectives: Radiological procedures utilizing intravascular iodinated contrast
media are being widely applied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and
represent one of the main causes of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).In this
hospital-based study we tried to assess predictors for the development of CIN in
patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Methods: A total of 5604 patients
undergoing coronary angiogram/PCI from 2007-2017 were enrolled in the study.
Multivariate predictors of CIN were identified by logistic regression using
stepwise selection with entry and exit criteria of p < 0.1. A two-sided 95%
confidence interval (CI) was constructed around the point estimate of the odds
(OR). A
p value Results: CIN occurred in 6 (1 parts per thousand) patients. The mean age
of patients suffering from CIN was higher than in the whole population (66.5 +/-
31.15 vs. 58.66 +/- 28.57, p=0.03). Characteristics of patients who developed CIN
were: older age, diabetes, higher creatinine and lower EF. The incidence of CIN in
patients with diabetes was higher and statistically significant (84% vs. 16%,
p=0.01). Emergency cases were at higher risk of developing CIN than elective
patients (85% vs.15%, p=0.001), respectively. Diabetes, CKD and EF < 50% were
independent predictors of CIN (RR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.88 - 7.132, p=0.008; RR 3.1, 95%
CI: 2.17 - 6.682, p=0.003; RR 1.6, 95% CI: 2.88 - 7.132, p=0.01, respectively).
Discussion: The development of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients who
underwent angiography and PCI was mainly related to older age, diabetes, lower GFR
and heart failure, but not contrast material exposure. Objectives: To examine the
efficacy of the short-time total liquid ventilation (TLV) with oxygen micro/nano
bubble dispersed saline for severe and lethal respiratory failure (experiment 1 and
2, respectively) induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide
(LPS). Methods: In experiment 1, fifteen rats were divided into three groups:
LPS+TLV group (treatment group) received 5-min TLV 20 min after LPS (5 mg/kg)
administration, LPS+MGV group received 5-min mechanical gas ventilation (MGV) after
the LPS administration, and PBS+MGV group received 5-min MGV 20 min after
administration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) instead of LPS. Ventilation
weaning was performed after respiratory management for three hours. At two days
after each treatment, hemodynamics and blood gas parameters were measured and the
rats were subsequently sacrificed. The excised lungs were used for histological
analysis and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In experiment 2, ten rats were divided
into two groups: LPS+TLV group and LPS+MGV group. Ten mg/kg LPS was used for
inducing lethal acute lung injury and the survival rate was used for the primary
outcome. Results: In experiment 1, significant differences were confirmed between
LPS+TLV group and LPS+MGV group in the value of blood oxygen, weight loss ratio,
and inflammatory cytokines levels in BAL-fluid (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there
was a significant difference only in arterial oxygen pressure between LPS+TLV group
and PBS+MGV group. Severe inflammation in LPS+MGV group was also confirmed in the
histological analysis. In experiment 2, all rats in LPS+MGV group died within two
days, whereas 80% of the rats in LPS+TLV group survived for one week. Moreover, the
conditions of the survival rats showed normal in the pulmonary function and the
alveolar structure after one week. Discussion: It is indicated that 5-min TLV with
oxygen micro/nano bubble dispersed saline after LPS administration prevented severe
respiratory failure and improved the survival rate dramatically without any
disorders. Objectives: Natural biological tissues have electrical conductivities
and it is required that artificial tissues also possessed such a property. We
investigated the specific conductivity (s) of the bionanomaterial in the
composition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNT). Methods: We investigated the specific conductivity (s) of the
bionanomaterial in the composition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and single-walled
carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The aqueous dispersion contained 25 wt.% BSA, 0.45 wt.%
SWCNT. Dispersion on silicon substrates was applied by screen printing. After
drying, the formed layers had approximate sizes: area - 5'20 mm2, thickness - 5
15mm. For all samples the dependence of s on temperature t was recorded when they
were in a thermostat. The s(t) curves were taken with a numerous cycle n = 1 5 with
increasing and decreasing temperatures in the region of t 20 45 degrees C. Results:
The following data was obtained. With increasing n, the values of s and the
hysteresis on s(t) decreased: at n = 1 - s 0.11 S/m, temperature resistance
coefficient a -0.004 K-1, hysteresis on s(t), i.e. R/R0 0.90, where R0 is the
initial resistance, R is the final resistance; at n = 5 - s 36 S/m, a -0.002 K-1,
R/R0 0.95. Spectral studies in the optical range did not reveal any changes in the
sample before and after a cyclic thermal action, which underlines the stability of
BSA. Thus, in the layers of the BSA/SWCNT the s increases and the hysteresis on
s(t) decreases with n = 1 5. Apparently, this behavior is associated with an
increase in the number of contacts between nanotubes in the albumin matrix.
Discussion: The studied layers of the composite bionanomaterial (BSA/SWCNT) has an
acceptable value of specific conductivity (1,10 S/m) and mechanical properties
(hardness 300 MPa) and is promising for biomedical applications. Objectives:
Determine the outcomes and survival of patients who receive a temporary total
artificial heart (TAH) as bridge to transplant or as bridge to decision by
evaluating data from the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory
Support (INTERMACS) database in the U.S. Methods: Review of the INTERMACS database
between 2006 and April 2017 revealed a total of 450 patients had been implanted.
The data was reviewed to determine survival rates, adverse events, and competing
outcomes. Risk factors for mortality were determined using hazard function
analysis. Results: Data from 450 patients (87% men; mean age, 50 years) were
available in the INTERMACS database. The 2 most common diagnoses were dilated
cardiomyopathy (50%) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (20%). Risk factors for right
heart failure were present in 82% of patients. Most patients were INTERMACS Profile
1 (43%) or 2 (37%) at implantation. There were 266 patients who eventually
underwent transplantation, and 162 died. Overall 3-, 6-, and 12-month actuarial
survival rates were 73%, 62%, and 53%, respectively. Risk factors for death
included older age (p = 0.001), need for pre-implantation dialysis (p = 0.006),
higher creatinine (p = 0.008) and lower albumin (p < 0.001) levels, and
implantation at a low-volume center (<= 10 TAHs; p < 0.001). Competing-outcomes
analysis showed 71% of patients in high-volume centers were alive on the device or
had undergone transplantation at 12 months after TAH implantation vs 57% in low-
volume centers (p = 0.003). Discussion: Patients receiving TAHs have rapidly
declining cardiac function and require prompt intervention. Experienced centers
have better outcomes, likely related to patient selection, timing of implantation,
patient care, and device management. Organized transfer of knowledge to low-volume
centers could improve outcomes Objectives: To analyze the hemodynamic effect of
ventricular assist devices using a multi-scale mathematical model of the human
extracellular fluid system. Methods: A Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) model has
been incorporated into the Digital Avatar, a multi-scale, closed-loop mathematical
model of the human fluid system is composed of a network of major arteries, major
veins, and lumped parameter models for the heart, pulmonary circulation,
arterioles, capillaries, venules, cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid.
The mathematical model relies on one-dimensional PDEs for blood vessels and on ODEs
for lumped parameter models. Results: Based on the model, we have quantified the
hemodynamics of the systemic circulation with and without the medical device in
healthy and unhealthy scenarios. Results will be shown at the conference.
Discussion: Traditionally, bench testing, animal studies and clinical trials are
used as the main source of evidence for getting medical devices on the market in
the US. The associated costs and time are enormous and represent a burden for
MedTech companies. In addition, the FDA wants to minimize animal and human study
testing. In recent years, Computational Modelling and Simulation (CM&S) has made
huge steps forward. CM&S are a valuable regulatory tool for its significant cost-
savings in evaluating medical devices, simulating performance under scenarios that
may not be possible with human use and quantifying the safety and efficacy of
medical devices. However, the existing CM&S tools are highly specialized for each
field and do not provide a platform that integrates all human body mechanisms.
Computational Life's vision is to replicate all body mechanisms into a single,
integrated software called Digital Avatar platform. The Digital Avatar platform
will enable MedTech companies to perform feasibility testing and quantify the
safety and the efficacy of (ideally) any type of medical device. Here we will show
an application with the VAD system. Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro
cultivation systems have gained increased attention, since using these systems
allows the precise study of mammalian cell physiology, intercellular interaction,
as well as cell-matrix interactions. Another important cell culture parameter,
often neglected in traditional cultivation, is the concentration of dissolved
oxygen. Generally, cell culture is performed under ambient oxygen saturation (21%),
while the oxygen amount available in vivo in human tissue is much lower (1% to
15%). The stiffness of in vivo tissues and in vitro constructs also plays a crucial
role in cell fate and physiology. Methods: Semi-synthetic hydrogels with tunable
properties allow creating a wide range of in vitro material stiffness. The
development of hydrogel-based 3D cell culture gradient systems enables to obtain
complex, but precisely defined in vitro microenvironments, which in turn allow a
systematic investigation of the influence of microenvironmental conditions. Oxygen
gradients in 3D and 2D cell culture can be created with the help of incubation
chambers. Results: Encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells
containing fluorescent hypoxia sensors reveals specific conditions where the
hypoxic response is activated and determines the influence of hydrogel stiffness on
the hypoxic response. In the presented study, exact correlations between in situ O2
concentrations in 3D cell cultures (hydrogels and microtissues) and hypoxia
inducible factor (HIF) activation are disclosed for the first time. Discussion:
Creating stable in vitro oxygen gradients in 3D hydrogel-based cultures with
stiffness variety helps to better understand and predict cell behavior (survival,
cytokine expression, spontaneous differentiation of stem cells or migration
capacity) in physiological and pathological in vivo conditions, as well as to find
optimal conditions to simulate the in vivo cell niche. Objectives: Most breast and
prostate cancers metastasize to the bone. To establish macrometastases, the
disseminated tumor cells (DTC) need to have stem cell-like properties such as self-
renewal and differentiation into other tumor cells. They compete with hematopoietic
stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) for their
specific microenvironment or 'niches'. Apart from biochemical factors in niches,
biophysical cues also influence such interactions. The aim of this project is to
investigate the intercellular crosstalk that occurs among these cells and the
signalling pathways in a 3D porous hydrogel that was previously established in our
group. Methods: The hydrogel mimics in structure the trabecular region of the bone
marrow. Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions will be investigated using
fluorescence imaging techniques. The pathways will be analyzed with the help of
Western blots and specific inhibitors. Cytokine array and ELISA will be used for
assessing auto- and paracrine communication via soluble factors. The biophysical
parameters such as the 3D architecture and mechanical properties will also be tuned
and their effect studied. Results: The coculture of the breast cancer cell line
MDA-MB-231 with bone marrow-derived MSCs and the leukemic cell line KG-1a reveal
formation of spheroid-like structures in the gels. Experiments are being performed
to study the cell-cell interactions within these structures. Parallel experiments
are being carried out regarding the effect of the 3D architecture, which will be
introduced by varying the porosity of the gel. Discussion: The results of these
studies will help us to develop in vitro models of different tumor cell niches that
will allow us in gaining a fundamental insight into the early events of bone
metastasis. Tuning these parameters in the 3D bone marrow analog, we can have an
understanding about how the biophysical cues affect the cellular activities.
Objectives: Bioartificial liver devices aim to replace the detoxification and
metabolic functions of the liver in people with liver failure. Shear stress and
local velocities created by flow inside porous scaffolds need to be optimised to
improve cell viability and avoid inflammation, however there are no relevant
studies on the topic to date. Here, fluid dynamics inside porous cryogels were
characterised using a purpose-built micro-PIV system. The aims were to develop a
micro-PIV setup to record the flow inside cryogel structure and to characterise the
nature of flow inside the cryogel channels by video post-processing in order to
determine inlet design. Methods: HEMA- based cryogels were synthesised by
cryogelation technique and the microstructure was analysed by SEM, confocal
microscope and mu CT. Open porosity, overall porosity and permeability were
extrapolated from mu CT. A mu PIV set up was developed to visualise flow inside
cryogels which was composed of a digital camera with a long-distance microscope
objective, a pulsating LED light source, a pump and an optical chamber to host the
cryogel. Glass beads of 10 mu m size were used as tracers to mimic red blood cells.
Videos were analysed with PIVlab in Matlab which allowed the interpolation of local
velocities. Results: Cryogels possessed an open porosity, with pore size up to 100
mu m, as well as an interconnected network of pores, making it suitable for a
perfused system. Fluid dynamics were optimized using a mu PIV setup which allows
for the visualisation of flow inside the cryogel channels. Discussion: Videos
showed that internal flow did not reorganize itself through the channels and was
found to be laminar with Re < 1 with low vorticity. This suggests that molecules
and toxins of the blood in the centre of a channel would not interact with
hepatocytes seeded on the cryogel pore walls. Hence, flow reorganization could be
promoted through a layered bioreactor. A layered cryogel structure was introduced
to improve flow characteristics and improve toxin/hepatocyte interaction.
Objectives: Generation of a large-scale stem cell derived bioartificial cardiac
tissue (BCT) as a potential therapeutic option to replace damaged myocardium after
myocardial infarction. Methods: Large-scale BCT was generated from cardiomyocytes
(CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) mixed with human
fibroblasts and a hydrogel solution in a newly designed tissue chamber with a
diameter of 43 mm. The BCT development was microscopically recorded and evaluated.
Maturation of CMs within the tissue was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining
for cardiac markers (alpha-SA, cTnT) as well as cell junction proteins (Con. 43, N-
Cad). The integration of the tissue chamber in the novel custom-made bioreactor
allowed investigating the initial parameters for electromechanical stimulation
(such as pressure, stress amplitude, frequency) necessary for proper tissue
maturation in a more physiological manner. To investigate the calcium handling
through the tissue a new transgenic hiPSC line containing a genetically encoded
calcium indicator (GCaMP6f) has been developed. Results: Microscopically evaluation
at different time points reveals a progressive reduction of nearly 27% of the
initial volume after 15 days, ccorresponding with an increased intercellular
connectivity. After 48h, the tissue exhibited spontaneous contractions and
coordinated and rhythmic contraction within the whole tissue after 6 days. As
preliminary analysis, the beating of the tissue was video-optically recorded
showing an estimated beating rate of 102 beats per minute. Immunofluorescence
staining performed at day 15 showed highly organised cross-striations of sarcomere
proteins. Initial integration of the tissue chamber in the bioreactor and
implementation of the new GCaMP6f reporter cell line is still on-going. Discussion:
The initial results confirmed that is possible to generate a large-scale BCT.
However, the properties of the tissue have to be further investigated. Objectives:
The Fontan procedure is performed for univentricular correction of the heart in
pediatric patients with tricuspid atresia. In the Fontan circulation, the veins
connect directly to the pulmonary artery. However, as a result of the procedure the
load on the single functional ventricle of the heart and veins increases.
Eventually, patients need a heart transplantation. A possible solution to the
circulation deficiencies of the Fontan patients could be the ventricular assist
device (VAD). The VAD is implanted between veins and the pulmonary artery. The aim
of this study is to develop a model of the Fontan circulation with VAD support.
Methods: We use mathematical models to reduce the time and resources spent on in
vivo research. Nonlinear mathematical models represent sections of the
cardiovascular system (CVS) in the form of blocks. Pressure variations in the CVS
sections are described by a system of differential equations. Results: Appling VAD
to the Fontan patients exhibits the potential to increase the venous return of
blood. According to the Frank-Starling law, the stroke volume increases with
increasing venous return. VAD creates a necessary pressure differential between the
venous and pulmonary sections of CVS. Discussion: The interaction model of the
Fontan circulation with VAD support demonstrates the normalization of the pressure
and volume distribution in the CVS. This indicates that the method studied in this
work may be a way to optimize the health condition of patients after Fontan
procedure. Objectives: Autologous pericardium is one of the most ideal materials
for cardiovascular reconstruction including pulmonary arteries and valvular cusps
especially in pediatric patients. To improve the surgical handling, chemical
pretreatments such as dehydration by ethanol (ET) or crosslinking by glutaraldehyde
(GA) have been commonly attempted. In this study, we compared the effects of such
chemical treatments with short period (10 min) on the mechanical properties of the
porcine pericardium. Methods: Porcine pericardium (n=3) was separated into 3
groups, raw group with no treatments (RAW), that under dehydration with 70% ET
for10 min (ET) and crosslinking with 0.6% GA for 10 min (GA). We measured 5
parameters of mechanical properties: the burst pressure, suture retention strength,
ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ultimate strain (%) and stimulus modulus. Results:
Minimal burst pressure of RAW group, ET group and GA group were 12160 mmHg, 10640
mmHg, and 8360 mmHg, respectively, all of which were high enough for cardiovascular
substitutes. There were no significant differences in suture retention strength
(RAW: 3.242 +/- 0.261 N, ET: 3.298 +/- 0.214 N, GA: 2.985 +/- 0.165 N, p=0.529),
UTS (RAW: 18.238 +/- 1.987 MPa, ET: 19.104 +/- 2.234 MPa, GA: 16.059 +/- 1.233 MPa,
p=0.486) or Young's modulus (RAW: 4.964 +/- 0.551 MPa, ET: 4.544 +/- 0.719 MPa, GA:
3.921 +/- 0.288 MPa, p=0.408). Only the ultimate strain of GA group was
significantly higher between the 3 groups (RAW: 35.64 +/- 2.82 %, ET: 37.99 +/-
2.38 %, GA: 46.39 +/- 3.96 %, p=0.046).
Discussion: Short period of chemical treatment using ET and GA might make it
possible to improve the surgical handling without deteriorating the mechanical
properties of pericardium. Engineering modelling and simulation have been being
used in different industries for better product and process development for already
many decades. Together with the developments in medical imaging, this engineering
approach can now be applied to understand how different human organs function and
eventually develop devices to replace them or support their correct functioning. A
digital environment for development of artificial organs and medical devices is
possible with correct application of engineering modelling and simulation. These
concepts enable researchers and engineers to perform design iterations rapidly and
with ease. This is why the application of engineering modelling and simulation is
considered as one of the very important bio-technological advancements in the
recent years and is projected to be so in the close future. In this respect;
cardiology is one of the areas where this potential is being converted to valuable
outputs. Virtual modelling and analysis of a representative beating human heart,
patient specific heart modelling or digital prototypes of heart devices are main
research interests of an interdisciplinary community of cardiologists, surgeons,
engineers, and physicians. In the scope of cardiovascular simulations; patient
specific (or normalized among a group of patients) medical imaging based CFD
simulations and coupled multiphysics FSI simulations are the main approaches for
generating the simulation frameworks moving forward in the road to ultimate digital
twins of the human heart. This presentation is intended to give insights about
various processes that lead to higher fidelity digital representations in the scope
of cardiovascular simulations, including below: - CFD model generation based on CT
scans - Non-invasive digital angiography & FFR CT (Fractional Flow Reserve) - Post-
TAVI coronary flow - Blood flow in SIMULIA LHHM (Living Heart Human Model) with
mechanical valves - Transcatheter tissue engineered aortic valve FSI simulation -
Evolut R stent deployment in LHHM - Mitral Valve and Mitral Clip FSI simulation The
presentation intends to give a brief introduction on the simulation
concepts/approaches which can be applied to cardiovascular problems. While it
intends to encourage the community to take the advantage of these concepts in
cardiovascular research, it highlights the importance of correct modelling and
accurate numerical simulations. Objectives: The Berlin Heart EXCOR is the most
commonly used ventricular assist device in children. Pump thrombosis is a major
complication of the system and is most likely to occur in smaller pumps used for
children under the age of 2. Pump exchange is seen as the therapeutic gold
standard, but is associated with high mortality if in- or outflow cannulas are
affected and therefor have to be changed surgically. Methods: Herein we report our
experience in the use of tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase, Actilyse
(R)) for the therapy of an acute pump thrombosis subtotally occluding the inflow
cannula of a 7 month old girl supported by a Berlin Heart EXCOR LVAD. The infant
was supported by LVAD therapy used for acute left ventricular failure due to
fulminant myocarditis, and the system was implanted 20 days prior to when the
thrombotic event was reported. A treatment protocol of 1.2mg/kg - initial bolus
application of 0.12mg/kg/2mins - of Alteplase infusion given continuously for
120mins was used, and the assist device was connected to a Maquet Quadrox-I
neonatal and pediatric oxygenator to obviate thrombembolic complications. Results:
The infant supported by Berlin Heart EXCOR LVAD was haemodynamically stable prior
to the thrombotic event, and anticoagulation was performed with a continuous
heparin infusion. Within a couple of hours, she became tachycardic and developed
signs of low cardiac output, and a subtotal occlusion of the inflow cannula of the
Berlin Heart System was diagnosed. As surgery was felt to be highly problematic, we
decided to infuse Alteplase and achieved short-term success with resolution of the
pump thrombosis within 2 hours. There was no adverse event. Discussion: Tissue-type
plasminogen activator thrombolysis might be an effective treatment for Berlin Heart
EXCOR thrombosis in haemodynamically compromised children. Additionally, the use of
a Maquet Quadrox-I oxygenator might minimize the risk of major complications (i.e.
thromboembolism) that have been reported in the literature. Drug discovery and
development to date has relied on animal models, which are useful, but fail to
resemble human physiology. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells
(hiPSC) has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of drug screening using human
patient- and disease-specific organ/tissue-models. One promising approach to
generate these models is by combining the hiPSC technology with microfluidic
devices tailored to create microphysiological environments. Such organ-on-a-chip
platforms (OoCs) or microphysiological systems combine human genetic background, in
vivo-like tissue structure, physiological functionality, and "vasculature-like"
perfusion. Using microfabrication techniques, we have developed a variety of OoCs
that incorporate complex human 3D tissues, such as retinal, choroidal, cardiac,
pancreatic, and adipose tissue. By generating microphysiological environments the
platform is capable of keeping the tissues viable and functional over multiple
weeks. The OoCs generally consist of three functional components: organ-specific
tissue chambers mimicking in vivo structure and microenvironment of the respective
tissues; "vasculature-like" media channels enabling a precise and computationally
predictable delivery of soluble compounds (nutrients, drugs, hormones);
"endothelial-like" barriers protecting the tissues from shear forces while allowing
diffusive transport. The small scale and accessibility for in situ analysis makes
our OoCs amenable for both massive parallelization and integration into a high-
content-screening approach. To facilitate and enable the adoption of OoCs in
industrial and non-specialized laboratories, we have developed technologies for
automated 3D tissue generation and for the flexible plug&play connection of
individual modules to multi-organ-chips. These technologies paired with the
versatility of our OoCs pave the way for applications in drug development,
personalized medicine, toxicity screening, and mechanistic research. Objectives:
The HeartMate 3 (HM3; Abbott, USA) is a new compact LVAD which is associated with
several new technical features (e.g. fully magnetically levitated pump, artificial
pulse, large pump gaps, modular driveline, etc.). These benefits are supposed to
lead to superior outcomes and reduced adverse events as compared to its predecessor
HeartMate II (HMII; Abbott, USA) and other comparable assist devices. With this
study, we investigated the effect of HM3 implantation on the occurrence of
gastrointestinal (GI) bleedings compared to other LVADs. Methods: We
retrospectively studied a patient cohort of 595 patients who were supported with
left ventricular assist devices. 170 Patients were supported by HMII, 81 Patients
were supported by HM3 and 344 Patients were supported by HVAD (HeartWare,
Medtronic, USA). Data was determined through retrospective examination of medical
records. Exclusion criteria were biventricular assist devices and other types of
assist devices as well as LVAD exchange and re-operative procedures. Results: Out
of 595 patients 146 patients (24.4%) presented with gastrointestinal bleeding after
LVAD implantation. In the multivariate analysis GI bleeding was significantly
dependent on age but not on the BMI or gender of the patient. Statistically we were
able to show that the occurrence of GI bleedings is significantly connected to
general bleedings but not to cerebral hemorrhages. The subgroup analysis revealed
that the occurrence of GI bleedings was higher in the HVAD (26%) and HMII (26%)
groups compared to the HM3 patients (14%). However, statistical significance could
not be achieved. Discussion: The novel HeartMate 3 shows a promising adverse event
profile with a reduced rate of gastrointestinal bleedings compared to its
competitors. However statistical significance could not be achieved in this study.
Thus, larger multi-center cohort analyses are needed. Objectives: In medical
practice, it is necessary to control the movements of various parts of the body:
limbs, joints, chest, tumors, etc. For such purposes, the most suitable are the
composite bionanomaterials in the composition of carbon nanotubes. We investigated
the strain sensor (tensoresistor) based on the layers of the bionanomaterial
contained biological material (bovine serum albumin, BSA - matrix) and multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNT - filler). Methods: The aqueous dispersion of 25 wt.%
BSA/0.3 wt.% MWCNT was applied by screen printing on flexible polyethylene
terephthalate substrates. After drying layers by laser irradiation ( 970 nm)
various parameters of layers were controlled, i.e. resistance R, bending angle q,
number of cycles n, measurement time, etc. One measurement cycle corresponded to a
change within the range q >>+/- 150 degrees. Results: The slopes of Sq =
(1/R0)dR/dq of the R(q) curves were considered to be strain-sensitivities, where R0
is the resistance of the sensor with q=0. It was found that with increasing the
number n, R and Sq increase and the hysteresis on R(q) decreases. For the
tensoresistor obtained: specific resistances 0.1 divided by 1 Wxm, Sq1.0 divided by
1.5%/grad. These results are high. Discussion: The physical picture of the change
in the R(q) is as follows. When q>0, compression
occurs, the amount of contacts between the nanotubes increases and the resistance
drops relative to the state q=0. When q<0, the nanotubes move away from each other,
the amount of contacts between the nanotubes decreases and the resistance increases
relative to the state q=0. The examined layers of the bionanomaterial BSA/MWCNT as
a strain sensor is of a particular interest for medical practice. In particular,
for monitoring: movements (arms, blinking) and detection of signs of pathology
(respiratory diseases, angina, et. al.). The new European Medical Device Regulation
(MDR) is applicable on 26th May 2020. Then the current Medical Device
Directive(MDD) and its national transpositions like the current German Medical
Device Act (Medizinproduktegesetz) will be replaced by the new rules. Further
transitions periods for existing certificates will not help for devices of the
lowest risk class and will not free parties from taking into consideration the new
rules for handling of device problems or registration. The new certification of
existing devices in time will be challenging, because the accreditation and
notification of notified bodies in accordance with the new requirements, which are
needed for certification of higher risk class medical devices, is ongoing very
slowly. The new European database is still not gone live, but the device and
economic operator registration is dependent on the functioning of that database. A
strong focus of the new regulation is on clinical evaluation of medical devices,
which will leave manufacturers and developers probably with open questions. For
example, what extend of clinical data is sufficient for keeping an existing device
on the market? The presentation will highlight several obvious or less obvious
changes due to the new regulation. It will provide guidance where to find
additional answers for specific questions. And it will give an outlook on upcoming
additional legislation and guidance. Objectives: Exercise capacity in patients with
a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is 50% compared to healthy
subjects. Some patients show a better performance than others. Aim of this work is
to investigate the factors responsible of this inter-subject variability. Methods:
A cardiorespiratory simulator (CRS) was developed and combined with a model of the
HVAD running at 2700 rpm to reproduce an "average" LVAD patients hemodynamic at
rest and at exercise. The CRS was validated using the average hemodynamic data of
>200 LVAD patients from the literature. Starting from this "average" LVAD profile,
a sensitivity analysis was conducted by simulating a left/right ventricular
contractility (Elmax/Ermax) and heat rate (HR) 20% higher than value usually
observed at exercise. Results: The simulated "average" LVAD profile at rest is in
full support with a total cardiac output (CO) of 4.8 l/min and a wedge pressure
(Pw) of 13 mmHg. At exercise Pw increases to 26 mmHg and CO increases to 6.8 l/min,
of which 5.3 l/min pumped by the LVAD (QLVAD) and 1.5 l/min by the ventricle (QLV).
An increased Elmax at exercise assures lower Pw (22 mmHg) and higher CO (7.4 l/min)
due to a better contribution of the ventricle (QVAD=4.7 l/min, QLV=2.7 l/min). An
improved HR also helps to sustain a better CO (7.1 l/min) as a combined effect of
both pumps (QVAD= 5.4 l/min, QLV=1.7 l/min). A better Emaxr induces a smaller
improvement in CO (7.0 l/min) due to the increased LVAD support (QVAD=5.5 l/min,
QLV=1.5 l/min), however Pw reaches 31 mmHg. Discussion: A better left ventricular
inotropic response is mostly effective in accommodating a higher CO at exercise. A
better right ventricular function has mild effects on CO and can increase Pw if not
sustained by a good ejection on the left side. These results should be taken into
account for the design of a physiological LVAD speed controller, tailored on
specific patient's needs. The electro-hydraulically actuated Carmat total
artificial heart (C-TAH) is designed for biventricular replacement in patients
suffering from end-stage heart failure, either as bridge to transplant or
destination therapy. It generates pulsatile flow which is automatically adapted to
the patient's physiological needs. The device contains bio-prosthetic blood
contacting materials, allowing for low dose anti-coagulation. A multi-centre
European study is currently underway to assess the safety and performance of the C-
TAH, with 6-months survival as primary objective. Preliminary results will be
presented from a cohort of 10 patients included in the study. Objectives: The
mechano-biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 2D and 3D cultures
is determined by formation of actin filaments which occur as branched stress
fibers. For clinical-scale expansion of functional MSCs, the use of xeno-based
serum products is prohibited, but human platelet lysate (HPL) can potentially
replace fetal bovine serum. Here we investigate actin filament formation and
mitochondrial morphology in the 2D and 3D MSC culture supplemented with HPL and
analyzed immunomodulatory molecules GARP, Foxp3 and IDO following pro-inflammatory
stimulation. Methods: Human platelet lysate composition was determined with a
proteome profiler assay. Amnion derived MSCs were cultured in HPL supplemented
media and MSC morphology was analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and
scanning electron microscopy. Mechano-biological properties of cultured MSCs were
performed by atomic force microscopy. Results: The occurrence of actin filaments in
2D MSCs cultivated in HPL supplemented media was decreased as compared to
conventional growth media, where the number of ventral stress fibers, anchored at
each end by focal adhesions, was affected and influenced membrane elasticity.
Dorsal stress fibers or transverse arcs were not affected. Mitochondrial network
dynamics in HPL cultivated MSCs showed a perinuclear accumulation. 3D cultivation
of MSCs was less sensitive to media supplementation. Functional activity of GARP
was found non-stimulated MSCs while expression of Foxp3 and IDO relied on pro-
inflammatory stimuli. Discussion: In conclusion we can say that mechano-biological
capabilities of MSCs cultivated in 2D and 3D rely on stress fibers, mitochondrial
distribution and certain bioactive molecules such as GARP, Foxp3 and IDO. HPL
supplementation leads to downregulation of f-actin filament formation as well as
conserved membrane elasticity. Objectives: Modern research in cryobiology requires
a deeper understanding of the influence of different factors on the
cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs. One of these factors is ice
crystallization which has a tremendous impact on the surveillance and quality of
live objects during freezing, long term storage, and thawing. Analysis of this
process requires software which should be able to obtain quantitative parameters of
crystals in a human-like manner with acceptable processing speed. The purpose of
this work is to consider the possibility of using the multiscale image
representation for the quantitative analysis of ice crystals. Methods: In our
research, we used microscopic images of ice crystals during crystals formation and
thawing. In previous studies for the segmentation of ice crystals on the image, we
used different approaches such as active contour. At the same time, it should be
noticed that the speed of active contour expansion is low and thus time-consuming
to process large time sequence. Thus, we suggest the application of a Gaussian
Pyramid. This multiscale representation allows analysis at a low scale and improves
at a high scale. Results: We have analyzed multiple images using the proposed
approach. The results in the first approximation show a 2-fold increase in speed
when using our implementation of active contours. At the same time, the segmented
areas of crystals correspond to the approach without the use of multi-scale image
representation. Discussion: The results of this work show that multiscale image
representation can be applied to improve the speed and applicability of modern
software for automated image analysis. The next steps will include applicability
evaluation of multiscale representation for different cases as well as the
development of software realizing vector processor architecture. Objectives: One of
the objectives of hemodialysis (HD) is preserving optimal acid-base homeostasis.
Bicarbonate is an obligatory component of dialysis fluids in order to titrate the
acidic products of protein metabolism that accumulate between treatments. Even
though bicarbonate can easily transfer across HD membranes, its plasma
concentration does not equilibrate with that in dialysis fluid by the end of the
treatment, for reasons unclear. We used a mathematical model to test whether an
intradialytic increase in total non-bicarbonate buffer concentration in plasma
(tNBBp) could explain this lack of equilibrium. Methods: We modified the model of
CO2 and bicarbonate whole body transport proposed in 1995 by Rees and Andreassen,
adding bicarbonate transfer from dialysis fluid to plasma via a dialyzer connected
to an arteriovenous fistula. The model described the transport of O2, CO2, and base
excess between different compartments: arterial and venous circulations,
interstitial fluid and lung capillaries. In each compartment, equations describing
the biochemistry of blood were solved to estimate the components of bicarbonate and
non-bicarbonate buffer systems. Results: The model qualitatively described the
typical intradialytic pattern of bicarbonate concentration, pH, base excess, CO2
and O2 partial pressures observed in patients under routine thrice weekly HD. Model
predictions were compared assuming a constant or increasing tNBBp during HD. When
tNBBp was allowed to increase, the intradialytic increase in plasma bicarbonate
concentration was blunted and
the model predictions better fit published time-dependent intradialytic plasma
bicarbonate concentrations. Discussion: It was suggested in literature that HD
treatment may stimulate an increased concentration of non-bicarbonate buffers and
release of hydrogen ions from these organic acids. Our preliminary modeling results
are consistent with this hypothesis and show that the model is capable of
predicting the effect of the HD treatment on the buffer systems of the body.
Objectives: To develop an implant for the bone-tendon transition, it is our
approach to optimize polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by coating for a
functionalization with drug release systems. The procedure during the
functionalization should enable a release of growth factors in a spatially and
temporally graded way. Methods: The PCL fiber mats were prepared by
electrospinning. Polydopamine (pDA)-based coatings were used to modify the surface
of the fibers. To get thin polymeric, hydrophilic and biocompatible coatings we
applied the pure pDA system and a co-deposition with amines (ethylenediamine (ED),
hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and polyethyleneimine (PEI)). To functionalize our
system with growth factors we used chitosan-based nanoparticles which can be loaded
with the therapeutic proteins BMP-2 and TGF-beta. By a defined dipping procedure we
generate fiber mats with a graded functionalization. Results: The measurement of
the contact angle and the surface zeta potential showed a change from a hydrophobic
PCL surface to a highly hydrophilic and amphoteric character for the coated
systems. The charged surface enables the further functionalization with loaded
nanoparticles. The release of BMP2 and TGF-beta from the functionalized scaffolds
was established. With a dipping procedure we are able to functionalize our
scaffolds in a graded way. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with fluorescence-
labeled NP showed that we could generate up to three differently functionalized
regions. Discussion: The results show the methodology is suited to prepare
implants, which can release growth factors in a spatially and temporally controlled
way. These graded implants can be used for in-situ tissue engineering. Objectives:
Solute movement from blood to dialysis solution is largely determined by
transmembrane pressure (TMP). Accordingly, it was imperative to develop a TMP
control system that allows for the maintanence of constant pressure. TMP in
dialyzer is one of the tasks in wearable artificial kidney development. In most of
the known devices, transmembrane pressure is regulated only by adjusting the flow-
pressure characteristics of the pump or mechanical uncontrolled clamping line.
Methods: A system was proposed which consists of a pinch valve, a DC motor and a
control circuit. This device allows you to automatically adjust the pressure. At
first, the device reads data from the differential sensor, which measures the TMP.
After that, the position of the moving part of the pinch valve changes and the
degree of clamping of the line changes, which in turn affects the value of TMP. The
case of the device was made using a 3D printer. A test bench was created in order
to determine the effectiveness of maintaining a constant TMP. It consists of five
parts: two circuits with two peristaltic pumps, a dialyzer, a differential pressure
sensor and a power source. The pressure from the primary circuit was varied by
manually clamping the line and the degree of pressure differential compensation by
the pinch valve was determined. Results: The experiment showed that the TMP changes
are fully compensated by the pinch valve. Accuracy of the developed device depends
largely on accuracy of pressure measurement sensor. There was no change in the flow
rate of the fluid, and this is important, because the rate of dialysate
regeneration depends on the flow rate of the fluid. Discussion: The experiment
showed that this device can be used to control TMP. Accuracy of the system allows
you to use it in the wearable artificial kidney. Objectives: This paper describes
the testing methods used in the development of software for an implantable heart
monitor. It is a complex medical system. To identify errors made while writing
software, as well as to detect deviations in the operation of the device in a
timely manner, it is necessary to constantly carry out testing of all elements of
the system. Methods: Testing methods used in the development of an implantable
heart monitor: - debugging using JTAG, - self-test system, - testing via COM port,
- recording test information in the device's internal memory (data logging), -
interprocessor testing. Consider some of them in more detail. Debugging and testing
using JTAG: Due to the fact that the development was carried out in Code Composer
environment, this allowed the use of a special script language GEL (General
Extension Language). This is an expression language used by the CCS debugger.
Launch GEL files are used to automate software development. GEL is an interpreted
language, and its syntax is the same as C. Thereby it is possible to carry out
tests, and change them, or add new ones in the process of the main software.
Logging: One of the testing methods is to track changes in the state of the system
over time. One way is to write data to the device's internal memory. But in such a
way that you can track at what point in time the change occurred. For this you can
use time stamps. If the data is recorded strictly with a certain frequency, you can
do without time stamps. Results: The presented test methods differ in that some of
them can be used only in the early stages of development and some even when the
device is at the end user. Discussion: Cardiovascular diseases are very dangerous
and difficult to diagnose. Early diagnosis and prediction of these diseases can
lead to an improvement in the quality of life of patients. Objectives: To clarify
the reasons, beneficial effects and duration of AVF patency after radiological
interventions in AVF stenosis. Methods: In 174 patients, 522 radiological
investigations and endovascular treatments such as percutaneous trans luminal
angioplasty (PTA) were analyzed, retrospectively. All investigations were performed
due to clinical suspicion of impaired AVF function. Results: Arterial stenosis was
significantly more frequent among patients with diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001) and
interstitial nephritis (p < 0.001). According to the venous stenosis, the diagnosis
did not affect the frequency (p=0.22), neither the degree of the stenosis (p=0.39).
The degree of stenosis prior to PTA correlated significantly with the degree of
remaining stenosis after intervention (p<0.001). Of the 174 patients, 123 (71%)
performed a total of 318 PTA investigations. Repeated PTA was performed
significantly more often in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The median times to
first PTA and to the subsequent PTAs were 9.5 months and 5 months, respectively.
Discussion: Patients with diabetic nephropathy are at a greater risk of getting
recurrent stenosis; this motivates a closer follow up for these patients.
Clinically significant stenosis should be dilated as meticulously and as soon as
possible. Occlusions of the AVF in most instances can be successfully thrombolyzed
or dilated upon early diagnosis. Objectives: Designing new ventricular assist
devices to coupe two major challenges in the field: less invasive intervention and
reducing side effects was our objective. Methods: Computer-aided design and
computational fluid dynamics were performed with Solidworks 2017 to design and test
several new bearingless centrifugal ventricular assist devices. Fused deposition
modeling was used to build the models and subcutaneous implantation was simulated
and transcutaneous power transfer was tested. Results: Two bearingless, fully
implantable ventricular assisted devices were developed. The first is a radial flux
motor fully magnetically levitated ventricular assist device. The second is an
axial flux hydro-magnetically suspended rotor ventricular assist device. Both
devices contain an internal rechargeable battery, power transfer coil, electronic
circuit and have a cylindrical shape with 15-20 mm height and 100 mm diameter. The
flow is 3 l/min at 135 mmHg is achieved and efficiency of power transfer of 80%
with a 5 mm gap. The devices are implantable in a pectoral subcutaneous pocket with
the inflow connected to left atrium and the outflow to subclavian artery in a
fashion pioneered in this field by CircuLite Synergy. Discussion: Both devices came
with innovations in motor and pump design that set the foundation to build the
entire system in a single body low height cylindrical shape, optimal for
subcutaneous implantation and by this with good transcutaneous power transfer
efficiency. Objectives: For most in vitro cultivations of mammalian cells, culture
medium is supplemented with serum, which contains important proteins and factors
for the cell growth. Previous experiments showed already a positive effect of human
platelet lysate (hPL) as a medium supplement for the two-dimensional (2D)
cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Since 3D culture systems gain big
interest for in vitro applications and regenerative medicine, the influence of hPL
on 3D cell culture models must also be investigated. Semi synthetic protein not
sign based hydrogels represent a very promising 3D cell culture platform, which is
biocompatible and biodegradable. Methods: In our work, gelatine-methacryloyl
(GelMA) hydrogels with a various degree of functionalization were dissolved in
different hPL concentrations (0 %, 2.5 %, 50 %, 100 % hPL). The Influence of hPL on
proliferation and differentiation of in GelMa encapsulated MSCs were monitored and
measured via viability assays, immunocytochemical stainings and microscopy.
Furthermore, the influence of hPL addition
on mechanical characteristics of GelMA hydrogels was examined by swelling studies
and rheometric analysis. Results: The addition of hPL to GelMA hydrogels enhances
the cell-spreading, the degree of differentiation as well as cell viability in
concentration-depended manner. Besides, the results of the rheometric tests showed
an increase of hydrogel stiffness by using higher concentrations of hPL.
Discussion: Obtained results demonstrate that supplementation of hydrogels with hPL
has a positive effect on cell growth and differentiation. Moreover, hPL can be a
promising hydrogel stiffness enhancer for application in 3D bioprinting.
Objectives: Generally, LVAD thrombosis is diagnosed only by reviewing online
logfiles that show an increase of power consumption and flow of the device. In
order to increase diagnostic power and improve treatment management, trans-thoracic
echocardiography was carried out to assess any blood flow changes. Methods: Eight
patients (M 7; F 1) experienced a total of 17 Heart Ware VAD thromboses. At
echocardiogram, a 4-chamber view was obtained and the echo probe beam was aligned
to blood flow of the inflow cannula. Continous-wave Doppler was applied for the
assessment of: 1) the increase of flow maximal velocity (Vmax) above basal ranges
over several cardiac cycles and 2) the irregular discontinous sound of the device.
Online logfiles were reviewed for abnormal increase in power consumption and flow
compared to basal data. All patients underwent thrombolysis with rTPA.
Echocardiography results before and after treatment were compared. Results:
Thrombolysis was successful in all patients; one patient died due to cerebral
haemorrhage. Echocardiograms before thrombolysis showed an increased mean Vmax of
6.4 +/- 0.5 m/sec, whereas after treatment Vmax was 360 +/- 0.2 m/sec (p < 0.001).
In all cases irregular, abnormal and discontinuous sounds were heard in thrombosed
inflow cannulae. After thrombolysis only washing jet sounds were heard. Before
thrombolysis logfiles showed a mean increase of power consumption of 5.6 +/- 0.3
watts, returning to basal values of 3.8 +/- 0.3 watts after thrombolysis (p<0.001).
Before thrombolysis logfiles showed mean flow of 6.2 +/- 0.6 L/min, after treatment
mean flow was back to normal ranges 4.2 +/- 0.5 L/sec (p<0.001). Discussion:
Transthoracic echocardiography showed a significant increase of blood flows in the
inflow cannula of thrombosed LVAD devices, confirming findings of log files review.
A combined approach by logfiles review and echocardiography is recommended in
patients with LVAD thrombosis. Objectives: Leukocyte activation is correlated to a
reduced immune response in ventricular assist device (VAD) patients. Research has
displayed leukocyte microparticle (MP; 200-1000nm diameter) increases following VAD
shear stress. However, questions still arise regarding MP role, impact and
biogenesis. MPs are plasma membrane derived, but there are smaller (50-100nm
diameter), cytoplasmic vesicles (exosomes) which are often overlooked, or mistaken
for MPs. As such, unless these vesicles are successfully separated, they should be
categorised as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are known to have roles in
cellular communications and implications in diseases, and it is desirable to assess
leukocyte sub-sets and any associated roles in VAD complications. Methods: Bovine
blood was diluted to a haematocrit of 30 +/- 2% according to ASTM standards. Blood
was pumped for 6 hours in vitro with the CentriMag (R) centrifugal pump (Thoratec
(R) Corp., USA). Flow cytometry determined a leukocyte EV population, having
eliminated cellular debris. Platelet-poor plasma was tested for vesicle size and
quantity using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and immunoblotting conducted
for exosome markers. Results: Flow cytometry data displayed an increase in
leukocyte death in the CentriMag, correlating to an increase in leukocyte derived
EV production. Further analysis determined that these vesicles were mainly monocyte
derived, suggesting a potential implication in inflammation. Preliminary NTA and
immunoblotting displayed increased EVs following shear, namely exosomes.
Discussion: The presence of exosome marker staining and NTA size analysis displays
evidence in favour of vesicle increase not being MP specific. As EVs have known
implications in inflammation, infection and disease, these results suggest that
exosomes may be associated with adverse events in clinical settings. Thus, exosomes
should be further examined to elucidate any role as biomarkers of VAD related
complications. Objectives: To investigate the influence of bone turnover markers in
end-stage renal disease patients for severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).
Methods: 221 ESRD patients with SHPT were split into two groups according to the
iPTH level: Mild SHPT group (M-group) (iPTH130 -600 pg/ml, n=86) and severe SHPT
group (S-group) (iPTH > 1500pg/ml, n=53). Serum BTM such as beta- CrossLaps (ss-
CTX) procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC) were
detected. Results: Compared to the M-group, the patients in S-group had higher
levels of the ss-CTX (5877.40 +/- 423.01 pg/ml, vs 3206.90 +/- 1438.27), P=0.000,
the P1NP (1145.50 +/- 171.36 ug /ml, vs 440.00 +/- 308.12), P=0.000, the OC (258.52
+/- 48.61 ng/ml, vs 221.74 +/- 75.99 ng/ml), P=0.000. ROC Curve analysis for the
main risk factors of the parathyroid hyperplasia were ss-CTX, P1NP, sALP, iPTH.
Discussion: Severe SHPT had higher levels of bone turnover markers, which may have
aggravated CKD-MBD. Objectives: One of the main functions of renal replacement
therapy is removal of excess products of metabolism from blood. Uremic toxins,
waste products found in the blood of patients in need of renal replacement therapy
(RRT), have very high blood concentrations and are harmful to the organism. Uremic
toxins have been found over 100 and their classification is based on their
molecular mass and linkage to proteins. EUTox, the European uremic toxin work
group, has divided uremic toxins into 3 groups: water soluble toxins with small
molecular mass (MM) < 500 Da (e.g. urea); middle size molecules, MM > 500 Da, (e.g.
beta 2-microglobulin); protein-bound uremic toxins (e.g. indoxyl sulphate and rho-
cresyl sulfate). Methods: TalTech and a spin-off company grown out of the
university, OFT, have developed a new, real-time multicomponent (MCM)-sensor to
monitor all uremic toxin groups in RRT. MCM-sensor contains miniature LED-
technology to measure UV-absorbance and fluorescence. During online measurements,
the sensor is connected to dialysis machine outlet with easy-to-handle connectors.
Results: The results from a pilot clinical study at Nephrology Department of North
Estonia Medical Centre and Nephrology Department of Linkoping University Hospital
will be presented. The outputs of the sensor are on-line concentration patterns of
small, middle and protein-bound uremic toxins in the waste dialysis and the
clinical parameters of the uremic toxin removal (removal rate, total solute
removal). A telemetry application enables to follow the dialytic removal even on
remote distances. Discussion: A concept for smart real-time monitoring of
intermittent RRT has been realized as a novel miniaturized optical sensor
performing intradialytic on-line multicomponent uremic toxins monitoring in the
spent dialysate. Objectives: Since Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) were shown to enhance
neural outgrowth towards them, an approach with a CNT-Silicone rubber compound that
immerses the CNTs and thus anchors them to the implant is investigated in an animal
model Methods: To compare the CNT-silicone rubber to state-of-the-art neuronal
implant materials, 6 variations of the same implant with varying exposed materials
were fabricated. The thin-film implants consisted of a polyimide substrate and
metal pathways encapsulated in silicone rubber. Depending on the batch, either
metal or CNT-silicone rubber were exposed. Female mice were implanted on the brain
and under the skin (flank area) for 60 or 180 days. After necropsy, the head was
fixed in 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde. After 24h, it was stored in 70% ethanol
for another 24h and then decalcified. It was then trimmed, dehydrated in ascending
alcohol series and xylene. After embedding in Technovit 8100, sections with nominal
thickness of 2 mu m were cut. The same procedure was performed on the implants and
skin from the flank, except they were embedded in paraffin and cut into 3 mu m
slices. Light microscopic examination of Hematoxylin and eosin stained slices was
performed. Results: During histopathological examination, both findings associated
with surgery and implant-related microscopic changes were observed in sections from
the head and flank. The tissue around the implant showed similar reactions in all
groups. Macrophages and inflammatory cells as well as slight fibrosis were found
around the implant in all animals Discussion: Preparation of tissue sections
including thin film implants was shown to be possible, yet the differences in
material properties led to problems during cutting. However, usage of different
embedding materials for the tissues worked. These first results suggest that the
used CNT-Silicone rubber materials could be used in short term applications.
Objectives: The properties of nanocomposite (NC) poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)
(NIPAM) hydrogels as well as 3D printing techniques for hydrogels have gained a lot
of significance in the tissue engineering community. This study aims at the
development of a stable water based ink formulation for nanocomposite hydrogels
usable by DLP/SLA 3D-printers in the range of 365 - 405 nm to use them e.g. for
investigations in water flows. Methods: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine
oxide (as photo-initiator), Laponite XLG (as nanocomposite crosslinker), sodium
dodecyl sulfate
(as surfactant) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (as crystallization inhibitor) were
dissolved in a N-butyl acetat and isopropanol solution at room temperature. This
organic phase was then mixed with bi-distilled water and stirred for 20 minutes in
a closed container to form a micro emulsion. The micro emulsion was flash freezed
in liquid nitrogen and freeze dried in a Virtis Advantage Plus freeze drying unit
for at least 24 h at -50 degrees C and 0.4 mbar. The obtained powder could be
dispersed in a NIPAM/water solution to form a stable, UV-curable ink. To show the
applicability of hydrogels for investigating flows around bodies in principle,
experiments in a water channel will be conducted. Results: The obtained ink is
suitable for the most commonly used SLA and DLP printers in the range of 365 - 405
nm. Whereas the expected curing time is much higher than the curing time of
commercially available standard polymeric printing inks due to the inhibiting
effect of the Laponite XLG. The applicability experiments are in preparation.
Discussion: NC-hydrogels obtain through this photo-polymerization method show
similar mechanical properties to the standard NC-hydrogels obtained through radical
polymerization with potassium peroxodisulfate. Objectives: Laser interference
lithography (LIL) and the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique are combined here for the
first time to design a system with variable nanotopographies and surface
viscoelasticity to regulate cell behavior. Methods: LIL is used to generate
hexagonally arranged nanostructures of gold with different periodicity. In
contrast, LBL is used to assemble a multilayer system of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and
hyaluronic acid (HA) on top of the nanostructures. Moreover, the viscoelastic
properties of that system are controlled by chemical cross-linking. Results: We
show that the topography designed with LIL is still present after multilayer
deposition and that the formation of the multilayer system renders the surfaces
hydrophilic, which is opposite to the hydrophobic nature of pristine
nanostructures. The heterogenic system is applied to study the effect on adhesion
and differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC). We show that hADSC
spreading is increasing with cross-linking degree on flat multilayers, while it is
decreasing on nanostructures modified with multilayers. In addition, early effects
on signal transduction processes are seen. Finally, hADSC differentiation into
chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages is superior to adipogenic lineages on
nanostructures modified with multilayers. Discussion: Hence, the presented system
offers great potential to guide stem cell differentiation on surfaces of implants
and tissue engineering scaffolds. Objectives: The Gibbs-Donnan theory describes the
equilibrium of ionic solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane, when only one
solution contains charged macromolecules that cannot pass the membrane. The problem
was originally formulated for simple solutions, such as dissociated NaCl, which
allowed to calculate the ratio between ions concentrations at the sides of the
membrane (Gibbs-Donnan factor). Solutions like plasma and interstitial fluid, and
dialysate, contain however ions with different valence, and proteins in each
compartment have a different concentration (and therefore charge); the classic
theory needs an extension to describe these real-world scenarios. In this study we
propose a new method to calculate Gibbs-Donnan factors for such more complex cases.
Methods: From electroneutrality considerations and the definition of Nernst
potential it is possible to derive a new expression of Gibbs-Donnan factor which
depends on the total concentrations of ions of the same valence. This allows, for
two solutions A and B, to calculate the concentration of all ions in solution B,
given: 1) macromolecule concentrations in A and B, 2) solutes concentrations in A.
The transitivity of Donnan factors was proved: for 3 solutions at equilibrium (A,
B, C) the factor of A to C is equal to the ratio of the factors from A to B and B
to C. Results: As a demonstration, the theory was applied to the calculation of the
concentrations in interstitial fluid (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO42-,
SO42-, C3H5O3-) starting from values reported in literature. The calculated
interstitial concentrations were close to the reported ones, with a global RMSE
equal to 6%. Discussion: The Donnan factors for small ions in biological fluids
have relatively small deviation from unity, but their precise value may be of
importance for ions whose concentrations are similar at both sides of the membrane,
as for example sodium and calcium transport in hemodialyzers and peritoneal
dialysis. Objectives: Biobanking of in vitro engineered tissues presents obvious
advantages associated with flexible preparation and shipping scheduling. To provide
sufficient cryoprotection, alternative research models, freezing approaches and
cryoprotective agents (CPAs) have to be established in view of complexity and
diversity of composite tissues. Here, we evaluated the effects of conventional
freezing (CF) and directional freezing (DF) for cryopreservation of cell-seeded
electrospun fiber mats. Methods: Fiber mats were produced from polycaprolactone and
polylactic acid (PCL-PLA, ratio 200:100) using electrospinning. Structure of
electrospun mats was characterized using SEM and FTIR, whereas their heat capacity
was determined using DSC. The square-shape mats (1x1 cm, UV-sterilized) were seeded
with HeLa cells (5x104/scaffold) and cultivated at static conditions. Samples were
frozen using 1 K/min to -80 degrees C (CF) or with the directional ice growth at
the speed of 30 mu m/sec over a 2.6 mm gradient gap (from -4 to -10 degrees C) i.e.
4 K/min followed by further cooling to -20 degrees C at 1 K/min (translational
cryostage) and to -80 degrees C with 1 K/min (LN flow cooling stage). The viability
of cells was evaluated 24 h after thawing using fluorescein diacetate and propidium
iodide staining. Results: PCL-PLA mats exhibited no cytotoxicity on HeLa cells in
vitro (viability higher than 90%). Only single cells survived both CF and DF when
frozen in culture medium (negative control). In contrast, the majority of cells on
fiber mats were alive after freezing under protection of DMSO. Discussion: We
showed that although not yet optimized, DF was as effective as CF for
cryopreservation of cell-seeded PCL-PLA fiber mats. Preliminary studies on using
antifreeze protein Type III (AFPIII) (10 and 100 mu M) as a sole CPA indicates that
extracellular protection might not be enough to prevent freezing injury. Our recent
work on electroporation of cells within electrospun fiber mats yielded encouraging
results and the further initiative will be to deliver AFPs into cells using
electroporation to provide DMSO-free cryopreservation of tissue-engineered
constructs. Objectives: Computational tools for accurate evaluation of healthcare
products are increasingly being recognized by the European Parliament, US Congress
and FDA and represent a highly valuable tool for speeding up and reducing
investments associated with the demanding certification process of medical devices.
InSilicoTrials Technologies is developing a collaborative, automatized cloud-based
platform to assist medical device and pharma companies in performing modelling and
simulation activities to accelerate medical innovation while responding to
recommendations of European and US parliaments and regulatory bodies. Methods:
Simulations provided by scientific partners are integrated within a secured and
privacy-preserved environment, ultimately providing the users (companies, research
and clinical centers) with in silico solutions for different steps of the R&D
process on medical devices and drugs. Simulation results as well as an
automatically created simulation report can be formatted in conformity with
guidelines provided by EMA and FDA while taking in consideration the new European
Medical Device Regulation. Results: Tools currently hosted on the platform are:
NuMRIs, an automatic tool to assess magnetic resonance imaging radio-frequency
safety of medical devices, implemented in collaboration with the US FDA Center for
Devices and Radiological Health and ANSYS. QT/TdP Risk Screen, an automated tool to
assess drug-induced pro-arrhythmic and Torsade de Pointes risk of small molecules,
developed in collaboration with Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and Fundacio'
Institut Mar d'Investigations Mediques. Discussion: The use of computational
technologies to support med registration is limited in scope or absent while the
agencies are promoting the use of M&S in R&D and registration. This causes a gap in
know-how between reality of the industry and regulatory expectations.
InSilicoTrials bridges these gaps and helps industries to conform to regulatory
recommendations in a timely and cost-effective manner. Objectives: Dialyzer design
enhancing internal filtration may be beneficial to remove middle molecules from the
patient's blood for the treatment of renal pathologies. Mathematical models have
been proposed to predict the rate of internal filtration, at varying dialyzer
geometry and operating conditions. However, such models generally consist of
difficult differential equations, that may not be easily used and implemented in
clinical practice. In this work, an analytical model to predict internal
filtration, at varying dialyzer geometry and operating conditions, is presented.
Methods: To identify an analytical formula allowing for the prediction of internal
filtration, the Poiseuille equation was used to describe axial momentum transport
in the blood and dialysate compartment, assuming constant fluid viscosities,
whereas radial momentum transport across the membrane was described with the Darcy
equation, assuming linear ultrafiltration
 flux. The model was validated by comparing the pressure profiles in blood and
dialysate compartments, and the rate of internal filtration predicted by the model
with experimental data reported in literature for in-house Theranova 400 dialyzer.
Results: An analytical formula to predict the rate of internal filtration at
varying dialyzer geometry and operating conditions was obtained. Very good
agreement (i.e. percentage error lower than 2%) was found between model predictions
and experimental data for blood flow rate increasing from 300 to 400 ml/min, at
constant dialyzer flow rate and zero net ultrafiltration flow rate. Good agreement
was also found between internal filtration predicted by the analytical model
presented in this work, and that predicted by using other one-dimensional
mathematical models reported in literature. Discussion: The analytical model
presented in this work agrees well with experimental data, and can be used predict
the rate of internal filtration at varying dialyzer geometry and operating
conditions. Objectives: Despite the growing acceptance of LVAD therapy, concerns
relating to adverse events have been raised. Fields such as implantation
techniques, patient management and patient selection pose opportunities to advance
outcomes, however, new and enhanced device technology, such as the ReinVAD LVAD,
will have to contribute to improve and grow the therapy. Methods: The ReinVAD GmbH
was founded as spin-off company of the Helmholtz-Institute of the RWTH Aachen
University, Germany, and leads the development project to regulatory approval and
clinical application. The core technology is a miniaturized, 3(rd) generation,
centrifugal blood pump. It is the result of a multidisciplinary research and
development program equipping the system with features that will improve outcome
for bridge to transplantation and especially destination therapy patients. Results:
Chronic trials typically up to 90 days in a sheep confirm the capabilities of the
system with excellent resistance to thrombogenicity since no design related
thrombus could be found despite ceased anti-coagulation after 6 weeks. Implemented
features are a pump for partial and full support with flow up to 10 l/min, a fully
integrated flow sensor, an implantable driveline connector, a highly pressure-
sensitive pump characteristic, an automated speed controller and a user-friendly
one-piece extracorporeal system. The sensor provides real flow measurements. The
driveline connector ensures easy exchange in case of infections and renders the
system ready-for-TET. The pump pressure sensitivity, among other effects, leads to
increased exercise capacity and arterial pulsation. The controller ensures that the
pump always operates at its optimal speed. The one-piece extracorporeal system
reduces use errors and improves satisfaction with this component of everyday life.
Discussion: The results indicate that the ReinVAD LVAD will be an effective system
to enhance long-term circulatory support therapy. Objectives: Cardiovascular
diseases shorten life span of hemodialysis (HD) patients. Recently pentraxin 3
(PTX) was considered as a biomarker of cardiac function, as well as an inflammatory
biomarker. The aim of this study was to investigate if PTX was a useful biomarker
to estimate patients' cardiac condition more than as inflammatory biomarker by
analysing plasma in PTX, CRP, NT-pro-BNP (Pro-BNP) and troponin T before and after
HD. Methods: Twenty patients on chronic HD were studied in a prospective cross-over
study with three modes of HD with polysulfone dialyzers: (a) dry-stored (F8HPS,
Fresenius) with a low blood level in the venous chamber (DL), (b) dry-stored with a
blood level kept high (DH), and (c) a wet-stored dialyzer (Rexeed18L, Asahi Kasei
Medical) with high level (WH). PTX, CRP, Pro-BNP and troponin T were assessed
before and during 180 min of HD. Results: The mean value of PTX at baseline was
correlated to Pro-BNP (rho=0.52, p<0.001) and troponin T (rho=0.363, p= 0.005), but
there was no correlation to CRP. The mean value of PTX was significantly increased
at 180 min (by 57%) compared to baseline data (p<0.001). The baseline values of PTX
correlated with the extent of rise of PTX (rho=0.89, p<0.001), such as a higher
baseline was related with more extensive increase. The mean difference value of PTX
between baseline to 180 min of HD was correlated to that of Pro-BNP(rho=0.31,
p=0.025), while there was no correlation to that of troponin T nor CRP. PTX rose
less while on WH than on DL (mean 2.9 +/- 1.4 vs 3.8 +/- 2.8, p=0.025). There was
no difference in PTX at baseline among these three settings. Discussion: These data
indicate that PTX is a more evident marker for the influence of the cardiac
condition than an inflammatory marker during HD. Dialysis with WH causes least air
contamination to the patient what may be a plausible reason for the difference.
Objectives: Amniotic membrane (AM) is applied in variety of clinical settings,
mainly in wound healing and as a biological dressing. Currently, AM is used in
ophthalmology for the treatment of cornea pathologies. In this study, the
regenerative potential of human amniotic membrane after cryopreservation was
evaluated. Methods: AM was prepared under sterile conditions and frozen without
cryoprotectants at -80 degrees C. Native non-cryopreserved AM served as a control.
The strategy for AM cryopreservation included one or two freezing and thawing
cycles. Cytokine and growth factor profiles as well as morphology and mechanical
properties of AM were compared before and after one and two cycles of
cryopreservation. Levels of EGF, HGF, TGF-beta 1, bFGF, Laminin and Hyaluronic acid
were measured by ELISA. Surface structure of the membrane was analyzed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). Morphology was evaluated by histological analyses after
Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. Additionally, biomechanical characteristics, such
as the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) and the tensile strength, were also
investigated. Results: EGF, HGF, TGF-beta 1, bFGF, Laminin and Hyaluronic acid were
detected in all studied samples. No significant differences were detected in the
levels of those cytokines before and after cryopreservation. SEM analysis showed
minor structural alterations of double cryopreserved samples. Analysis of HE
stained AM showed minor changes between native and frozen membranes, such as few
areas with desquamated epithelium which was caused by repeating freezing and
thawing cycles. Mechanical tests did not reveal relevant changes between frozen and
non-frozen samples. Discussion: Multiple cryopreservation steps are an essential
part of manufacturing of human amniotic membranes to ensure a ready-to-use product
availability. This study demonstrated that the cryopreservation does not impair the
regenerative potential of AM required to support its therapeutic efficacy.
Objectives: Cells are used in bioartificial organs (BAOs) to temporarily replace
the complex metabolic functions that neither failing organs, nor their artificial
substitutes may provide. This makes cell bioreactors a critical technology for BAOs
development. Bioreactors are used for expanding stem (SCs), precursor (PCs), or
line cells to clinical mass, for promoting SCs and PCs differentiation to the
needed phenotype, and for providing patients with the organ regulatory and
synthetic functions needed to foster organ healing or maintain patients state until
transplantation (Tx). In some cases, they are also used to regenerate or preserve
tissue until Tx. The structural and functional complexity of tissues and organs,
the lack of information on their pathophysiology and on disease/damage evolution,
the treatment time broadly varying with patients disease and state, all make
bioreactor design and operation for BAOs very challenging. Methods: In spite of its
complexity, cell bioreactors design for BAOs is generally based on the use of one
cell type only (often line cells), scaffolds with suitable immune protective
properties, and bioreactor configurations suitable for hosting clinical cell mass
and intellectual property protection. Bioreactor performance has been enhanced with
actuators to provide cells with mechanical, electrical and/or magnetic cues, often
irrespective of tissue or organ specificity. Thus far, this approach has resulted
in poor therapeutic success of the proposed BAOs. Results: Cell bioreactor design
for BAOs may benefit of the approaches developed over the years to bioreactor
design for engineering or regenerating 3D tissue or large solid organs in vitro.
Discussion: Prospectively, future approaches to cell bioreactor design for BAOs
should be patterned after those typical of tissue engineering and should aim to the
optimization of the BAO treatment as a whole. Objectives: To find the most
appropriate lock solution for central venous catheters to prevent catheter-related
complications. Methods: Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
Trials were systematically searched up to August 2018. We included randomized
controlled trials comparing different lock solutions for adult dialysis patients (>
18 years old). The trials should report at least one primary or secondary outcome.
Network meta-analyses of outcomes were performed using the netmeta 0.9-6 package in
R (version 3.5.1). Other analyses were carried out by means of the network and
network graphs packages in Stata version 15.0. Results: 50 trials (7142 patients)
were included for this study. Compared with heparin 5000U/ml, antibiotic locks
(antibiotics with TSC, EDTA, heparin 5000U/ml, low-dose heparin, or urokinase) and
ethanol locks were more effective in preventing catheter-related bloodstream
infections. Antimicrobial agents plus low-dose heparin (500-2500 U/ml), TSC and
low-dose heparin locks had lower risk of bleeding events than
heparin 5000 U/ml. No lock solution reduced rates of catheter malfunction and all-
cause mortality compared with heparin 5000 U/ml. In summary, antibiotics plus low-
dose heparin was ranked as the best lock solution. Considering the toxicity and
drug resistance of antibiotics, ethanol could be the alternative antimicrobial lock
solution. The overall results were not materially changed in sensitivity analyses.
Discussion: In total, according to the two-dimensional graph, antimicrobial agents
plus low-dose heparin (500-2500 U/ml) was the highest ranking lock solution, as it
reduced the rates of CRBSI and the risk of bleeding significantly. Ethanol was the
promising alternative antimicrobial lock solution of antibiotics to combine with
anticoagulant agents. TSC alone did not prevent CRBSI, but it is safe. Objectives:
The Fontan procedure is the current standard and the best palliative treatment for
most patients with a functional univentricular heart. During the Fontan procedure
the caval veins are anastomosed to the pulmonary arteries. The resulting total
cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) allows for the support of an acceptable level of
pulmonary circulation. At the same time there is the high risk of cardiovascular
system failure due to the increased load on a single ventricle. In order to
increase patient survival and quality of life, the different TCPC connections aimed
at improving blood hemodynamic seems to be a logical treatment option. Methods: A
CFD study was carried out for four types of TCPC (TCPC-1, TCPC-2, TCPC-3, TCPC-4)
to determine the optimal connection from the point of view of hydraulic and power
losses with and without the rotary blood pump (RBP) connected. The distribution of
scalar shear stresses (SSS) in the volume was calculated, allowing for evaluation
of the effect of the RBP on the blood at the operating point of 2.2 l/min and 11
mmHg of head pressure. Results: The results showed that the TCPC-3 connection has
the optimal geometry, as there is a decrease in hydraulic losses corresponding to 5
mmHg, with power losses of 0.055 W. Hydraulic losses and power losses for other
types of TCPC are equal to 6 mmHg and 0.07 W for TCPC-2, 9 mmHg and 0.08 W for
TCPC-4, 10 mmHg and 0.09 W for TCPC-1 respectively. The geometry optimization of
the TCPC connection can significantly reduce the system losses, but only the
integration of the RBP prevents these losses even for non-optimal TCPC. Discussion:
Although the use of a pump has significantly reduced losses, the presence of
increased SSS can have a negative effect on blood. The obtained values of SSS will
allow in the future the estimation of the degree of blood damage and, as a
consequence, hemolysis level. Objectives: The complex tree-like architecture of the
lungs that ends with tiny alveolar sacs is difficult to mimic in-vitro. The
delicate and ultra-thin alveolar barrier with its air-liquid interface is
constantly exposed to the rhythmic respiratory movements. We report here about two
organs-on-chip models that uniquely reproduce this environment and in which
patients 'cells are cultured. A first model recapitulates an array of alveoli with
in-vivo dimensions using a biological stretchable membrane. The second model mimics
a functional lung capillary network. Methods: The key part of the lung alveolar
model is a biological membrane made of collagen and elastin (CE) that is pipetted
on a gold mesh, whose pores correspond to the alveolar size (about 200um). Once the
dried CE-membrane is rehydrated, primary human cells (alveolar epithelial and
endothelial) can be cultured on both sides. The second model is based on the self-
assembly of endothelial cells and pericytes that are confined in fibrin gel in
microengineered compartments. Results: A functional alveolar barrier made of
primary human alveolar epithelial cells and lung endothelial cells is reported. The
CE-membrane, on which the cells are cultured, is thin (a few micrometers), porous
(enables the culture of cells at the air-liquid interface during several days), and
stretchable. The reported lung microvasculature made of self-assembled endothelial
cells and pericytes is perfusable, vasoactive (contracts in presence of
phenylephrine, a vasoconstrictor) and is permeable. Discussion: These advanced in-
vitro models enable mimicking the lung parenchymal environment in an unprecedented
way. As a result, the cultured tissues made of primary human lung cells are able to
maintain organ-specific functions, such as air-blood barrier tightness and
microvascular perfusability and contractility. Organs-on-chip solutions, such as
those presented here, may open new possibilities for specific tissue engineering
applications. Objectives: Development of simple and effective technologies for cell
storage at positive temperatures facilitates to extend their use and ensures safe
transport between research and clinical centers. The aim is to study the viability
and metabolic activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) encapsulated in
alginate microspheres (AMS) during storage at positive temperatures. Methods: The
experiments were performed on human dermal MSCs derived from adult donors after
their informed consent. MSCs in suspension and in AMS were stored in sealed
cryovials at 4, 22 and 37 degrees C. Cell viability and metabolic activity were
evaluated by MTT- and AlamarBlue-tests and the ability to adhere to the culture
plastic. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed with fluorescent dye JC-1.
Differentiation potential was evaluated after cells induction to osteogenic and
adipogenic lineages. Results: Encapsulation in AMS supported viability and
metabolic activity of MSCs during storage in culture medium at ambient temperature
at list for 3 days. Storage of MSCs under hypothermic conditions (4 degrees C)
using special media contributed to a longer sustainability of cell viability.
During storage alginate encapsulated cells retained the ability to multilineage
differentiation, but had lower metabolic activity and mitochondrial membrane
potential than cells in monolayer. On release from alginate microspheres, the cells
were shown to attach, reverse metabolic activity and proliferate in a similar
manner to that seen before encapsulation. Discussion: Encapsulation in alginate
microspheres may be considered as a cheap and robust alternative to
cryopreservation for the shirt-term storage and transport of cells for clinical and
research projects. Objectives: In case of organ failure, several options can
theoretically be considered, thanks to the progresses in medicine, materials
science and biotechnology: i) transplant the same organ from a donor, ii) replace
the functions of the failing organ by an artificial one, iii) repair its structure
thanks to cell therapy or iv) engineer a new one in vitro before its implantation.
Methods: As far as abdominal organs (kidney, liver, pancreas), the history of organ
replacement follows different ways that will be considered. In addition to medical
and scientific hurdles, economical or ethical issues can drive the choices for the
"best" solution for the patient. Results: The case of pancreas is very specific
since its transplantation is not the first option chosen to treat the failing
organs, whereas it represents the gold standard for the liver and the kidney. In
the case of liver, we still have to face the lack of purely artificial organ to
treat acute liver failure or even chronic disease. Discussion: This is due to the
complexity of the organs and the variety of its functions, some of them remaining
relatively unknown. In this case, the option of engineering new liver in vitro
combining hepatic cells of different phenotypes with an adequate matrix allowing
high blood perfusion appears as the most promising option. Several approaches have
been proposed, starting from the "basic" use of a semi-permeable hollow fiber
membrane to host the cells to the bioprinting of the whole organ. We will discuss
here the pros and cons of these different strategies. SensorStim Neurotechnology
GmbH is a start-up of the TU Berlin. The business area is medical engineering based
on neurostimulation and eHealth for rehabilitation and homecare. Our vision is to
help people with limited mobility due to paralysis, spasticity or pain and to
mobilize them with technical assistance. Our novel medical device enables the use
of noninvasive neurostimulation for rehabilitation and therapy of people with
disabilities after damage to the central nervous system - brain, spinal cord,
pyramidal tract. It is mobile, easy to use and it can be used in water, too. Our
device consists of a neurostimulator combined with body sensors and can be operated
via a smart App. Furthermore, it can be used for clinical and home care. After a
successful market entry, we further want to support walking, cycling and aqua
gymnastics with electrical stimulation. We started in 2018 and are currently funded
by grants of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF),
Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB) and private equity and development cooperations. By
the end of 2019, we plan to achieve CE marking for our first product and ISO 13485
certification for our quality management system. Objectives: Intraventricular flow
patterns during mechanical circulatory support (MCS) cannot be accessed by clinical
imaging; therefore, either computational or in-vitro models are used. However, the
complex anatomy of the heart cannot be replicated and simulations inherently rely
on assumptions and simplifications. In an isolated porcine heart setup the
feasibility of flow measurements by Echocardiographic Particle Image Velocimetry
(E-PIV) was evaluated. Methods: Similar to cardiac transplantation, porcine hearts
(n=8, animal weight: 80-106 kg) were excised and connected to the isolated heart
setup. After resuscitation using blood as perfusate,
a rotary blood pump was implanted, microbubbles were injected via the left atrium
at different support situations and echocardiographic 3-chamber-view B-mode images
were recorded with the highest possible frame rate of up to 141 Hz (Philips iE33,
X5-1 xMatrix probe). By iterative PIV algorithms using correlation domain averaging
and beam sweep correction, flow fields were evaluated for the different hemodynamic
situations. Results: All hearts were successfully resuscitated in the isolated
heart setup and different hemodynamic situations were adjusted. In the unsupported
heart physiologic flow patterns with a large clockwise vortex structure that
warrants washout of the whole cardiac chamber were found. With increasing MCS
(2200-2700 rpm) the formation of this flow feature is diminished caused by the
additional flow sink at the apex. In full support, without aortic valve opening in
the left ventricular outflow tract, a stagnant structure was identified, that might
be connected to thromboembolic events. Discussion: For the first time, the
contribution of the mitral valve apparatus to blood flow patterns especially in the
LVOT, which may be linked to energy loss, thrombus formation and valve
deterioration during MCS was investigated under realistic conditions. Objectives:
In order to determine the most effective ratio of liver cells (LC) and multipotent
mesenchymal stromal cells of bone marrow (MSC BM) into implantable cell-engineering
constructs (CECs) used for a correcting of chronic liver failure (CLF). Methods: In
order to create liver CECs we employed a biopolymer implant - a composition of a
heterogeneous collagen-containing gel, which concluded viable LC and MSC BM in
ratios:1:1, 5:1 and 10:1 respectively. CECs with different ratios of LC and MSC BM
were implanted into the livers of rats (n=40) in which CLF was modeled by using
CCl4. The efficiency of the regulatory effects of CECs (with different cell ratios)
on regenerative processes in livers were assessed by using biochemical,
morphological and morphometric methods at different periods after their
implantation. Results: During studying of the liver CECs with various ratios of LC
and MSC BM (1:1, 5:1, 10:1), it was found that the most optimal ratio of cells into
the CECs was 5:1, because at such ratio of cells the most distinct normalization of
morphological and functional liver parameters as well as maintenance of the
structural homeostasis within the CECs took place within 365 days after modeling
CLF. Discussion: The effective correction of CLF can be carried out by using the
implanted liver CECs, in which donor liver cells and MSC BM are presented in ratios
- 1:1, 5:1 and 10:1. But analysis of prolonged correction of liver morphological
and functional parameters at CECs using allows to recommend the preference using of
CECs using with ratio 5:1, because prolonged preservation of structural homeostasis
into themselves CECs makes possible to prognosticate their prolonged regulatory
action on the liver tissue at CLF, especially for recipients on a waiting list for
liver transplantation. Conventional hemolysis researches were performed under
mainly constant shear stress, however, real flow in vivo would be under fluctuating
shear stress. In addition, several conventional numerical simulations predicted
abrupt shear stress fluctuation in the blood pumps in short time period.
Furthermore, it was also reported that erythrocyte showed its unique viscoelastic
shape change response to sinusoidal changing shear stress. Based on such
information, we hypothesized that abrupt shear change would be additional hemolysis
factor in addition to conventional shear stress and its exposure time. Therefore,
the purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of such our hypothesis. We
developed special cylindrical shear chamber which can generate varying shear stress
by controlling the rotational speed. This study used the shear device to generate
several trapezoidal waveforms of shear stresses. In such shear fluctuation, the
maximal shear stress of approximate 22.5 Pa were loaded to porcine whole blood for
5.0 seconds. And the time series integrated shear stress was set to equal between
abrupt and slow shear change conditions. Then, generated hemolysis levels were
compared between them. Each comparative studies were performed for twelve times.
Furthermore, such studies were repeated under several different shear change
speeds. The result of our all comparison showed greater hemolysis amount at
abruptly fluctuating shear condition. Such results successfully validated our
hypothesis. Objectives: Ex vivo platelet production in microfluidic bioreactors is
a promising alternative to platelet donation for transfusion therapy. Platelets are
formed by fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes (MK).
Hydrodynamic forces play a major role in the formation of platelets. In this work,
we design microfluidic chips where isolated MK are exposed to hydrodynamic forces
and we characterize their elongation and fragmentation. Methods:
Polydimethylsiloxane chips are fabricated using standard soft lithography protocols
and sealed to a glass slide. The 50 mu m deep rectangular chambers contain rows of
30 mu m-wide adhesive pillars. Human CD34+ cells isolated from umbilical cord blood
are differentiated in vitro for 12 days to yield mature MK and infused with a
concentration of 2x10(5) /mL into the chips at a wall shear rate of 1800s(-1).
Their elongation and fragmentation is monitored by videomicroscopy. Images were
analysed using ImageJ. Results: We perform a spatio-temporal analysis of MK
elongation and show that platelet release is always preceded by a remodeling of the
cell that spans over about 20 minutes, followed by a local, sudden increase in
elongation velocity (5-fold increase in the 10 seconds prior to fragmentation). The
amplitude of these variations is much larger than the spatial and temporal
variations in the surrounding flow field. Discussion: Earlier studies have shown
that dynamic conditions for in vitro platelet production not only accelerates the
process but also enhances the quality of released platelets. Here, we show that MK
elongation and fragmentation, though accelerated by the flow, are not solely
governed by fluid-structure interactions. It seems that other mechanisms are
involved in the regulation of platelet release, preventing it to occur before the
platelet is fully functional. Objectives: The Eulerian version of the strain-based
hemolysis model has already shown to predict different critical regions in blood
pumps compared to the commonly used stress-based models. Where the stress-based
model assumes an instantaneous deformation of red blood cells (RBCs) due to the
action of fluid forces, the strain-based model is able to estimate the viscoelastic
deformation of RBCs. Thus, the effect of exposure time is considered in a natural
way. However, both models are based on the empirical power law assumption for
hemoglobin transport and turned out to overpredict hemolysis compared to
experimental data. In order to improve the prediction of free-plasma hemoglobin,
the strain-based model is combined with a multiscale model for hemoglobin
transport. The model is able to account for pore formation in the RBC membrane and
the resulting hemoglobin mass transfer into the blood plasma. Thus, the model does
not rely on the power law assumption. Methods: The formation of pores is computed
based on an energy balance of the stretched RBC membrane, where an area strain can
be computed by the tensor equation of the strain-based model. The hemoglobin
release is modeled by a transport equation with a mass transfer coefficient as a
function of shear, which can be fitted to the data of blood shearing experiments.
As an application, the model is used for a benchmark blood pump provided by the
FDA. Results: The estimated total hemolytic performance for the benchmark blood
pump is significantly reduced compared to the power law version of the strain-based
model. The new results are in good agreement with the measured data by the FDA.
Discussion: The multiscale model for hemoglobin transport turns out to be a useful
extension of the strain-based hemolysis model, allowing for an overall more
physical model description of the hemolysis process. Application to different
devices and blood shearing experiments should be investigated in the future, in
order to study the parameter sensitivity. Objectives: Extracellular vesicles (EVs)
are membrane enclosed structures, which are released from all types of cells upon
activation. Two examples for the role of EVs in extracorporeal therapies will be
discussed in detail, (i) EVs as markers for cellular activation and (ii) EVs as
platform for the binding of plasma proteins. We assessed the impact of regional
citrate anticoagulation (2.8 vs. 5.6 mM) on the cellular activation in lipoprotein
apheresis, using EVs as marker for cellular activation upon blood-adsorbent
interaction. Moreover, we studied the ability of a commercial adsorbent
(PentraSorb) for C-reactive protein (CRP) to remove both, soluble and EV-associated
CRP from septic plasma. Methods: EVs were characterized in human blood or plasma
via flow cytometry after calibration with fluorescent silica beads (1 mu m, 0.5 mu
m, 0.3 mu m; Kisker Biotech). Phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs were identified as
lactadherin-positive events in the EV gate. Antibodies against cell specific
surface markers (CD41 for platelets, CD235a for red blood cells) were used to
identify the cellular origin of EVs. An anti-CRP antibody was used to identify CRP
carrying EVs. Results: During lipoprotein apheresis, platelet adhesion to the
adsorbent polymer and EV release were associated with elevated markers for platelet
activation and EV release was dependent on the citrate concentration in the
extracorporeal
circuit. Septic plasma contained significantly elevated levels of EVs, CRP+ EVs,
as well as soluble CRP as compared to healthy donors. Incubation of plasma with the
CRP adsorbent resulted in almost complete depletion of soluble CRP, and remaining
EVs did not show any association with CRP, indicating detachment of CRP from the
EVs. Discussion: In the context of apheresis, EVs can be considered as markers for
cellular activation. Moreover, our data show that EVs can serve as a platform for
the binding of CRP, which has been suggested to induce conformational changes of
CRP and a shift towards pro-inflammatory characteristics. Objectives: In developing
endovascular treatment devices, understanding their physical properties is one of
the most important points. We have been developed film-type sensor for force
measurement, applied to the field of biomechanics. In this study, the blood vessel
model embedded pressure film sensor was fabricated and the contact pressure
distribution in the circumferential direction was measured at balloon dilatation.
Methods: The film sensor was constructed by a couple of patterned electrodes and
pressure-sensitive layer. The film sensor was rolled and embedded to straight-shape
silicone vessel model. The balloon catheter was expanded in a mock vessel. Results:
The measured pressure at the mock vessel increased according to balloon dilatation
pressure. At expanding of general balloon, the measured pressure at each point was
almost the same. When expanding a scoring balloon, a balloon with wedge elements,
the measured pressure at wedge contact points was higher than that of the other
parts. Discussion: It is considerable that stress concentration state changes
depending on the wedge shape and/or stiffness. The mock vessel is useful to
understand dilatation property of scoring balloon. Objectives: Extra Corporeal
Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is used to treat acute respiratory and circulatory
failure. Recent advancements have led to impressive improvements in treatment
results. Now clinicians urge for an ever-earlier ECMO application and a broadening
of the indications: Mobility demand -> Every ECMO patient needs to be transported
under severely restricted space conditions. Cost demand -> With rising ECMO numbers
the cost ratio plays an increasing role for healthcare economics. Methods: A novel
system uses a recombination of existing technologies to create a straightforward
solution with a size and complexity reduction. The key principle is the sourcing of
pump energy from the oxygen pressure, which is required to ventilate the oxygenator
anyway. This modification allows a purely pneumatic operation and the usage of
pulsatile pumps. Results: A pneumatically powered dual chamber pulsatile pump has
been developed which avoids suction and high shear rates with improved wash out
behaviour for the entire ECC system. The innovative pump is driven completely
pneumatically without a complex and expensive driving console. Furthermore, a novel
oxygenator has been developed. Initial prototypes of pumps and oxygenators have
been optimized during multiple design iterations and tested in terms hydraulic
characteristics and gas exchange properties on the bench using water glycerol and
porcine blood. The entire system has a reduced surface area and priming volume and
shows low internal pressure loss, excellent wash out and gas exchange parameters.
The bench test results have been confirmed within a chronic GLP in vivo study in
large animals. The new device's size and complexity have been significantly reduced
compared to the state of the art systems. Discussion: The novel approach brings
many advantages for the next generation ECMO/ECLS systems particularly in terms of
function, mobility and cost-effectiveness. Objectives: The American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards recommend bovine blood for in vitro testing
of medical devices. Haemodilution is used to standardise haematocrit (HCT) to 30
+/- 2% with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Research has shown that PBS increases
red blood cell mechanical fragility and significantly increases haemolysis. Thus,
the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of diluent and dilution
for in vitro testing, which may result in future considerations for ASTM standards.
Methods: Bovine blood was diluted with either PBS or PBS+4g% BSA (bovine serum
albumin) to a HCT of 30 +/- 2%. The blood was either pumped with the CentriMag (R)
(Thoratec,USA) device under haemodynamic conditions or exposed to VAD-like shear
for 6 hours. Blood was diluted to a range of 70-94% (n=40). Plasma free haemoglobin
levels were measured to calculate the normalised index of haemolysis (NIH). Protein
concentrations were measured. Results: Haemodilution altered mechanical fragility
depending on diluent and concentration. At a 70% blood dilution, PBS alone caused
significantly higher haemolysis than PBS+4g% BSA. However, at a 90% blood dilution,
PBS+4g% BSA caused significantly higher haemolysis than PBS alone. As such, a
positive correlation was observed between dilution with PBS alone and NIH, whereas
a negative correlation was observed between dilution with PBS+4g% BSA and NIH.
Total protein concentration was significantly reduced at a 70% blood dilution with
PBS alone but not at 90%. Discussion: To reach a HCT of 30%+/- 2%, this study
recommends that bovine blood with a HCT of > 37% should be diluted with PBS + 4g%
BSA (>80% blood dilution), whereas blood with a HCT of <37% should be diluted with
PBS alone (<80% blood dilution). Haemodilution with BSA maintains physiological
protein concentrations and may reduce bias during haemolysis testing with high
dilutions. Thus, ASTM standards could consider including BSA as a diluent, when
needed. Objectives: Obtaining normal serum potassium level is an important goal in
maintenance hemodialysis patients. Hyperkalemia is known to be associated with
mortality. In this study we aimed to access the relationship between pre-dialysis
potassium level, nutritional status and survival in dialysis patients. Methods:
This study used annual cohort of hemodialysis patients with 36 months of follow up.
To determine the impact of potassium level on mortality, patients were followed
from first potassium measurement until death or a censoring event; hypokalemia was
defined by potassium levels below 5.5 mmol/l and albumin levels below 35g/l was
considered an index for undernourished. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazard
modeling was used to estimate the association between potassium level and
mortality. Results: 199 patients were included in the study. Mean age was
approximately 56 years, about 59% were men and 23% had end-stage renal disease
caused by diabetes. Albumin below 35g/l was observed in 26 (13%) of the patients.
In the follow up period 40 (20%) patients died, comprising 24 (32%) of the 74
hypokalemic and 16 (19%) of 82 hyperkalemic patients. The Kaplan-Meier survival
rate was significantly longer in the hyperkalemic population (34.30 +/- 0.71 vs
31.06 +/- 1.16, p=0.055). Hypokalemia, when defined as serum potassium 5.5 pound
mmol/l, was associated with all-cause mortality (hazards ratio (HR) 1.857, 95% CI
0.986-3.496, p = 0.051). The significance was lost in the model after adjustment
for albumin level. Only albumin level determined mortality (p=0.03). Discussion:
Lower potassium level was associated with all-cause mortality, but only as a
confounding effect of malnutrition in dialysis patients Objectives: A new method to
adhere biological tissue to another or to metal such as stainless steel using
integrated low-level energy sources, heat, pressure, and vibration is proposed.
Methods: Heat, pressure, and vibration are simultaneously delivered by pressing the
porcine aorta tissues on the vibration plate with the heated tip. Tensile tests on
adhered specimens were performed to determine adhesion characteristics to adhesion
temperature, time, pressure, and vibration. The effect of metal surface coating,
fluorine-doped DLC coating, on the adhesion strength was examined. In one
application, the inlet port of a ventricular assist device adhered to a porcine
ventricle muscle by applying the novel method with a temperature of 80 degrees
Centigrade for 120 seconds. Sufficient adhesion was observed without additional
vibration. In a second application, the vessel adhesion apparatus was developed to
connect a bypass graft to a coronary artery. The device has both a heating and
pressurizing part on the tip, which was used to attach the bypass graft to the
coronary artery by applying heat with a temperature of 120 degrees Centigrade for
120 seconds. Results and Discussion: The maximal shear tensile strength using the
proposed novel adhesion method was 200 kPa, which is half the strength of the
porcine aorta. Adhesion strength increased in proportion to temperature, time, and
pressure. The adhesion strength can be controlled by surface treatment of metals.
In the first application, the inlet port adhered to the ventricle muscle with a
shear tensile strength of 91 kPa, which is enough to keep the pump attached to the
ventricle. In the second application, the bypass graft adhered to the coronary
artery with a shear tensile strength of 50 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain
attachment when exposed to normal blood pressure. The proposed adhesion method
indicates satisfactory performance. Objectives: The requirements for safety and
efficacy of medical devices are constantly increasing leading to higher costs and
time to market. Simulations are proving to be particularly promising in
accelerating the approval process and at the same time further increasing patient
safety. The FDA related Medical Device Innovation Consortium predicts that in some
years about 40% of the evidences for regulatory approval are coming from virtual
patients and simulations.
What is the status today and how do we get there? Methods: Simulations can improve
the regulatory assessment in various phases of the product life cycle, e.g. to
justify design adjustments, worst-case estimates of sizes and variants, definition
of test loads for experiments, to perform virtual tests on a large number of
patients/conditions or to identify the root cause of failure. This may especially
be important in consideration of the future requirements of the MDR for patient-
specific implants. Results: So far, the use of simulations was hindered by a lack
of guidance and expectations within the medical device community. However, today
the FDA and ASME are strongly supporting the use of this approach with new
guidelines (guidance 1807) and a V&V standard (V&V40). "FDA's Office of Science and
Engineering Laboratories has committed significant resources for transforming
computational modeling from a valuable scientific tool to a valuable regulatory
tool because of its potential for significant cost-savings in evaluating medical
devices, simulating performance under scenarios that may not be possible with human
use or that could more effectively be evaluated with simulation." Discussion:
Computer-aided simulations have the potential to revolutionize the field of
regulatory approval. However, it is crucial that the simulations are performed with
care and its limitations are understood. To foster confidence and wider acceptance
of in silico methods, a proper methodology is needed to ensure appropriate
credibility. Objectives: TAVI is the treatment of severe aortic valve stenosis in
elderly patients or in patients with too high risk for conventional surgery. CT-
scan is mandatory for valve sizing. It requires injection of contrast medium that
may cause or increase kidney failure. The study aim was to establish the accuracy
of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), a no contrast medium technique, for
measurements of native aortic valve in patients undergoing TAVI. Values by IVUS
were compared to CT-scan ones in the same patients. Methods: From June 2014 to
January 2019 137 consecutive patients (74 M, mean age 82.7 +/- 5.6 years) (Logistic
EuroSCORE 22.7 +/- 14.9%; STS score mortality 21.3 +/- 13.7%) undergoing TAVI
through femoral access were enrolled. Each patient had high resolution angio-CT for
these measurements: diameter, perimeter, and area of the aortic annulus. In all
patients, during procedure and before prosthetic valve implantation, a manual IVUS
pullback, from left ventricular outflow tract to ascending aorta, was performed by
7F IVUS probe. On the recorded IVUS pullback, a second operator blind to CT
measures sized minimum and maximum diameter, perimeter and area of the aortic
annulus. In order to assess inter-rater concordance and agreement between CT and
IVUS data, Bland-Altman analysis and Pearson's correlation were applied. A p value
Results: A very strong correlation was found between the measures. Maximum
diameter: CT 2.5 +/- 0.3 vs IVUS 2.6 +/- 0.3 cm; r=+0.985; pDiscussion: These
results prove the accuracy and reliability of aortic annulus measurements by IVUS
compared to those by CT-scan. Sizing of the aortic annulus by IVUS only may be
considered in patients likely to develop kidney failure due to contrast medium
injection. Objectives: The long-term usage of rotary blood pumps is limited by the
high amount of blood damage, which leads to a high number of adverse events. Most
of the blood damage is generated in the gap between the rotor blades and the
housing wall, the area with the highest stress load and very short exposure times.
The damage is caused by both shear and normal forces on the blood components. The
objective is to investigate the blood damage in this region by examining different
gap geometries. The focus is the damage caused by high dynamic normal stresses and
the comparison with the blood damage models. Methods: A section of the blade gap of
an axial rotary blood pump was reconstructed on a microchannel chip, which is
sealed with siliconized cover glasses. In additional channels the inlet and outlet
rounding are varied between 0.05 and 0.6 mm. The gap length and width are kept the
same for all channels. A channel without a blade gap is integrated to determine the
damage caused by the test stand. Flow simulations are carried out to determine the
occurring stresses. The test stand consists of a syringe pump that transports 20 mL
of human blood back and forth through the microchannels for up to 6 hours.
Hemolysis is measured every half hour. Results: With the test stand it is possible
to investigate the influence of different gap geometries on the blood damage under
controlled conditions. The experiments demonstrated the influence of different
inlet and outlet geometries on the hemolysis. The measured hemolysis was compared
with the damage models. Discussion: With the test stand it is possible to simulate
the stress loads in blade gaps on human blood. The influence of the high dynamic
normal stresses on hemolysis can also be determined through variations of the inlet
and outlet. It is therefore a well-suited tool for improving the corresponding
damage models in the area of high dynamic stress loads. The findings allow the
optimization of the region to further reduce blood damage caused by rotary blood
pumps. Objectives: Cardiac grafts produced by combining human pluripotent stem cell
(hPSC)-derivatives and tissue engineering are a promising therapeutic option for
the replacement of cardiomyocytes (CM) lost due to myocardial infarction.
Currently, the vascularization and maturation of such grafts are the most critical
aspects. In addition to endothelial cells (EC), pericytes (PC) are known to play a
crucial role in vessel development and stabilization. Methods: Here, an hPSC-
derived PC differentiation protocol is shown as well as an in vitro model for the
investigation of the role of PCs in hPSC-derived bioartificial cardiac tissues
(BCT). Results: In the established differentiation protocol, the population giving
rise to PCs (CD31-/PDGFR beta+) represented up to 94% of all cells and could be
further purified via cell sorting. The obtained hPSC-PCs exhibited functional
characteristics of PCs in co-culture assays, and showed similar gene expression
profile to primary PCs. Differentiated hPSC-PCs were used w/ or w/o purified hPSC-
ECs to generate BCTs and to address their effect on tissue morphology, metabolism,
and electrophysiological parameters compared to control tissues containing primary
fibroblasts (Fb). Interestingly, tissues with hPSC-PCs exhibited equivalent
contraction forces compared to controls, but more organized sarcomere structures as
well as improved longitudinal cell- and extracellular matrix orientation.
Furthermore, the beating frequency and passive forces showed native-like values.
Addition of hPSC-ECs resulted in spontaneously formed and maintained endothelial
network structures, which were distributed throughout the BCTs and the involvement
of PCs in such structures was demonstrated. Discussion: The characterized and
functional hPSC-PCs together with hPSC-derived CMs and ECs represent a promising
cell source for myocardial tissue replacement therapy. Their dual ability in
supporting EC function and matrix remodeling during tissue maturation makes them a
favorable candidate to replace primary Fbs. Objectives: High prevalence of thrombi
around the Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) cannula has been proven by
pathological studies. Thrombogenic potential (TP) inside of the left ventricle (LV)
is evaluated based on shear stress history (SSH) and residence time (RT) of
particles; however, the effect of the atrial inflow - including rotation and uneven
flow distribution of the pulmonary veins - is ignored. In this study, the influence
of the atrial inflow on the TP was investigated via Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) simulations. Methods: In a patient-specific left ventricle (LV) model under
full LVAD support, the flow fields were simulated with three different inflow
conditions: with perpendicular velocity to the inflow (LAper, flow rate: 3.5l/min),
with an additional rotational component at the inflow (LArot: 35rpm) and with
asymmetric inflow conditions (LAasym: 60%/40% left/right). Platelet motion was
simulated with a combination of laminar and the Lagrangian methods for 7s. The TP
value was calculated based on the RT and SSH of particles (0<TP<1, with higher
values corresponding to higher risk). Results: The ventricular flow patterns were
comparable for perpendicular and rotational inflows and different for asymmetric
conditions. TP values were different for each of the atrial inflow conditions
(LAasym: 0.37, LArot: 0.35, LAper: 0.4). The number of the particles with a SSH
value more than 0.6 Pa center dot s (non-outlier range) increased for LAasym
simulation (LAasym: 11%, LArot: 5%, LAper: 3%;p<0.05); however the particles that
remain for more than 7s inside the LV were higher for LAper simulation (LAasym:
13%, LArot: 18%, LAper: 19%;p<0.05). Discussion: CFD is an advanced tool for the
evaluation of ventricular flow during LVAD support; however, neglecting the atrial
inflow conditions could lead to an inaccurate prediction of flow parameters linked
to ventricular and pump thrombosis. Reliable evaluation of ventricular blood flow,
therefore, requires the consideration of realistic atrial inflow conditions.
Objectives: Thrombus formation is a major risk of implants with artificial
materials in blood contact. This adhesion of blood platelets plays an important
role in thrombus formation and is influenced by the electrochemical conditions of
the surface. The objective of this research is to change the electrochemical
conditions by applying a low voltage, high frequency alternating electrical current
to the surface, in order to avoid the adhesion of the platelets involved
in thrombus formation. Methods: Thin sheet samples with a thickness of 0.5 mm from
different materials (titanium, stainless steel and copper) are attached to a high
frequency generator and exposed to human whole blood under controlled flow
conditions in an in vitro setting. An electrical current ranging from 50 mu A until
400 mu A in a frequency range from 10 kHz to 100 kHz was applied. The deposition of
the blood platelets on the surface is identified and quantified by using
fluorescent microscopy and digital image processing. The thrombus formation and
therefore the anti-thrombogenic effect of the method is investigated in respect to
different generator settings for each material. Results: The characterization of
all materials revealed changes of the surfaces in comparison to the zero samples. A
differently pronounced reduction of thrombus formation with the proposed anti-
thrombogenic method could be demonstrated on all three materials. Discussion:
Though the method could improve the anti-thrombogenicity under certain conditions,
the mechanism is not fully understood yet and the parameters are not optimized.
Further investigations will also focus on possible side effects caused by potential
structural changes of blood proteins. Objectives: Cationic liposomes OO4 (N-{6-
amino-1-[N-(9Z) -octadec9-enylamino] -1-oxohexan-(2S) -2-yl} -N0- {2- [N, N-bis(2-
aminoethyl) amino] ethyl} -2-hexadecylpropandiamide) and DOPE contain a higher
amount of amino groups than classical lipids. A polyelectrolyte multilayer system
(PEM) made of chondroitin sulphate (CS) and collagen type I (COL I) was prepared by
Layer-by-Layer technique with liposomes embedded in the terminal layers for the
controlled release of components to promote osteogenic differentiation for bone
regeneration. Methods: Characterization of the PEM was performed using
ellipsometry. This technique was used to investigate the thickness on substrate
coated with PEM of CS, liposomes, COL I as terminal layer. The layer growth
behavior of PEM was studied using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The cell
adhesion of C2C12 cells and the cellular uptake efficiency of the liposomes
embedded onto PEM was evaluated using fluorescence staining and flow cytometry.
Results: The SPR results showed a linear growth with an increase in the angle shift
corresponding to the adsorbed mass of PEM. The increase in thickness after liposome
adsorption was significant. The cell studies indicated that cells seeded on
terminal liposome layer showed a higher amount of cells on the surface. The
population of cells that took up liposomes are higher in the absence of serum than
in medium with FBS. Discussion: The quantification of liposome uptake indicated
that the population of cells that took up liposomes were higher in the absence of
serum. The results showed the uptake efficiency of cationic liposomes embedded onto
a PEM system for controlled release of hydrophobic and hydrophilic models compounds
into the cells. Objectives: Many different tissue sealants are available on the
market. BioGlue tissue sealants are produced by a bovine serum albumin treated
intra-operatively with glutaraldehyde. Here we report a sterile peri-graft abscess
formation, possibly caused as a reaction to the liberal use of BioGlue. Methods: A-
54 years-old male patient underwent ascending aortic and hemiarch replacement for
acute type A aortic dissection. Exceptionally, the anastomotic suture line was
reinforced by application of BioGlue tissue sealant. The initial post-operative
course was uneventful. After transfer to the general ward on day four the patient
developed fever and an inflammatory syndrome. A broad spectrum antibiotherapy was
started for a suspicion of pneumonia. In the following chest CT scan a suspicious
peri-graft fluid collection was present. The patient underwent a surgical revision
for acute mediastinitis rule out. During the procedure a whitish-milky liquid was
found that differed macroscopically from a classical abscess. The chest was left
open with a negative-pressure wound dressing. The patient became apyretic and the
inflammatory markers normalized. After a one week follow-up with negative cultures
and 3 consecutive dressing changes, the chest was closed and recovery uneventful.
The patient was discharged to an outside hospital at six post-operative days.
Results: All the samples which were analysed histologically and for different
pathologic stains as well as and by broad spectrum culture analysis, remained
negative throughout. At one month follow-up the patient remained well and without
fever or inflammatory response. Discussion: Although several published case reports
about tissue necrosis and anastomotic rupture following BioGlue use, the formation
of a sterile abscess is a rare complication. In this patient, the peri-graft
effusion might have been an allergy like inflammatory response to the bovine
albumin within BioGlue. A prolonged postoperative mediastinal drainage when using
BioGlue might prevent this rare complication. Objectives: The use of loop diuretics
like furosemide is discussed in intensive care medicine regarding their clinical
efficacy and safety. The hypothesis arose whether both parameters depend on the
capability of serum albumin to transfer the drug to the kidneys. Methods: Serial
blood & urine samples were taken from intensive care patients receiving furosemide
infusions for volume overload. Free furosemide serum fractions & urine
concentrations were determined by HPLC/LCMS. Albumin binding capacity (ABiC) was
quantified by adding a binding site II (diazepam binding site) specific
fluorescence marker (Dansylsarcosine, DS). The amount of unbound DS was detected by
fluorescence analysis after ultrafiltration, corresponding with ABiC. Results: 62
patients were assessed. 50 patients (30male, 67,5 +/- 10,3 years) were included
into statistical analysis. Main reasons for intensive care admission were sepsis
(n=18) and perioperative care. Indications for furosemide were volume overload in
acute or acute on chronic kidney injury (n=42), volume management in sepsis, ARDS
or lung edema (n=8). ABiC was reduced to 65,2+/-12,2%, The free furosemide fraction
(normal <5%) correlated negatively with ABiC (r -0,638, p<0,001) with 15,76+/-
11,52% in those with ABIC<60% and 5,36+/-5,29% in ABiC 60% (p<0,001). The urinary
fraction of furosemide (normal >65%) was significantly lower in those with ABiC
<60% as compared to 60% (7,47+/-5,83% vs. 23,98+/-17,91, p<0,01). Furosemide
induced increase in urine output was strongly correlated with ABiC (r=0,908,
p<0,017). Discussion: Our results indicate a role of ABiC in the pharmacokinetics
of furosemide, impacting its free serum fraction and urinary fraction. Data are
suggestive for a link between status of the albumin-dependend drug carrier
mechanism and the safety and efficacy of the drug. Clinicians will profit from our
results regarding safe use of loop diuretics & furosemide responsiveness in
patients with volume overload and kidney injury. Objectives: Albumin is a blood
protein with various physiological functions as there are: maintenance of osmotic
pressure, antioxidant and transport function for endogenous and exogenous ligands.
Binding of these ligands can affect conformational changes of human serum albumin.
Methods: The "Albumin-functionality-test" is based on EPR spectroscopy and detects
modified binding and functional characteristics. The used radical supporting spin
probe binds analogous ligands variably strong at different albumin binding sites
and thus, serves as an indirect marker for serum albumin functionality with regard
to its ability for binding, transport and detoxification. A comparison of three
different mixtures of albumin and a spin-labeled fatty acid allows for the in vitro
simulation of binding-, transport- and release-conditions by the Albumin-
functionality-test. Thus, an "effective" albumin concentration could be determined.
It quantifies the amount of functional albumin in the patient in comparison to
healthy controls. Results: We applied Albumin-functionality-test to albumin
preparations differing in redox state of cysteine-34, namely human mercaptalbumin
(HMA), human non-mercaptalbumin1 (HNA1) and human non-mercaptalbumin2 (HNA2) and
found differences in their functionality. The analysis of samples from patients
with different states of liver failure showed a strong correlation of binding
efficiency and detoxification efficiency, depending on the severity of the disease.
Discussion: Due to the increasing numbers of studies using commercial albumin
preparations for the treatment of patients with liver disease, we investigated
different available albumin samples regarding their albumin functionality. We found
dramatically reduced binding and detoxification efficiencies. Our findings might be
used for patient selection and prognoses for personalized therapies. Taken
together, these results might affect the importance of albumin from the patient
view and refer to its stability as a drug. Objectives: The analysis of Left
Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) power is a commonly used method to identify
complications such as pump thrombosis. However, the LVAD power is also affected by
different influences like the circadian rhythm. To optimize our thrombosis
detection algorithm, we analyzed LVAD log files. Methods: For the investigation of
power behavior in LVAD log files, we retrospectively analyzed 840 log files from
189 patients. Each patient received an HVAD (HeartWare). The log files contain on
average 3000 power values collected over a period of appx. 31 days. None of the
analyzed log files contained serious complications, such as a pump thrombosis.
Results: To show a significant difference between the power values of the daytime
(8 am-10 pm) and the night-time, a statistical test (significance level: 5%) was
carried out.
813 of 840 log files showed a significant difference (average t = 16.94). In
addition, the average difference between the maximum and the minimum power value of
a day was calculated for each day (average: 1071.9mW, SD: 158.2mW, range: 497.1mW -
2299.5mW). Furthermore, the average power was calculated for each day and log file.
To get a measure for the fluctuation in daily average of power development within a
log file, the SD has been calculated (SD average: 65.3mW, range 10.4mW - 435.9mW).
Discussion: The retrospective analysis of LVAD log files shows that power behavior
is individual. Although most patients show a significant power difference between
daytime and night-time hours, the maximum difference of a day and the average power
changes over several days varies from patient to patient. A patient-specific power
model, considering the circadian rhythm, was developed and applied to our
thrombosis detection algorithms, which achieved a better thrombosis detection time
of up to 93 hours compared to the LVAD controller alarming algorithm. Objectives:
Suppression of membrane fouling is an important key technology for the development
of portable and implantable artificial kidneys. Among several factors known to
affect membrane fouling, we focused on the blood flow condition. In the present
study, to clarify the effect of pulsatile and non-pulsatile blood flow on membrane
fouling, an ex vivo hemofiltration experiment using porcine blood was carried out.
Methods: Hemofiltration with filtrate recycling was performed under three
conditions; pulsatile flow using a roller pump, non-pulsatile flow using a roller
pump with three chambers to stabilize the flow, and non-pulsatile flow using a
centrifugal pump. The blood flow rate (QB) was set at 50 or 100 mL/min and the
maximum filtration rate at which irreversible membrane fouling would not occur was
determined as follows; the first filtration rate (QF) was set at 2.5% of the QB for
one hour (baseline), increased by 2.5% to 5% of the QB for one hour, and then
returned to the baseline value for 20 min, and the transmembrane pressure (TMP) was
measured to check if it had returned to the baseline value. This step was repeated
until the QF reached 25% of the QB. Results: For both blood flow rates (50 and 100
mL/min), the maximum filtration flow rate at which the TMP did not return to the
baseline, implying that irreversible membrane fouling had occurred, was higher
under the non-pulsatile flow conditions than under the pulsatile flow condition.
Discussion: The flow rate and the TMP changed periodically under the pulsatile flow
condition and the peak TMP value was higher than that under the non-pulsatile flow
condition, which increases the burden on the membrane. Thus, there is an increased
likelihood of membrane fouling, as compared to the constant the pressure under the
non-pulsatile flow condition. Objectives: The objective is to develop a simulator
of the anatomy and hemodynamics of the radial artery in order to design a robust
controller for a noninvasive, continuous blood pressure measurement method.
Currently, blood pressure, in intensive care units, is measured invasively, which
can lead to complications (e.g. infections). The novel approach facilitates a
continuous noninvasive flow measurement, in addition to the instantaneous blood
pressure measurement. Methods: During measurements, a controller pneumatically
adjusts the pressure in a balloon, positioned on top of the radial artery, so that
the Doppler derived flow in the radial artery is reduced to a constant target
value. The resulting pressure in the balloon correlates with the blood pressure.
For the development of this method, a simulator, modelling the anatomical
conditions of the lower arm, was constructed. The simulator was designed to create
arbitrary physiological pressure curves. For the validation of the simulator,
invasively measured blood pressure curves and data found in literature related to
the mass flow rates were compared to the curves created by the simulator. Results:
The pressure curve, created with the simulator, shows a deviation of less than 5 %
to the invasively measured blood pressure. The mass flow rate shows a good
agreement with the literature data. The simulator is capable of simulating blood
pressure curves with a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg to 120 mmHg. First tests
with the controller have shown that it is possible to control the pulsatile flow to
the constant target flow rate. Discussion: Regarding the simulator, the next step
is to adjust it, so that it can simulate flows above a mean pressure of 120 mmHg.
Regarding the controller, stress tests must be conducted. It must be evaluated
whether it is robust enough to work with pressure curves that fluctuate in mean
pressure and frequency. Objectives: Relative blood volume (RBV) changes during
haemodialysis are typically estimated from variations in haematocrit, haemoglobin
or total blood protein measured by optical, acoustic or other sensors integrated in
the dialysis circuit. Due to dynamic changes in the circulation during the initial
phase of dialysis (following filling of the extracorporeal circuit with the
patient's blood and starting dialyzer ultrafiltration), the indications of RBV
monitors depend on the exact moment of starting RBV measurements. The aim of this
study was to assess this issue quantitatively using a mathematical modelling
approach. Methods: The developed compartmental model describes the flow of blood
across the cardiovascular system and the extracorporeal circuit combined with the
whole-body transport of water and the most important osmotically active solutes and
the baroreflex mechanisms. The model was validated using clinical data from
patients on maintenance HD. A standard 4-hour HD session with 3 L ultrafiltration
was studied for a virtual reference patient with all model parameters based on the
literature data. RBV changes were derived from the simulated haematocrit (HCT)
changes. Two cases were analysed: the priming saline being infused to the patient
or discarded. Results: For the case when the priming saline was infused to the
patient, the total RBV reduction at the end of the simulated dialysis session
varied between 8 % (when HCT changes were monitored from the very beginning of
dialysis) and 13 % (when HCT monitoring was started circa 4 minutes later). For the
case when the priming saline was discarded, the analogous difference in RBV
reduction was less than 1 percentage point. Discussion: When the priming saline is
infused to the patient, a few minute difference in the moment of starting RBV
measurements may significantly affect the indicated RBV changes, which is due to
the dilution of blood by the infused saline and the time it takes for the uniform
mixing of blood across the circulatory system. We have developed autologous in vivo
tissue engineered vascular grafts (in vivo TEVG, i.e. BIOTUBE) mainly composed of
fibroblasts and collagen constructed in the patients' subcutaneous tissues. After
long term animal experiments over 5 years, we clinically applied them to the
congenital heart surgery of a 2-year-old child as a pulmonary artery patch plasty
material in 2015. Three years after implantation, 3D-CT exhibited neither
aneurysmal dilatation, significant calcification, nor shrinkage of the patch graft
interfering the growth of the pulmonary artery. The clinical course was good
without any significant complications over 4 years presently. However, since the
tissue formation largely depends on the regenerative ability of the host,
individual differences exist, and it is an issue to secure the mechanical
reliability of the grafts formed in high-risk patients. We are currently evaluating
the changes in mechanical properties of TEVGs by chemical treatment, and are
examining whether it is possible to improve mechanical durability. In addition, in
order to fabricate the TEVGs in healthy individuals as allogeneic (parents) or
xenogeneic tissue substitutes, we are conducting transplantation experiments on
decellularized tissues. The in vivo TEVGs could also be applied to AV-shunts.
However, in the animal pilot experiments, significant stenosis was observed at the
anastomosis with host vein resulting in early occlusion probably because of high
sheer stresses. The attempts to overcome the problems by several investigators are
also reviewed. Objectives: To evaluate different designs or insertion techniques of
cochlear implant electrode carriers (ECs) insertion forces are measured by a force
sensor, which is mounted directly underneath an artificial cochlea model (aCM)
leading to a summed force profile. One of the next steps in CI research leads from
post-experimental evaluation of measured insertion force profiles to pre-
experimental predictions of these profiles using analytical models based on an
improved knowledge about factors impacting the insertion forces. Three likely
factors were chosen for further investigation: speed, EC stiffness and curvature of
the aCM. Methods: Three aCM were fabricated out of PTFE blocks, each model having
one constant curvature (r = 6.4 / 8.5 / 12.7 mm). Additionally EC substitutes were
fabricated using a two-component silicone, all with a constant diameter (0.7 mm), a
total length of 20.5 mm and embedded bare copper wires. In order to vary the
stiffness of the EC substitutes, one type had four and the other six wires
embedded. They were inserted into the aCM with three different insertion speeds ( v
= 0.11 / 0.4 / 1.6 mm/s). In order to increase reproducibility, insertions were
conducted using an automated insertion test bench, comprising a linear actuator to
clamp the EC substitutes and move them into the aCM and the force sensor underneath
the model. Results: In accordance with theoretical considerations all varied
factors showed effects on the insertion force profiles.
Increased insertion speed and sample stiffness increased the insertion forces,
whereas an increased model radius decreased the insertion forces. Discussion: The
variance of measured forces within one set of parameters is due to the manual
fabrication of samples and may be decreased by usage of commercial ECs. The
influence of lubricants has to be analysed within future experiments. Objectives:
The purpose of this work is to design and create a high efficiency inductive
powering unit (IPU) for a wide range of implantable devices and artificial organs
(AO). Methods: A possible way to realize wireless powering is to use inductive
energy transfer systems. To maximize overall system efficiency class E power
amplifier is widely used due to its 100% efficiency in the ideal case. But maximum
efficiency can be achieved only if input and output system parameters will remain
constant during IPU operation. Inductive coils have nonzero distance between them
because of patient's tissue thickness. It is worth noting that tissue thickness is
different for every patient: the difference may be several millimeters. Moreover,
this value can change during IPU operation as a result of patient's motor activity
or tissue edema which will lead to PA detuning and decreasing efficiency. To avoid
PA's detuning, frequency tuning systems can be used. There are two approaches for
tuning systems that can be found in the literature. The first uses voltage and/or
current levels of important circuit nodes to estimate system status. This method is
good and quite simple, but requires external control signals that means additional
power losses and decreased efficiency. The other method uses the phase of the
voltage signals from important nodes and consumes less power. The second method was
chosen by authors to design a tuning system. Results: During this work, a
calculation method for PA and the frequency tuning system were designed. The
experimental prototype was created. The authors of this article obtained an overall
system efficiency of more than 60 % for three different coil sets and output power
from 0.7 W to 1 W for same coil sets and range of axial misalignments from 10 to 20
mm. Discussion: The high efficiency inductive powering system for AO has been
designed and tested during this work. Objectives: Native arteriovenous fistula
(AVF) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis (HD), but it still fails in
more than 40% cases within the first year. Stenosis is the main cause of AVF
failure, but its detection and prediction are still open clinical challenges. The
purpose of our study was to explore the potential of using sound analysis to reveal
unique characteristics in AVF sounds and to detect potentially relevant changes
over time. Methods: We acquired the sounds of 10 AVFs, 7 referred by the
nephrologists as well-functioning and 3 as stenotic AVFs. We also acquired the
sound of 1 AVF characterized by severe stenosis and we repeated the recording after
surgical revision. Sounds were recorded using the Littmann Electronic Stethoscope
3200 using wide mode. Sounds were transmitted via Bluetooth to a laptop and
frequency spectra were obtained using an in-house Matlab code embedding the Fast
Fourier Transform and a high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz, aimed at
attenuating stethoscope's noise and heart sounds' frequencies. Results: In well-
functioning AVFs we consistently found a low-frequency peak, located in the
bandwidth 100-200 Hz, while no relevant spectral features were present at higher
frequencies. On the other hand, stenotic AVFs showed high-frequency peaks, located
in the bandwidth of 500-600 Hz. In the AVF with severe stenosis we found high-
frequency peaks in the bandwidth 700-750 Hz, which were replaced by low-frequency
peaks after AVF revision. Discussion: Sound analysis revealed unique
characteristics in the frequency spectra of AVFs, allowing an objective
discrimination between well-functioning and stenotic AVFs. This technique may bring
the advantage of limiting clinician's skill-dependency and personal interpretation.
Despite being preliminary, our results suggest that sound analysis may be used to
detect stenosis development and allow patients' self-monitoring, resulting in early
prediction of AVF failure. Objectives: Biofilms on percutaneous leads of implanted
blood pumps can cause severe infections. By treating infections with antibiotics
over a long period of time, bacteria develop resistance. Today, in a clinical
setting, antibiotic resistance is determined in-vitro for all available drugs. The
aim of the EvolChip project is to predict the probabilities of resistances that
might evolve and suggest combinations of antibiotics that slow down or even prevent
future resistance. Methods: The EvolChip reactor consists of an agar plate that
serves as a diffusion and growth medium. Three membranes permit diffusion of active
substances from microfluidic channels into the agar medium. Two of these channels
serve as sources for different antibiotics, the third one as the sink. As a result,
two overlapping drug gradients establish, with a low concentration near the sink
and high concentration close to the sources. Antibiotics were mixed with a nutrient
solution to promote bacteria migration towards higher concentrated areas. The
bacteria contain a green fluorescent protein gene, which enables real-time tracking
via polarisation filters and a camera. Results: In preliminary experiments, the
gradient course could be characterized by making use of fluorescent markers. Only
resistant bacteria migrated towards the sources with high antibiotic concentration.
The spatial distribution of bacteria facilitates the identification of optimal
concentration ratios and mixtures of antibiotics. In addition, the speed of
resistance evolution with respect to different antibiotic mixtures was determined.
Discussion: The proposed EvolChip concept showed promising results in preliminary
experiments. Further geometries, growth media, and bacteria will be tested. In
order to validate the method, patient strains with known treatment and resistance
history will be compared to the predictions of the presented method. Objectives:
Due to the growing demand for organs in liver transplantation, techniques for
optimization of suboptimal livers are needed such as normotermic liver perfusion
(PNT). In this way, hepatic repercussion of ischaemic preconditioning (PI) still
remains unclear. This study aims to analyze the haemodynamic and biochemical
alterations produced after intraoperative PI on livers subjected to 6 hours of PNT.
As a secondary objective, we aim to determine the effect of PI on liver function.
Methods: Eight minipig livers, randomized to control (n=4) and PI group (n=4), were
perfused during six hours in a PNT circuit (34oC). The PI group was subjected to 10
minutes of ischaemia by means of a Pringle manoeuvrein the hepatic hilum, followed
by 10 minutes of reperfusion. Biochemical and gasometric parameters were measured
at baseline and hourly in perfusate. Pressures and flows in hepatic artery (HA) and
portal vein (PV) were registered. For statistical analysis Spearman's rho test and
Mann-Whitney U test was performed, considering p < 0,05 as significant. Results:
There were significant differences in HA flow, adjusted to weight, doubling the
control group (PI 0,42 +/- 0,17 ml/min/g Vs GC 0,17 +/- 0,05 ml/min/g; p=0,000); no
differences were found in PV flow. Total proteins (PI 1,9 [1,7-2]g/dL Vs GC 1,3
[0,95-1,5]g/dL; p=0,000) and O-2 consumption rate (PI 0,086 [0,055-0,113] ml/min/g
Vs GC 0,040 [0,017-0,060]ml/min/g; p=0,000)were significantly increased in the PI
group. There were no significant differences in AST, ALT, or GGT. Discussion: The
PI, as a previous maneuver to PNT, increases hepatic artery flow and O2 consumption
without altering citolytic parameters in liver. This may improve hepatic
functionality as a previous step in transplantation. Further molecular and
histological study should be made to clarify our finding in PI on PNT.
ARSLAN, Okan/AAA-3232-2020; Gibbons, Duncan/AAG-3521-2019
0 0 0 7861 7861 SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD LONDON 1 OLIVERS
YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND 0391-3988 1724-6040 INT J
ARTIF ORGANS Int. J. Artif. Organs AUG 2019 42 8 SI
386 474 10.1177/0391398819860985 89 Engineering,
Biomedical; Transplantation Engineering; Transplantation IS6BU
WOS:000482237900001 2020-03-26
J Domjan, S; Arkar, C; Begelj, Z; Medved, S Domjan, Suzana;
Arkar, Ciril; Begelj, Ziga; Medved, Saso Evolution of all-glass nearly
Zero Energy Buildings with respect to the local climate and free-cooling techniques
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT English Article
Nearly zero energy buildings; Multi-layer glass structures;
Building integrated photovoltaics; Computational fluid dynamics; Dynamic building
thermal response model; Natural space cooling OF-THE-ART; THERMAL COMFORT;
OPTIMIZATION; INTEGRATION; SYSTEMS; MODEL This paper presents research on the
nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) metrics of an all-glass office building with
advanced multi-layer six-pane glass and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)
facade structures in different climate conditions. The study was carried out in the
following steps: i) development of a time series model of dynamic thermal response
of multi-layer six-pane glass and BIPV facade structures on the basis of transient
computational fluid dynamics simulations, ii) integration of the facade structure
dynamic model into the building dynamic model by adapting TRNSYS software code,
iii) determination of the final energy balance including heating, cooling,
ventilation, lighting, and on-site electricity production, iv) nZEB metrics
evaluation considering night-time cooling by ventilation, evaporation cooling and
hybrid ventilation of case study office buildings. It is shown that energy need for
the cooling of the studied office building is dominant in all considered climate
conditions, although it can be decreased up to 23% in most favourable considered
climate conditions by implementing free cooling techniques. The case study
buildings with BIPV structures on their east and west facades meet more stringed
nZEB criteria; in addition, final energy demand decreases by 17-37% in comparison
to the reference all-glass building. In the case of all-BIPV buildings, the final
energy demand is decreased by 36-48%. Such buildings can significantly contribute
to the mitigation of global climate change, as BIPV electricity production exceeds
the building's energy demand. [Domjan, Suzana; Arkar, Ciril; Begelj, Ziga; Medved,
Saso] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Lab Sustainable Technol Bldg, Ljubljana,
Slovenia Domjan, S (reprint author), Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Lab
Sustainable Technol Bldg, Ljubljana, Slovenia. [email protected]
European Regional Development Fund, Research and development programmes (TRL
3-6), Programme: Sustainable and innovative construction of smart buildings
TIGR4smart' [C3330-16-529003]; Slovenian Research AgencySlovenian Research Agency -
Slovenia [P2-0223] This work was supported by the European Regional
Development Fund, Research and development programmes (TRL 3-6), Programme:
Sustainable and innovative construction of smart buildings TIGR4smart' (C3330-16-
529003). The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian
Research Agency (research core funding No. P2-0223 (C)). 47 3 3
4 6 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD
LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 0360-1323 1873-684X BUILD
ENVIRON Build. Environ. AUG 2019 160
106183 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106183 15 Construction
& Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil Construction
& Building Technology; Engineering IH0SZ WOS:000474204100024
2020-03-26
J Ren, XH; Liu, RZ; Wang, YH; Wang, L; Zhao, FY Ren, Xiu-
Hong; Liu, Run-Zhe; Wang, Yun-He; Wang, Lin; Zhao, Fu-Yun Thermal
driven natural convective flows inside the solar chimney flush-mounted with
discrete heating sources: Reversal and cooperative flow dynamics RENEWABLE ENERGY
English Article Thermal driven
natural convection; Solar energy; Reversal flow; Discrete heat sources AIRBORNE
POLLUTANT REMOVALS; PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS; AIR-FLOW; VENTILATION; PERFORMANCE;
SIMULATION; ENCLOSURE; PREDICTION; BUILDINGS; IMPACT Fluid flow and heat transfer
mechanism in a solar chimney induced by thermal buoyancy within a range of Ra
numbers are reported by numerical and experimental investigations. The transport
paths followed respectively by air and heat are visualized by streamlines and
heatlines. Numerical results demonstrate that the reverse flow not only slows down
the volume flow rate but also accelerates backflow presented in the solar chimney
when Ra increases beyond a certain value, which makes the solar chimney lost its
role of ventilation. In order to suppress the reverse flow and enhance ventilation
performance, a solar chimney with multiple discrete sources flush attached the
glazing wall is proposed. The effects of the sizes, positions, and numbers of those
discrete heat sources on the system heat transfer rate and volume flow rate are
discussed. After comparing with conventional solar chimney, the modified solar
chimney with discrete heat source of height D-o =1 and position S-o =1 could
perform better, not only preventing reverse flow but also enhancing the ventilation
performance. The results obtained by the lab experimental measurements were agreed
well with former numerical simulations. Temperature distributions along the heated
wall for different heat input at ambient temperature illustrate the temperatures on
the heated wall do not increase linearly and even drop near the top exit. This
research could be significant for solar energy utilization and building energy
conservation. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [Ren, Xiu-Hong; Wang,
Lin] Henan Univ Sci & Technol, Inst Refrigerat & Air Conditioning, Luoyang, Henan,
Peoples R China; [Ren, Xiu-Hong; Wang, Lin] Henan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil
Engn, Luoyang, Henan, Peoples R China; [Liu, Run-Zhe; Wang, Yun-He; Zhao, Fu-Yun]
Wuhan Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Hydraul Machinery Transients, Wuhan, Hubei,
Peoples R China; [Liu, Run-Zhe; Wang, Yun-He; Zhao, Fu-Yun] Wuhan Univ, Shenzhen
Res Inst, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China; [Liu, Run-Zhe; Wang, Yun-He; Zhao,
Fu-Yun] Wuhan Univ, Sch Power & Mech Engn, Dong Hu South Rd, Wuhan 430072, Hubei,
Peoples R China Zhao, FY (reprint author), Wuhan Univ, Sch Power & Mech Engn,
Dong Hu South Rd, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, Peoples R China. [email protected]
Doctoral Kick-off Research Foundation of Henan University of Science and
Technology [13480033]; Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)National Natural
Science Foundation of China [51778504, 51304233, 51208192]; Joint Zhuzhou Hunan
Provincial Natural Science Foundation [2018JJ4064]; National Defense Research Funds
for the Central Universities [2042018gf0031]; Fundamental Research Projects from
Shenzhen Government [JCYJ20160523160857948]; National Key Research and Development
Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2018YFC0705201,
2018YFB0904200] This research was financially supported by the Doctoral Kick-off
Research Foundation of Henan University of Science and Technology (Grant No.
13480033), Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant No. 51778504, 51304233,
51208192), Joint Zhuzhou Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.
2018JJ4064), National Defense Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant
No. 2042018gf0031), Fundamental Research Projects from Shenzhen Government (Grant
No. JCYJ20160523160857948), and the National Key Research and Development Program
of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2018YFC0705201, Grant
No. 2018YFB0904200). 41 1 1 5 21 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB,
ENGLAND 0960-1481 RENEW ENERG Renew. Energy AUG 2019 138
354 367 10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.090
14 Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Energy & Fuels Science &
Technology - Other Topics; Energy & Fuels HU1SK WOS:000465051900033
2020-03-26
J Kousalyadevi, G; Lavanya, G Kousalyadevi, G.; Lavanya, G.
Optimal investigation of daylighting and energy efficiency in
industrial building using energy-efficient velux daylighting simulation
JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING
English Article Daylighting; artificial
lighting; energy consumption; velux daylight visualizer; illuminance; luminance and
velux EIC visualizer ILLUMINATION; DESIGN Daylighting is one of the
sustainable methods of controlling the flow of natural light into the interior
surfaces of the building. Over past years of research daylighting are analyzed
through simulation tools due to consistent and precise predictions. The aim of the
research is to evaluate the daylight availability in an industrial building under a
fixed level of orientation and design. The research initiates by field measurements
on the building by an illuminance meter. For the comparative effectiveness, a
simulation method is incorporated in the research for a comparative and optimized
validation of the daylighting factor. Velux Daylight Visualizer is utilized in this
research to simulate the daylighting by modelling the building surface 3
dimensionally with optimal window and glazing material and rendered it to actual
interior surface to measure the daylighting at hourly working time zones.
Sequentially, the energy utilization of the building is also measured using Velux
EIC Visualizer, where the temperature comfort and the total energy utilized for
lighting and ventilation is also measured. Hence by improving the design of
building to efficient daylighting and ventilation, the annual energy cost investing
in artificial lighting and ventilation for industrial operation in a certain period
can be restricted respectively. [Kousalyadevi, G.] Mohamed Sathak Engn Coll,
Dept Architecture, Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu, India; [Lavanya, G.] Univ Coll Engn, Dept
Civil Engn, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India Kousalyadevi, G (reprint author),
Mohamed Sathak Engn Coll, Dept Architecture, Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu, India.
[email protected] 22 0 0 2
2 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,
ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND 1346-7581 1347-2852 J ASIAN ARCHIT
BUILD J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. JUL 4 2019 18 4
271 284 10.1080/13467581.2019.1618860 14
Architecture; Construction & Building Technology Architecture;
Construction & Building Technology JE5QR WOS:000490747500001 DOAJ Gold
2020-03-26
J Taleb, H; Elsebaei, M; El-Attar, M Taleb, Hanan; Elsebaei,
Mohamed; El-Attar, May Enhancing the sustainability of shipping
container homes in a hot arid region: A case study of Aswan in Egypt
ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT English
Article Shipping containers; flow design;
natural ventilation; hot arid region; IES software RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS The
promising idea of using shipping containers as homes, retail outlets, or even
offices has recently been realized in practice. The aim of this research is to find
ways to make these shipping container homes more sustainable. A real shipping
container home in Aswan was selected as the main case study for this research.
Three strategies were implemented: the first was to design a courtyard to act as a
form of passive cooling; secondly, green roofs and green walls were used to act as
an insulation layer for the container envelope; thirdly, the single glazing of the
containers was replaced by double glazing. Using integrated design solutions (IES)
and flow design software, these three strategies were compared to the base case
model to assess their effectiveness. The results showed that the most effective
strategy was the use of green roofs and green walls as these reduced energy
consumptions by 13.5% compared to the courtyard which reduced total energy
consumption by 3.6%. To optimize sustainability, photovoltaics (PV) panels were
also installed. These provided the container users with 12.32 MWh clean energy.
[Taleb, Hanan] British Univ, Fac Engn, Dubai, U Arab Emirates; [Elsebaei,
Mohamed; El-Attar, May] British Univ, Sustainable Design Built Environm, Dubai, U
Arab Emirates Taleb, H (reprint author), British Univ, Fac Engn, Dubai, U Arab
Emirates. [email protected] 32 0 0
9 10 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,
ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND 1745-2007 1752-7589 ARCHIT ENG DES
MANAG Archit. Eng. Des. Manag. NOV 2 2019 15 6
459 474 10.1080/17452007.2019.1628002 JUN 2019 16
Construction & Building Technology Construction & Building Technology IZ7HV
WOS:000472400200001 2020-03-26
J Pukdum, J; Phengpom, T; Sudasna, K Pukdum, Jirasak;
Phengpom, Tinnapob; Sudasna, Krichkanok Thermal Performance of Mixed
Asphalt Solar Water Heater INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH
English Article Absorber plate;
Mixed asphalt; Solar water heater; Thermal performance FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR;
NATURAL VENTILATION; SYSTEM; EFFICIENCY; STORAGE This paper deals to
investigate the thermal performance of the mixed asphalt solar water heater. The
mixed asphalt solar water heater composes of mixed as asphalt as an absorber plate,
copper tube, glass cover, and insulation material. The mixed asphalt solar water
heater area is 0.5 m(2), and always constant feed water at 0.02 kg/s. The air gap
between glass cover and absorber plate is 0.004 m, and inclination angle was fixed
at 30 degrees. The copper tube of length 9 m with 0.135 m(2), cross-section area.
The experimental set-up was located at latitude 13 degrees 47'41.3 '' N, and the
longitude 100 degrees 17'56.7 '' E Thailand. The experimental data were used to
assess thermal performance, based on the following parameters such as the absorbers
surface temperature, the temperature difference between inlet and outlet water
temperature, useful energy, and energy efficiency. The result shows that the
maximum absorber plate temperature and the temperature difference between the inlet
and outlet water temperature are obtained to 60 degrees C and 17.2 degrees C
respectively. While, the feed water has been obtained amount of heat in the range
100-380 W/m(2). As above results is found to range 70-79%. [Pukdum, Jirasak;
Phengpom, Tinnapob] Rajamangala Univ Technol Rattanakosin, RCSEE, Puthamonthon
73170, Nakhonpathom, Thailand; [Sudasna, Krichkanok] Rajamangala Univ Technol
Rattanakosin, Fac Architecture & Design, Puthamonthon 73170, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
Phengpom, T (reprint author), Rajamangala Univ Technol Rattanakosin, RCSEE,
Puthamonthon 73170, Nakhonpathom, Thailand. [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected] Rajamangala
University of Technology Rattanakosin, Rattanakosin College for Sustainable Energy
and Environment (RCSEE) The authors are thankful to Rajamangala University of
Technology Rattanakosin, Rattanakosin College for Sustainable Energy and
Environment (RCSEE) for providing financial support for this research work. Cordial
thanks to Assistant Professor Withaya PUANGSOMBUT (Ph.D.) for his moral and
scientific advices in this research. 31 0 0 1 2 INT
JOURNAL RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH ANKARA C/O ILHAMI COLAK, EIC, FAC
TECHNOLOGY, ANKARA, 00000, TURKEY 1309-0127 INT J RENEW ENERGY R
Int. J. Renew. Energy. Res. JUN 2019 9 2
712 720 9 Energy & Fuels Energy & Fuels
IF6EH WOS:000473173400018 2020-03-26
J Lago, TGS; Ismail, KAR; Lino, FAM Lago, Taynara G. S.;
Ismail, Kamal A. R.; Lino, Fatima A. M. Ventilated double glass
window with reflective film: Modeling and assessment of performance SOLAR ENERGY
 English Article Ventilated
double glass window; Solar reflective film; Thermal comfort; Double glass window
FIN HEAT SINKS; NATURAL-CONVECTION; THERMAL PERFORMANCE; SQUARE ENCLOSURE; N-
EICOSANE; ELECTRONICS; MANAGEMENT; AIR; THICKNESS; COATINGSIn the present study,
the thermal behavior of a ventilated double glass window with a solar reflective
film is numerically investigated and validated against results available in the
literature. The objectives of the study are to develop a validated robust thermal
model for the ventilated double glass window, make it versatile so that it can
incorporate different inserts (such as reflective and absorptive films, etc.),
different glass sheets and different fluids and can be integrated with other
available design tools. The proposed ventilated double window is composed of two
glass sheets separated by a gap forming a channel having a solar reflective film on
the internal surface of outer glass sheet. The model is based on the equations of
mass, momentum and the energy conservation equations in steady state. Boussinesq
approximation is used to evaluate buoyancy term. The discretization of conservative
equations is done using the finite volume method. A numerical code is developed and
validated against available experimental and numerical results. Thermal performance
of the ventilated double glass window is assessed under different conditions and
the results show that in order to reduce the heat gain in the internal ambient, the
optimum spacing between the glass sheets should be at least 2.5 cm. The solar
reflective film in a ventilated double glass window can reduce the penetrating
solar energy by about 64.7% in comparison with a traditional double glass window.
[Lago, Taynara G. S.; Ismail, Kamal A. R.; Lino, Fatima A. M.] Univ Estadual
Campinas, UNICAMP, Fac Mech Engn, Dept Energy, BR-13083860 Campinas, SP, Brazil
Ismail, KAR (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Fac Mech Engn,
Dept Energy, BR-13083860 Campinas, SP, Brazil. [email protected] LAGO,
TAYNARA/AAF-8854-2020 LAGO, TAYNARA/0000-0003-1618-5639 Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, CNPq, BrasilNational Council for
Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) The authors wish to thank the
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, CNPq, Brasil, for
the doctoral scholarship to the first author and for the PQ research grant to the
second author. 54 1 1 2 5 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND
0038-092X SOL ENERGY Sol. Energy JUN 2019 185
72 88 10.1016/j.solener.2019.04.047 17
Energy & Fuels Energy & Fuels IC6MW WOS:000471087200008
2020-03-26
J Fierko, J; Loos, J; Wampler, J; Welsh, P Fierko, Jason;
Loos, Jared; Wampler, Jennifer; Welsh, Peter ENERGY STAR CIVIL
ENGINEERING English Article
One of the largest net-zero energy office buildings in the world has opened
in Silver Spring, Maryland, as the corporate headquarters of United Therapeutics.
Solar panels collect energy for the structure, and geo-exchange wells, an earth
labyrinth, natural ventilation, and electrochromic glass-among other special design
choices-minimize energy use. And building performance monitors ensure employees and
operators know exactly how much energy is being generated and used. [Fierko,
Jason; Loos, Jared; Wampler, Jennifer] EwingCole, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA;
[Fierko, Jason] Unisphere Project, Washington, DC 20006 USA; [Welsh, Peter]
EwingCole, Struct Engn, Philadelphia, PA USA; [Welsh, Peter] EwingCole, Record
Project, Philadelphia, PA USA Fierko, J (reprint author), EwingCole, Philadelphia,
PA 19106 USA.; Fierko, J (reprint author), Unisphere Project, Washington, DC 20006
USA. 0 0 0 0 1 ASCE-AMER
SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS RESTON 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400
USA 0885-7024 CIVIL ENG Civil Eng. JUN 2019 89 6
48 + 10.1061/ciegag.0001393 9
Engineering, Civil Engineering IB1BU WOS:000469999200022
2020-03-26
J Zhang, TT; Yang, HX Zhang, Tiantian; Yang, Hongxing
Flow and heat transfer characteristics of natural convection in
vertical air channels of double-skin solar facades APPLIED ENERGY
English Article; Proceedings Paper CUE Conference JUN 05-07, 2018
Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA Vertical air channel; Flow and heat
transfer characteristics; Natural convection; Induced air flowrate; Temperature
rise TROMBE WALL; BUILDING ENVELOPE; THERMAL PERFORMANCE; CHIMNEY; ENERGY;
VENTILATION; CLIMATE; DESIGN; BIPV Design and construction of internal ventilated
air layers have become a popular way to improve the thermal performance of exterior
envelopes in modern buildings. These air layers provide multiple benefits to the
building envelopes, including improving the thermal insulation property, as well as
achieving the effects of fresh air preheating, space heating, natural ventilation,
passive cooling, etc. Obviously, the flow and heat transfer condition of the solar
driven natural convection in these air layers can significantly influence the
performances of these envelopes. This study numerically investigates the flow and
heat transfer process, as well as the influence factors of the temperature and
velocity fields, the induced air flowrate and the temperature increase in these air
layer structures. The results demonstrate that the flow transition, velocity
promotion and temperature increase mainly occur in the near-wall regions. For
vertical air layers with the height of 2-4 m, the width of 0.1-0.8 m, and the input
heat flux of 100-400 W/m(2), the air flowrate varies between 0.042 kg/s and 0.255
kg/s, and the range of the temperature rise is 0.66-14.70 degrees C. For air layers
intending to improve ventilation capacity, the channel width should not be bigger
than 0.6 m, while for those with the purpose of supplying warm air, the width
should be lower than 0.2 m. [Zhang, Tiantian; Yang, Hongxing] Hong Kong Polytech
Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, RERG, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaYang, HX (reprint
author), Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, RERG, Hong Kong, Peoples R
China. [email protected] Yang, Hongxing/E-5737-2014 Yang,
Hongxing/0000-0001-5117-5394 Hong Kong Polytechnic University Postdoctoral
Fellowships SchemeHong Kong Polytechnic University [G-YW2E]This research was
supported by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Postdoctoral Fellowships Scheme
(G-YW2E). 34 2 2 10 16 ELSEVIER SCI LTD OXFORD THE
BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND 0306-2619
1872-9118 APPL ENERG Appl. Energy MAY 15 2019 242
107 120 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.072
14 Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical Energy & Fuels; Engineering
IB1SS WOS:000470045800009 2020-03-26
J Wang, YJ; Chen, YM; Li, C Wang, Yanjin; Chen, Youming;
Li, Cong Airflow modeling based on zonal method for natural
ventilated double skin facade with Venetian blinds ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
English Article Zonal method; Airflow
model; Natural ventilated DSF; Dynamic modeling; Energy performance HEAT-
TRANSFER; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; SIMULATION; BEHAVIOR; STRATEGIES;
VALIDATION; CLIMATES; HOT A zonal method based on the airflow model is
developed to predict the temperature and airflow of the natural ventilated double
skin facade (DSF) with Venetian blinds. Ventilation theories such as the Bernoulli
equation, thermal pressure, and airflow network method are used to establish the
airflow model. It is validated by the experimental data. The validation results
show that the simulated results agree well with the experimental data. In addition,
some factors that influence the temperature and airflow rate are discussed. It is
found that the slat angle, air cavity thickness, and DSF height have different
influences on the temperature and airflow rate of the natural ventilated DSFs with
Venetian blinds. Meanwhile, changing the vent area has little influence on the
thermal performance. This model is suitable for the dynamic modeling of natural
ventilated DSFs with Venetian blinds, and renders with fast speed. A typical city
in hot summer and cold zone (HSCW) zone in China - Changsha is taken to demonstrate
the evaluation of the annual energy performance of the natural ventilated DSF in
this model. The comparative results show that the annual energy demand of the
natural ventilated DSF is close to the well thermally insulated fabric. The
calculation time is about 51 min under Win 7 system on a standard laptop with 2.90
GHz dual-core CPU. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [Wang, Yanjin;
Chen, Youming; Li, Cong] Hunan Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Changsha 410082, Hunan,
Peoples R China; [Wang, Yanjin] East China Jiaotong Univ, Coll Civil Engn &
Architecture, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, Peoples R China; [Wang, Yanjin; Chen,
Youming; Li, Cong] Hunan Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Bldg Safety & Energy
Efficiency, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China Chen, YM (reprint author),
Hunan Univ, Lushan South Rd, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China.
[email protected] "13th Five-Year" National Key R&D Project of
China [2017YFC0702201]; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational
Natural Science Foundation of China [51378185] This study was supported by the
"13th Five-Year" National Key R&D Project of China (Grant no. 2017YFC0702201) and
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51378185). 35
1 1 6 15 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564, 1001
LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy
Build. MAY 15 2019 191 211 223
10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.025 13 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering HT1BL WOS:000464298900019
2020-03-26
J Khalvati, F; Omidvar, A Khalvati, F.; Omidvar, A.
Summer study on thermal performance of an exhausting airflow window in
evaporatively-cooled buildings APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
English Article Ventilated window;
Evaporative cooler; Zonal model; Air relief path; Airflow window ENERGY; FACADE;
MODEL By using exhaust mode ventilated windows in buildings cooled by evaporative
cooler, the air flow channel of the window can play the role of natural relief air
path. Thereby, the cooling potential of the relief air can be recovered and used to
improve the thermal performance of the ventilated window. This paper investigates
the thermal performance of an exhausting ventilated window in a typical
evaporatively-cooled space. In this study, a zonal model has been used for
simulation. The numerical approach was validated with reported experimental data
and good agreement was shown. Results showed that the heat gain and the maximum
daily temperature of the interior glass pane of the proposed ventilated window are
less than those of the conventional double-glazed window. Providing natural relief
through ventilated window can cause extra pressure drop and consequently reducing
cooling capacity. This may also disturb the occupant's comfort due to noise issue.
Hence, the impacts of window aspect ratio and thickness of the air flow channel
have been investigated as effective factors on pressure drop and sound power level.
Eventually, a step by step procedure has been proposed for determining the
geometric parameters of the ventilated window for practical use in evaporatively-
cooled buildings. [Khalvati, F.; Omidvar, A.] Shiraz Univ Technol, Dept Mech &
Aerosp Engn, POB 71555-313, Shiraz, Iran Omidvar, A (reprint author), Shiraz Univ
Technol, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, POB 71555-313, Shiraz, Iran.
[email protected] Omidvar, Amir/0000-0003-1578-5093
33 4 4 0 0 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE
BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 1359-4311
APPL THERM ENG Appl. Therm. Eng. MAY 5 2019 153
147 158 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.135 12
Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics
Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mechanics IB3VA
WOS:000470194400018 2020-03-26
J Barbosa, S; Alberto, KC Barbosa, Sabrina; Alberto, Klaus
Chaves Effect of the double skin facade material on the thermal
performance of the educational building in tropical climateARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE
REVIEW English Article Double
skin facade; sustainable design; high educational buildings; thermal performance;
tropical climate NATURALLY VENTILATED BUILDINGS; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; COMFORT;
PERSPECTIVES; SYSTEMS This study aimed to compare the thermal performance of
university building models with Double skin facade (DSF) made with glazing and
perforated metal sheet under tropical climate conditions. Building models with
alternative DSF outer layer fabric material, perforation rate and colour were
developed and compared through dynamic computational simulations in the tropical
climatic conditions of Rio de Janeiro. Results indicate that, differently from the
case made with glazing, cases having perforated metallic screen presented similar
ascending cavity airflow rates over the year as the wind pressures have major
impacts on the system ventilation. Annual levels of thermal comfort reached up to
75% indicating that real buildings may require other means of cooling under summer
conditions. Results also include airflow rates through the different levels of the
building and solar heat gains on the DSF cavity. This study contributes to the DSF
design when considering its adoption in tropical climates as a sustainable
solution. [Barbosa, Sabrina; Alberto, Klaus Chaves] Univ Fed Juiz de Fora,
Postgrad Program Built Environm, Campus Univ Rua Jose Lourenco Kelmer S-N, BR-
36036900 Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil Barbosa, S (reprint author), Univ Fed Juiz de
Fora, Postgrad Program Built Environm, Campus Univ Rua Jose Lourenco Kelmer S-N,
BR-36036900 Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil. [email protected]
Alberto, Klaus/0000-0003-2845-8307 Brazilian Coordination for the
Improvement of Higher Level for Education Personnel (CAPES)CAPES This work was
supported by the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level for
Education Personnel (CAPES). 33 0 0 2 3 TAYLOR & FRANCIS
LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND
0003-8628 1758-9622 ARCHIT SCI REV Archit. Sci. Rev. MAY 4 2019
62 3 206 215
10.1080/00038628.2019.1586640 10 Architecture Architecture
IK4LZ WOS:000476559700003 2020-03-26
J Martin-Escudero, K; Salazar-Herran, E; Campos-Celador, A; Diarce-Belloso, G;
Gomez-Arriaran, I Martin-Escudero, K.; Salazar-Herran, E.;
Campos-Celador, A.; Diarce-Belloso, G.; Gomez-Arriaran, I. Solar energy
system for heating and domestic hot water supply by means of a heat pump coupled to
a photovoltaic ventilated facade SOLAR ENERGY English
Article Building energy performance; Nearly
zero energy buildings; Air source heat pump; Building integrated photovoltaic-
thermal; Forced venilation PERFORMANCE; INTEGRATION To spread the nearly
Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept, there is a need for the combined integration
of energy saving measures and energy supply systems that minimize the non-renewable
primary energy consumption. This paper aims to analyse the capabilities of a novel
system composed of a photovoltaic (PV) double skin facade (PV-DSF) coupled to an
air source heat pump system (ASHP). The main goal of this system is to provide
heating and domestic hot water (DHW) using renewable energy. A quasi-steady
mathematical model has been developed to assess the energy capabilities of the
proposed system. The thermal and electric generation of the system can be estimated
with the hourly outdoor temperature and solar radiation as input data. Calculations
have been carried out on an existing block of flats in Bilbao (Spain) to estimate
the energy viability of the proposed system. It has been proved that almost all the
thermal energy demand can be supplied with the ASHP system, which improves its
Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) in 14.8%. Regarding electric energy, the PV-DSF
panels can supply approximately 70% of the electricity consumed by the ASHP system
and the fans of the PV-DSF. In addition, if more PV modules are installed on the
roof, the demand can be covered with a surplus for other uses. Economically,
comparing it with a conventional natural gas boiler facility, the investment cost
is amortized in 6.4 years. [Martin-Escudero, K.; Salazar-Herran, E.; Campos-
Celador, A.; Diarce-Belloso, G.; Gomez-Arriaran, I.] Univ Basque Country UPV EHU,
Dept Thermal Engn, ENEDI Res Grp, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain
Martin-Escudero, K (reprint author), Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Dept
Thermal Engn, ENEDI Res Grp, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
[email protected] ; Salazar-Herran, Erik/F-1552-2018; Gomez-Arriaran,
Inaki/I-3040-2015 DIARCE BELLOSO, GONZALO/0000-0003-0616-3209; Salazar-Herran,
Erik/0000-0002-2298-2709; Gomez-Arriaran, Inaki/0000-0003-4660-2173 Spanish
Economy and Competitiveness Ministry (MINECO, Spain) through the ekimProVe project
"Solar energy system for heating and domestic hot water supply by means of a
photovoltaic ventilated facade with compact latent heat storage" [ENE2015-71083-R]
This work was supported by the Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry
(MINECO, Spain) through the ekimProVe project "Solar energy system for heating and
domestic hot water supply by means of a photovoltaic ventilated facade with compact
latent heat storage", project reference: ENE2015-71083-R. 37 4 4
5 13 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD
LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 0038-092X SOL ENERGY Sol.
Energy MAY 1 2019 183 453 462
10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.058 10 Energy & Fuels Energy &
Fuels HY1QM WOS:000467892000042 2020-03-26
J Berardi, U; Soudian, S Berardi, Umberto; Soudian, Shahrzad
Experimental investigation of latent heat thermal energy storage using
PCMs with different melting temperatures for building retrofit ENERGY AND
BUILDINGS English Article
Thermal energy storage; Phase change materials; Test cell; Thermal comfort;
Building retrofit; Temperature regulation; Experimental test PHASE-CHANGE
MATERIALS; EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION; FULL-SCALE; PERFORMANCE; WALL; LAYER Recent
architectural trends in high-rise residential buildings are favoring more
transparent facades with fully glazed exteriors. While aesthetically pleasing, high
window to wall ratios (WWR) entail significant discomfort due to higher solar heat
gains and heat losses. In this architectural context, passive latent heat thermal
energy storage (LHTES) is a possible solution to regulate indoor thermal comfort by
limiting the room temperature swings. This study investigates the effectiveness of
adopting Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in retrofitting high-rise apartments with
80% WWR. A composite PCM system, comprised of two PCM products with melting
temperatures of 21.7 degrees C and 25 degrees C is introduced to provide thermal
energy storage across the year. The phase change cycle of the PCMs and their impact
on indoor air and interior building surface temperatures are assessed. For this,
two test cells were constructed, one acting as a baseline and another enhanced with
the composite PCM system positioned on the walls and the ceiling. The results
indicate improved performance of the test cell containing the composite PCM system
in lowering peak indoor and surface temperatures up to 6 degrees C. The melting and
solidification patterns of the PCMs showed a close correlation with peak solar heat
gain and heat loss periods respectively. The benefits of the PCMs were more
pronounced in stabilizing indoor cell temperatures in extreme conditions with sharp
temperature variations. Aspects such as the effectiveness of night natural
ventilation and shading design optimization were also assessed. (C) 2019 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved. [Berardi, Umberto; Soudian, Shahrzad] Ryerson Univ,
350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada Berardi, U (reprint author),
Ryerson Univ, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, [email protected]
Berardi, Umberto/G-1972-2017; soudian, shahrzad/AAD-9877-2019 Berardi,
Umberto/0000-0002-0508-6195; soudian, shahrzad/0000-0001-9838-7327 Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada [2016-04904]; Ontario Ministry of Research
Innovation and Science (MRIS); Ontario Graduate Scholarship ProgramOntario Graduate
Scholarship The first author acknowledges the financial support of the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for the DG #2016-04904,
and the Ontario Ministry of Research Innovation and Science (MRIS) for the ERA
award. The work of the second author was supported by Ontario Graduate Scholarship
Program. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Prof. Valentina Serra and
Dr. Stefano Fantucci for the help with the characterization tests of the PCMs.
39 10 10 4 20 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564,
1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy
Build. FEB 15 2019 185 180 195
10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.016 16 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering HM3FK WOS:000459358900015
2020-03-26
J Yang, SL; Cannavale, A; Prasad, D; Sproul, A; Fiorito, F
 Yang, Siliang; Cannavale, Alessandro; Prasad, Deo; Sproul, Alistair; Fiorito,
Francesco Numerical simulation study of BIPV/T double-skin facade for
various climate zones in Australia: Effects on indoor thermal comfort BUILDING
SIMULATION English Article
building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (BIPV/T); double-skin facade
(DSF); indoor thermal comfort; semi-transparent PV glazing; TRNSYS simulation
ENERGY PERFORMANCE; SOLAR-CELLS; NATURAL VENTILATION; OPTIMIZATION;
INTEGRATION; STRATEGIES; BUILDINGS; SYSTEM Maintaining indoor thermal comfort
is crucial for the health and productivity of building occupants. Building envelope
plays a major role in influencing the impact of outdoor climate and controlling the
indoor thermal conditions. In this paper, comparative analysis of indoor
comfortable temperature for four different types of building-integrated
photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) building models in a range of climate zones in
Australia was conducted using TRNSYS simulation tool. In terms of system
operational mode, the four types of BIPV/T building facade systems include a
building-integrated photovoltaic single-skin facade (SSF), non-ventilated BIPV/T
double-skin facade (BIPV/T-DSF), naturally ventilated BIPV/T-DSF and fan-assisted
BIPV/T-DSF. In addition to the operational modes of the facade systems, two types
of semi-transparent PV glazing with different visible light transmittance (VLT)
were respectively applied to the models as external window glazing. The numerical
results showed that the naturally ventilated BIPV/T-DSF with lower VLT (27%) PV
glazing maintained a relatively better indoor temperature for the hot climatic
conditions compared to the other operational modes, while the non-ventilated
BIPV/T-DSF with higher VLT PV glazing (37.5%) offered more comfortable indoor
temperature (i.e. 20 to 26 degrees C for office hours) for the cold climates in
Australia. On the other hand, the naturally ventilated BIPV/T-DSF could basically
maintain comfortable indoor temperatures from 22 to 27 degrees C during office
hours without mechanical systems for the peak summer times for cool temperate
climates in Australia. Moreover, it was found that the thermal insulation effect of
semi-transparent PV glazing hardly affected indoor operative temperature in the
ventilated modes of the BIPV/T-DSF. According to the sensitivity analysis, the
change of U-value of internal window of the DSF would significantly lead to the
change of indoor thermal comfort in both ventilated operational modes, but very few
changes for the non-ventilated DSF. The variation of cavity depth had distinct
impact on the indoor thermal comfort for fan-assisted DSF but slightly affected
that of other modes. In addition, the changes of opening ratio for the ventilating
louvers and fan airflow rate of the DSF also had a degree of influence on indoor
thermal comfort for naturally ventilated DSF and fan-assisted DSF respectively.
[Yang, Siliang; Fiorito, Francesco] Univ New South Wales, Fac Built Environm,
Sydney, NSW, Australia; [Cannavale, Alessandro] Polytech Univ Bari, Dept Sci Civil
Engn & Architecture, Bari, Italy; [Prasad, Deo] CRC LCL, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[Sproul, Alistair] Univ New South Wales, Sch Photovolta & Renewable Energy Engn,
Sydney, NSW, Australia; Polytech Univ Bari, Dept Civil Environm Land Bldg Engn &
Chem, Bari, Italy Yang, SL (reprint author), Univ New South Wales, Fac Built
Environm, Sydney, NSW, Australia. [email protected] Fiorito,
Francesco/J-6353-2016 Fiorito, Francesco/0000-0002-4554-738X; Yang, Siliang/0000-
0001-6940-6752 Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales
(Australia); Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living (CRC-LCL) The
authors kindly acknowledge the financial support for this research project was
provided by the Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales
(Australia) and the Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living (CRC-LCL).
The authors also would like to express the sincere gratitude to Dr. Jinqing Peng,
from Hunan University (China) for providing the indispensable data. 46
1 1 6 25 TSINGHUA UNIV PRESS BEIJING TSINGHUA UNIV, RM
A703, XUEYAN BLDG, BEIJING, 100084, PEOPLES R CHINA 1996-3599 1996-8744
BUILD SIMUL-CHINA Build. Simul. FEB 2019 12 1
51 67 10.1007/s12273-018-0489-x 17
Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology Thermodynamics;
Construction & Building Technology HJ8WE WOS:000457480000005
 2020-03-26
J Perez-Andreu, V; Aparicio-Fernandez, C; Martinez-Ibernon, A; Vivancos, JL
Perez-Andreu, Victor; Aparicio-Fernandez, Carolina; Martinez-
Ibernon, Ana; Vivancos, Jose-Luis Impact of climate change on heating
and cooling energy demand in a residential building in a Mediterranean climate
ENERGY English Article
Climate change; Energy demand; Buildings; Mediterranean climate; TRNSYS
ADAPTATION MEASURES; PERFORMANCE; SIMULATION A range of energy improvement
measures applied to a typical Mediterranean residential building are modelled under
various climate-change scenarios. Global Circulation Models (CNRM-CM5 and MPI-
ESMLR), under two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), downscaled by the Spanish
Meteorological Agency, are used to generate four temperature projections. Energy
simulations are obtained with TRNSYS tools in a Mediterranean climate based on
temperature projections in two periods: 2048-2052 and 2096-2100, with the same time
span. Various energy measures apply thermal improvements to a conventional
residential building model that complies with current regulations for this analysis
of best practice in passive construction solutions. Sequential implementation of
eight different energy improvements measures are applied to the initial building
model: six passives (infiltration, insulation thickness, glazing and frame type,
window area, shading devices and natural cross ventilation) and two active
(mechanical ventilation and a heat recovery system) measures. The climatic trends
that are predicted show a local scenario with a warming climate and the thermal
behaviour of the building is shown to differ in each scenario. The demand for
indoor heating decreases significantly when the outdoor temperature increases,
while the demand for cooling and the risk of overheating increase considerably in
all the scenarios. The data for the building conditions that are projected in this
study predict that natural and forced ventilation strategies will have the least
impact, while increased thermal insulation and reductions in infiltration will have
a greater effect on global energy demand. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved. [Perez-Andreu, Victor] Univ Castilla La Mancha, Grp Medioambiente &
Eficiencia Energet Edificac, Camino Pozuelo S-N, Cuenca 16071, Spain; [Aparicio-
Fernandez, Carolina] Unidad Mixta Univ Politecn Valencia Univ Valencia, Inst
Interuniv Invest Reconocimiento Mol Desarrol, Camino Vera S-N, E-46022 Valencia,
Spain; [Martinez-Ibernon, Ana] Univ Politecn Valencia, Dept Quim, Camino Vera S-N,
E-46022 Valencia, Spain; [Vivancos, Jose-Luis] Univ Politecn Valencia, Dept
Proyectos Ingn, GIDDP, Camino Vera S-N, E-46022 Valencia, Spain Vivancos, JL
(reprint author), Univ Politecn Valencia, Dept Proyectos Ingn, GIDDP, Camino Vera
S-N, E-46022 Valencia, Spain. [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected] Perez-Andreu, Victor/AAA-5651-2019 Perez-Andreu,
Victor/0000-0001-7588-5833; Vivancos, Jose-Luis/0000-0002-8524-5466
33 9 9 18 37 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE
BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 0360-5442 1873-
6785 ENERGY Energy DEC 15 2018 165 A
63 74 10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.015 12
Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels HA6GC
WOS:000450377000007 2020-03-26
J Kim, D; Cox, SJ; Cho, H; Yoon, J Kim, Dongsu; Cox, Sam
J.; Cho, Heejin; Yoon, Jongho Comparative investigation on building
energy performance of double skin facade (DSF) with interior or exterior slat
blinds JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING English Article
Double skin facade; Blind raise/lower control;
Daylight-based dimming control; Building energy performance; Interior and exterior
blinds NATURAL VENTILATION; STRATEGIES; VALIDATION; SIMULATION; COMFORT;
OFFICE; SCALE; MODEL Advanced passive control technologies attract a great deal
of attention by architects and engineers as a way of achieving both high indoor
environmental quality and energy efficient buildings. This study investigates the
thermal and daylighting effects of a double skin facade (DSF) system with interior
and exterior blinds. A buffer type DSF and slat type blinds are used for this
comparative study. To investigate thermal and daylighting effects of three passive
control models, evaluation of annual heating, cooling, and lighting loads is
conducted using a widely-accepted whole building energy modeling program,
EnergyPlus. A simulated DSF model is developed using the air-flow network (AFN)
model in EnergyPlus and calibrated against measured data from an experimental DSF
facility installed to an office building in Daejeon, South Korea. After a proper
calibration of the simulated DSF model, the impact of blinds in the cavity of the
DSF is also evaluated by adopting a slat blind model in EnergyPlus. For exterior
and interior blind models, the simulated DSF model is modified by removing a DSF
box and adding slat blinds at inner and outer surfaces of the windows. A Radiance-
based daylighting simulation program, Daysim, is used to evaluate daylighting
aspects of blinds and lighting controls within an office building with simulated
DSF, interior blind, and exterior blind models. Generated lighting and blind
raise/lower control schedules from Daysim are used as input values in EnergyPlus
for annual thermal and lighting load calculations. In addition, the impact of
natural ventilation to reduce trapped hot air within the cavity of the DSF box is
considered in this study during a cooling period only for the DSF model. Results
indicate that the simulated DSF model can save up to 40%, 2%, and 5% for heating,
cooling, and total loads, respectively, when compared to the baseline (i.e., no
passive technologies) without any blinds or controls. With the combination of the
daylight-based dimming control based on the indoor illuminance levels and the blind
raise/lower control, the simulated DSF and the exterior blind models could
potentially reduce the building thermal loads and lighting energy consumption by
around 27-52%., respectively. [Kim, Dongsu; Cox, Sam J.; Cho, Heejin] Mississippi
State Univ, Mech Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA; [Yoon, Jongho] Hanbat Natl
Univ, Dept Architectural Engn, Daejeon 305719, South Korea Cho, H (reprint author),
Mississippi State Univ, Mech Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA.; Yoon, J
(reprint author), Hanbat Natl Univ, Dept Architectural Engn, Daejeon 305719, South
Korea. [email protected]; [email protected] Korea Institute of
Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP); Ministry of Trade, Industry &
Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea [20153010130320] This work was supported
by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the
Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No.
20153010130320). 51 6 6 2 14 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM
RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2352-7102 J
BUILD ENG J. Build. Eng. NOV 2018 20 411
423 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.08.012 13 Construction &
Building Technology; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Engineering GW0FT WOS:000446539400040 2020-03-26
J Prieto, A; Knaack, U; Auer, T; Klein, T Prieto, Alejandro;
Knaack, Ulrich; Auer, Thomas; Klein, Tillmann Passive cooling &
climate responsive facade design Exploring the limits of passive cooling strategies
to improve the performance of commercial buildings in warm climates ENERGY AND
BUILDINGS English Article
Passive cooling; Energy savings; Commercial buildings; Shading; Window-to-
wall ratio; Glazing; Ventilation ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS; HEAT-BALANCE
ANALYSIS; DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE; OFFICE BUILDINGS; NIGHT VENTILATION; NATURAL
VENTILATION; THERMAL COMFORT; LOAD REDUCTION; SHADING DEVICES; ARID CLIMATES
Cooling demands of commercial buildings present a relevant challenge for a
sustainable future. They account for over half of the overall energy needs for the
operation of an average office building in warm climates, and this situation is
expected to become more pressing due to increasing temperatures in cities
worldwide. To tackle this issue, it is widely agreed that the application of
passive strategies should be the first step in the design of energy efficient
buildings, only using active equipment if it is truly necessary. Nonetheless, there
is still further need for information regarding the potential limits derived from
their application. This paper explores the effectiveness of selected passive
cooling strategies in commercial buildings from warm climates, defining performance
ranges based on the assessment of multiple scenarios and climate contexts. This
task was conducted through the statistical analysis of results from documented
research experiences, to define overall ranges and boundary conditions; and through
software simulation of selected parameters to isolate their impact under a
controlled experimental setup. General findings showed that the mere application of
passive strategies is not enough to guarantee relevant savings. Their effectiveness
was conditioned to both the harshness of a given climate and different building
parameters. Specific recommendations were also discussed for the selected passive
strategies considered in the evaluation. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by
Elsevier B.V. [Prieto, Alejandro; Knaack, Ulrich; Klein, Tillmann] Delft Univ
Technol, Fac Architecture & Built Environm, Dept Architectural Engn Technol,
Architectural Facades & Prod Res Grp, Julianalaan 134, NL-2628 BL Delft,
Netherlands; [Auer, Thomas] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Architecture, Chair Bldg Technol
& Climate Respons Design, Arcisstrae Be 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany Prieto, A
(reprint author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Architecture & Built Environm, Dept
Architectural Engn Technol, Architectural Facades & Prod Res Grp, Julianalaan 134,
NL-2628 BL Delft, Netherlands. [email protected] Prieto,
Alejandro/0000-0003-3386-7682 CONICYT, the National Commission for Scientific and
Technological Research of Chile [7484/2013] This paper is part of the ongoing
Ph.D. research project titled COOLFACADE: Architectural integration of solar
cooling strategies in the building envelope, developed within the Facade Research
Group (FRG) of the Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology, Delft
University of Technology (TU Delft). The research project is being funded through a
scholarship granted by CONICYT, the National Commission for Scientific and
Technological Research of Chile (Resolution no 7484/2013). 74 2 2
4 13 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE,
SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy Build. SEP 15
2018 175 30 47
10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.016 18 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering GT2VG WOS:000444357800004 Green Published,
Other Gold 2020-03-26
J Fathalian, A; Kargarsharifabad, H Fathalian, Afshin;
Kargarsharifabad, Hadi Actual validation of energy simulation and
investigation of energy management strategies (Case Study: An office building in
Semnan, Iran) CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING English
Article Energy consumption; Energy
simulation; Validation; Office building; DesignBuilder NATURAL VENTILATION;
OCCUPANCY; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; DESIGN; IMPACT; TOOLS Due to the wide range of
parameters effect in energy consumption within a building, it is not possible to
make a proper decision about the impact of different energy efficiency strategies
without simulation tools. In this study, the annual energy consumption of an office
building in Semnan, Iran is simulated using DesignBuilder software. The validation
of simulation results is down by monthly electricity and natural gas energy
consumption billing records with the highest simulation error of about 1.6%. Three
strategies are proposed to management the energy consumption, e.g. the replacement
of single-glazed windows with low-emission double-glazed window, installation of a
thermal insulation sheet on the external wall of the building and use of horizontal
shadings on the outside and removal of the internal shades. The simulation results
show that these strategies lead to 14%, 18% and 13% reduction in energy
consumption, respectively. In order to revalidate the simulation, the strategy of
replacing the existing windows with low-emission double-glazed is adopted and the
actual energy consumption of the building is compared with the simulated value
after one year, indicating a good agreement at this stage. [Fathalian, Afshin;
Kargarsharifabad, Hadi] Islamic Azad Univ, Young Researchers & Elite Club, Semnan
Branch, Semnan, Iran; [Kargarsharifabad, Hadi] Islamic Azad Univ, Energy &
Sustainable Dev Res Ctr, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran Kargarsharifabad, H (reprint
author), Islamic Azad Univ, Energy & Sustainable Dev Res Ctr, Semnan Branch,
Semnan, Iran. [email protected] Kargarsharifabad, Hadi/N-7787-2013
Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University; Semnan province Gas Company The
authors would like to express our gratitude to the Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad
University and Semnan province Gas Company for their support regarding this
research study. 25 3 3 0 1 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM
RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2214-157X CASE
STUD THERM ENG Case Stud. Therm. Eng. SEP 2018 12
510 516 10.1016/j.csite.2018.06.007 7
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics HO8WU WOS:000461241700056 DOAJ
Gold 2020-03-26
J Barnett, P Barnett, Paul SUSTAINABLE MICRO-
VILLAGES AND THE CARWOOLA HOUSE PROJECT IN CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA JOURNAL OF GREEN
BUILDING English Article Micro
Villages; Living Pods; Naturescapes; Solar Passive; Passive House; Photovoltaics;
Waterharvesting; Biophilia; Permaculture; Biodynamics; Water Storage Our
needs as social and familial beings change over the course of our lives; however,
it has become common practice to build as though these needs remain static through
time. The needs of a child, young adult, family, middle age and the elderly are
dynamic between generations, and adding to these evolving life needs is the crisis
of housing affordability. Three decades ago a house could cost 3-4 times an
individual's annual income, today that cost is closer to 10-12 times. In response
to these challenges, this article explores the concept of Sustainable Micro-
Villages, providing insight into a new approach to energy-efficient housing with
reference to our case-study project-Carwoola House. Sustainable Micro-Villages can
be defined as a cluster of integrated dwellings, referred to here as Living Pods.
Essentially a "single house" on a single site, these micro-villages can be
comprised of two or more smaller buildings that provide private dwelling space for
a single person, couples, couples with children, parents, elderly, friends and any
combination of social groups. Living pods cluster around a natural garden setting,
enhanced by waterharvesting, and are connected with covered, open or enclosed links
depending on the climate of the site. The recent iterations of this type of
dwelling also incorporate solar passive design, passive house and greenhouse
technology. In Australia, new house designs are evaluated as part of an approvals
process for their energy rating. 1 The Australian Building Code requires a minimum
6-star rating, ranging up to 10 stars for any new home to be built. A 6-star rating
provides a good level of insulation and energy performance if built correctly,
while 10 stars represent the highest level of energy performance and refers to a
dwelling that needs no heating or cooling. Sustainable Micro-Villages consistently
achieve an 8 to 10-star rating by combining Solar Passive Design principles (good
orientation, thermal mass and thermal performance) and Passive House Technology
(high thermally performing building with low air leakage, no thermal bridging, high
performance glazing and heat recovery ventilation) in various combinations to suit
the climate, context and budget. [Barnett, Paul] Paul Barnett Design Grp,
Canberra, ACT, Australia; [Barnett, Paul] Paul Barnett Design Grp, Melbourne, Vic,
Australia; [Barnett, Paul] Pass Haus Inst, Darmstadt, Germany Barnett, P
(reprint author), Paul Barnett Design Grp, Canberra, ACT, Australia.; Barnett, P
(reprint author), Paul Barnett Design Grp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.; Barnett, P
(reprint author), Pass Haus Inst, Darmstadt, Germany.
0 0 0 3 10 COLLEGE PUBLISHING GLEN ALLEN 12309
LYNWOOD DR, GLEN ALLEN, VA 23059 USA 1552-6100 1943-4618 J GREEN
BUILD J. Green Build. FAL 2018 13 4 169 190
22 Architecture Architecture GY9RI
WOS:000448986100010 2020-03-26
J Moosavi, L; Zandi, M; Bidi, M Moosavi, Leila; Zandi, Majid;
Bidi, Mokhtar Experimental study on the cooling performance of
solar-assisted natural ventilation in a large building in a warm and humid climate
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING English Article
Energy; Atrium building; Solar chimney; Natural
ventilation; Hybrid evaporative cooling ATRIUM BUILDINGS; THERMAL PERFORMANCE;
HYBRID VENTILATION; TROPICAL CLIMATES; CHIMNEY; SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; COMFORT; SPEED
This paper investigates the cooling performance of a naturally ventilated
building equipped with a solar chimney and hybrid evaporative cooling, and provides
data recorded during a fourteen-day site test in an occupied office building
incorporating an atrium. The efficiency of the implemented strategies was
determined in terms of enhancing the indoor thermal and air movement conditions in
the atrium occupied zones under different opening configurations and evaporative
cooling operation times. The thermal data for the glazed atrium, together with the
wind and stack-induced airflow rates, indicate that a larger exhaust opening in the
solar chimney reduces the air temperature of the atrium central zone rather than
the adjacent space. It increases the hours of comfort by more than 30%, with a
potential significant reduction in the cooling requirements of about 12% when the
building is occupied. On average, the hybrid evaporative cooling system reduces the
indoor temperature by 0.7 degrees C and significantly decreases the thermal
stratification during the afternoon. Furthermore, the amount of warm air removal
through the chimney vent has an almost direct linear relationship with the wind
speed when it exceeds 1.4 m/s in a favorable direction. [Moosavi, Leila; Zandi,
Majid; Bidi, Mokhtar] Shahid Beheshti Univ, Fac Mech & Energy Engn, Renewable
Energies Engn Dept, Tehran, Iran Moosavi, L (reprint author), Shahid Beheshti
Univ, Fac Mech & Energy Engn, Renewable Energies Engn Dept, Tehran, Iran.
[email protected] Bidi, Mokhtar/0000-0003-0447-2761 University
of Malaya Research Grant (UMRG) in Malaysia [RG166/12SUS]; Iran's National Elites
Foundation The first author gratefully acknowledges the University of Malaya
Research Grant (UMRG) scheme with reference number RG166/12SUS in Malaysia, and
Iran's National Elites Foundation for support in conducting this research work.
43 2 2 2 13 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV AMSTERDAM PO BOX 211,
1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2352-7102 J BUILD ENG J. Build.
Eng. SEP 2018 19 228 241
10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.026 14 Construction & Building
Technology; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology; Engineering
GM5CV WOS:000438148500023 2020-03-26
J Rasheed, A; Lee, JW; Lee, HW Rasheed, Adnan; Lee, Jong
Won; Lee, Hyun Woo Development and Optimization of a Building
Energy Simulation Model to Study the Effect of Greenhouse Design Parameters
ENERGIES English Article
energy conservation; structural modeling; heating load; cooling load CLOSED
GREENHOUSE; SOLAR-ENERGY; SYSTEM; ORIENTATION; EXCHANGER; SURFACES; STORAGE Energy
management of the greenhouse is considered to be one of the most important
challenges of greenhouse farming. Energy saving measures need considered, besides
applying energy supplying techniques. To address this issue, a model was developed
to simulate the thermal environment of a greenhouse using a Transient Systems
Simulation Program (TRNSYS 17) as a building energy simulation (BES) platform. The
model was calibrated by modifying the input parameters to minimize the
uncertainties obtained from the results. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of
0.958 and 0.983 showed good agreement between the computed and experimental
results. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effects of greenhouse design
parameters, including roof shape, orientation, double-glazing, natural ventilation,
coverings and their thickness, on its energy conservation capacity. It was found
that the most suitable design for a greenhouse located in Daegu (latitude 35.53
degrees N, longitude 128.36 degrees E) South Korea would be east-west (E-W)
oriented, with a gothic-shaped roof and double-glazing of PMMA
(Polymethylmethacrylate) covering. Natural ventilation reduced the inside
temperature of greenhouse, thereby reducing the energy demand of cooling. The model
developed can help greenhouse farmers and researchers make pre-design decisions
regarding greenhouse construction, taking their local environment and specific
needs into consideration. [Rasheed, Adnan; Lee, Hyun Woo] Kyungpook Natl Univ,
Dept Agr Engn, Daegu 702701, South Korea; [Lee, Jong Won] Korea Natl Coll Agr &
Fisheries, Dept Hort Environm Syst, 1515 Kongjwipatjwi Ro, Jeollabuk-do 54874,
South Korea; [Lee, Hyun Woo] Kyungpook Natl Univ, Inst Agr Sci & Technol, Daegu
702701, South Korea Lee, HW (reprint author), Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Agr
Engn, Daegu 702701, South Korea.; Lee, HW (reprint author), Kyungpook Natl Univ,
Inst Agr Sci & Technol, Daegu 702701, South Korea. [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected] rasheed, adnan/Q-2203-2019 Korea
Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries (IPET) through the Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Research
Center Support Program - Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)
[717001-7] This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation
for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the
Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Research Center Support Program, funded by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (717001-7). 38
3 3 3 9 MDPI BASEL ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL,
SWITZERLAND 1996-1073 ENERGIES Energies AUG 2018 11 8
2001 10.3390/en11082001 19
Energy & Fuels Energy & Fuels GW1BJ WOS:000446604100080 DOAJ
Gold 2020-03-26
J Souayfane, F; Biwole, PH; Fardoun, F Souayfane, Farah;
Biwole, Pascal Henry; Fardoun, Farouk Thermal behavior of a
translucent superinsulated latent heat energy storage wall in summertime
APPLIED ENERGY English Article
TIM-PCM wall; Natural convection; Radiation; Experimental validation;
Overheating; Thermal comfort PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL; GLAZING SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS;
NATURAL-CONVECTION; NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; TROMBE WALL; ACTIVE FACADES; PCM;
PERFORMANCE; MODEL; SIMULATION This paper investigates the thermal performance
of a translucent solar wall providing, concurrently, storage and restitution of
heat, super thermal-acoustic insulation and daylighting to the interior
environment. The wall is composed of glazing, silica aerogel used as a transparent
insulation material (TIM) and glass bricks filled with fatty acid, an eutectic
phase change material (PCM). To assess the TIM PCM wall thermal behavior,
experimentations were conducted in-situ in a full-sized test cell located in Sophia
Antipolis, southern France. Experimental data shows that the tested wall is more
effective in winter and might cause overheating during the summer mainly due to
solar gains and un-cycling behavior of PCM which remains in liquid state. To
enhance the energy performance of the wall in summertime, a numerical model
describing the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in the PCM layer in combination
with the other transparent wall layers is developed. Then, the model of the wall is
linked to TRNSYS software to assess the thermal performance of the whole building.
The numerical model is validated experimentally and a good agreement is shown
comparing the simulated values with the measured data for seven consecutive days in
summer and winter. The importance of considering the natural convection effect in
the liquid PCM is also demonstrated. Moreover, it was shown that shading devices
can effectively reduce overheating while natural night ventilation decreases the
indoor temperature without affecting the PCM performance since the outdoor
temperature is always higher than the phase change temperature. The use of a glass
with selective solar reflection properties depending on the season instead of the
ordinary glazing is shown also to be very effective way to overcome the overheating
problem. Finally, the TIM-PCM wall is tested under different climate conditions and
passive solutions are given to ensure thermal comfort in summer season.
[Souayfane, Farah] Univ Cote Azur, CNRS, JA Dieudonne Lab, UMR 7351, F-06108
Nice, France; [Souayfane, Farah; Fardoun, Farouk] Lebanese Univ, Ctr Modelisat,
Ecole Doctorale Sci & Technol, Beirut, Lebanon; [Biwole, Pascal Henry] Univ
Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Inst Pascal, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand,
France; [Biwole, Pascal Henry] PSL Res Univ, PERSEE Ctr Proc Renewable Energies &
Energy, MINES Paris Tech, CS 10207, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; [Fardoun,
Farouk] Lebanese Univ, Univ Inst Technol, Dept GIM, Saida, Lebanon Biwole, PH
(reprint author), Univ Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Inst Pascal, F-
63000 Clermont Ferrand, France. [email protected] souayfane, farah/B-5828-
2019; Biwole, Pascal/Q-7246-2017 souayfane, farah/0000-0002-9364-6809; Biwole,
Pascal/0000-0001-6325-1390 76 7 7 1 50
ELSEVIER SCI LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON,
OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND 0306-2619 1872-9118 APPL ENERG Appl. Energy
MAY 1 2018 217 390 408
 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.119 19 Energy & Fuels;
Engineering, Chemical Energy & Fuels; Engineering GC8GB WOS:000430030400035
2020-03-26
J Souza, LCO; Souza, HA; Rodrigues, EF Souza, L. C. O.;
Souza, H. A.; Rodrigues, E. F. Experimental and numerical analysis
of a naturally ventilated double-skin facade ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
English Article Double-skin facade;
Experimental analysis; Numerical simulation; Natural ventilation THERMAL-BEHAVIOR;
AIR-FLOW; PERFORMANCE; BUILDINGS This paper investigates the efficiency of a
naturally ventilated double-skin facade (DSF) built in a test cell focusing on the
airflow and heat convection of the cavity formed by DSF. The study covers
measurements of the test cell and their numerical simulation. DSFs have been widely
researched worldwide, since they contribute to the thermal performance of the
internal environment and to energy savings by eliminating mechanical conditioning
systems. For data acquisition, type K surface thermocouples are installed on the
wall faces of the test cell and the additional facade, that is, on the inner and
outer face of the wall of the test cell and the inner face of the external one.
Furthermore, hot wire anemometers are positioned so as to obtain the air velocity
in the lower and upper openings of the cavity, which has an air layer thickness of
0.1 m. The results show that the DSF presence contributes to a decrease of the
temperature inside the environment because it inhibits the direct solar radiation.
Measurement of the faces shows that at 4:00 p.m. the temperature reaches their
maximum values. These values are equal to 25.6 degrees C on the inner face of the
facade and 23.6 degrees C on the inner face of the test cell, while the outdoor
temperature presents values equal to 23.1 degrees C at this time. (C) 2018 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved. [Souza, L. C. O.] Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Civil Engn
Postgrad Program, Ouro Preto, Brazil; [Souza, H. A.; Rodrigues, E. F.] Univ Fed
Ouro Preto, Dept Control & Automat & Fundamentals Tech, Ouro Preto, Brazil Souza,
LCO (reprint author), Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Civil Engn Postgrad Program, Ouro Preto,
Brazil. [email protected] Souza, Leonardo/F-8381-2019 Souza,
Leonardo/0000-0003-2884-3491 FAPEMIGMinas Gerais State Research Foundation
(FAPEMIG); CAPESCAPES; UFOP This work was supported by FAPEMIG, CAPES, and UFOP.
17 7 7 3 18 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564,
1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy
Build. APR 15 2018 165 328 339
10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.048 12 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA7CC WOS:000428491200030
2020-03-26
J Zavala-Guillen, I; Xaman, J; Hernandez-Perez, I; Hernandez-Lopez, I; Gijon-
Rivera, M; Chavez, Y Zavala-Guillen, I.; Xaman, J.; Hernandez-
Perez, I.; Hernandez-Lopez, I.; Gijon-Rivera, M.; Chavez, Y.
Numerical study of the optimum width of 2a diurnal double air channel solar
chimney ENERGY English Article
Solar chimney; Natural ventilation; Conjugate heat transferNATURAL
VENTILATION; BUILDING VENTILATION; FLOW; SIMULATION; CONVECTION; BUOYANCY; CLIMATE;
WALL; PERFORMANCE; PLATE A conjugate heat transfer analysis of a double air
channel solar chimney (SC-DC) aiming to determine the configuration that maximizes
the mass flow rate of the system is presented. The design modifications consisted
on two geometrical parameters: 1) the separation between the absorber wall and the
glass covers that form the air channels (b), and 2) the height of the system (L). A
code based on the Finite Volume Method was developed and a k-omega) turbulence
model was used to model air turbulence in the SC DC. The code was validated and it
showed a good agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. We found
that the optimal configuration of the SC-DC under the considered conditions is L =
2 m and b = 0.125 m. The optimum L of the SC-DC is similar to the value reported
for a conventional chimney, whereas the optimum b is smaller than the one of a
conventional chimney. The optimal configuration of the SC-DC had a thermal
efficiency of 38.5% and a mass flow rate of 0.1072 kg/s when it receives.a beam
solar radiation of 700 W/m(2) and a diffuse solar radiation of 100 W/m(2). (C) 2018
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [Zavala-Guillen, I.] Ctr Educ Cient & Estudios
Super Ensenada CICESE, Carretera Ensenada Tijuana 3918, Ensenada 22860, Baja
California, Mexico; [Zavala-Guillen, I.; Xaman, J.; Hernandez-Lopez, I.; Chavez,
Y.] Ctr Nacl Invest & Desarrollo Tecnol CENIDET TecNM, Prol Av Palmira S-N Col
Palmira, Cuernavaca 62490, Morelos, Mexico; [Hernandez-Perez, I.] Univ Juarez
Autonoma Tabasco, Div Acad Ingn & Arquitectura DAIA UJAT, Carretera Cunduacon Jalpa
de Mendez Km 1, Cunduacan 86690, Tabasco, Mexico; [Gijon-Rivera, M.] Inst Tecnol &
Estudios Super Monterrey, Mech Engn Dept, Reserva Terr Atlixcayotl, Via Atlixcayotl
2301, Puebla 72453, Puebla, Mexico Zavala-Guillen, I (reprint author), Ctr Educ
Cient & Estudios Super Ensenada CICESE, Carretera Ensenada Tijuana 3918, Ensenada
22860, Baja California, Mexico. [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected] Perez, Ivan Hernandez/R-7446-2017; Hernandez-Lopez,
Irving/AAF-4813-2020 Perez, Ivan Hernandez/0000-0001-8167-7053; Consejo
Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologiaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT)
The authors acknowledge the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia whose
financial support made this work possible. 36 10 10 1 6
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,
KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND 0360-5442 1873-6785 ENERGY Energy
MAR 15 2018 147 403 417
10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.147 15 Thermodynamics; Energy &
Fuels Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GB9JW WOS:000429391100032
2020-03-26
J Tang, HD; Zhang, T; Liu, XH; Liu, XC; Xiang, XJ; Jiang, Y
Tang, Haida; Zhang, Tao; Liu, Xiaohua; Liu, Xiaochen; Xiang, Xiangjian;
Jiang, Yi On-site measured performance of a mechanically ventilated
double ETFE cushion structure in an aquatics center SOLAR ENERGY
English Article ETFE cushion;
Mechanically ventilated cavity; Solar radiation; Indoor thermal environment
DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE; NATURAL VENTILATION; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; THERMAL-
BEHAVIOR; BUILDINGS; SIMULATION; CLIMATES; SUMMER; SYSTEM An ethylene
tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) cushion structure is an attractive approach as the
building facade for aesthetic and sustainability reasons. This paper focuses on the
operating performance of mechanically ventilated double ETFE cushion structure and
indoor thermal environment in the National Aquatics Center of China, the largest
building in the world utilizing the ETFE cushion structure as its building fa ade.
Without mechanical ventilation in the cavity, the cavity air temperature reaches as
high as 46-57 degrees C with a solar irradiance ranging 300-800 W/m(2). It results
in a sensible load of 78-238 W/m(2) in the large space of the aquatics center
without shading devices. Air temperature in the cavity could be decreased by 7.3-
10.5 degrees C by virtue of a mechanical ventilation with an air flow rate of
830,000 m(3)/h. A total heat quantity ranging 2300-5800 kW is evacuated in the
cavity with a heat exhaust efficiency ranging from 9.62 to 26.98. The inner surface
temperature of the building envelope is significantly decreased with the help of
mechanically ventilated cavity integrated with shading devices. It contributes to a
lower black globe temperature in the occupied zone and a lower indoor heat gain
through longwave radiation and air convection. Furthermore, preliminary test
results of natural ventilation in the double ETFE cushion structure reveal its
feasibility and potential for energy conservation. [Tang, Haida] Shenzhen Univ,
Sch Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenzhen 518060, Peoples R China; [Tang, Haida;
Zhang, Tao; Liu, Xiaohua; Liu, Xiaochen; Xiang, Xiangjian; Jiang, Yi] Tsinghua
Univ, Dept Bldg Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China Liu, XH (reprint author),
Tsinghua Univ, Dept Bldg Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
[email protected] Liu, Xiaohua/G-3837-2013; Zhang, Tao/Z-3400-
2019; Zhang, Tao/C-7740-2015 Liu, Xiaohua/0000-0001-5367-9537; Zhang, Tao/0000-
0001-5367-9537; Zhang, Tao/0000-0001-5367-9537 National Natural Science Foundation
of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [51638010, 51521005]; Beijing
Science and Technology Project [D171100001117001] The research described in
this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
51638010 and No. 51521005) and Beijing Science and Technology Project
(D171100001117001). 32 1 1 0 5 PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD OXFORD THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB,
ENGLAND 0038-092X SOL ENERGY Sol. Energy MAR 1 2018 162
289 299 10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.042
11 Energy & Fuels Energy & Fuels FY9WW WOS:000427218600028
2020-03-26
J Valinejadshoubi, M; Ghanizadehgrayli, M; Heidari, S
Valinejadshoubi, Masoud; Ghanizadehgrayli, Mannan; Heidari, Sahar
MODELING AND FABRICATION OF A KINETIC SOLAR ENERGY-ABSORBING WINDOW AS A
GREEN IDEA FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE BUILDINGS JOURNAL OF GREEN BUILDING
English Article box window facade;
kinetic facade; energy efficiency; air heater; natural ventilation DOUBLE-SKIN
FACADE; NATURAL VENTILATION Renewable versus nonrenewable energy sources and
their respective environmental impacts have emerged as preeminent industrial, as
well as environmental concerns. Negotiation between policies that promote economic
development with those promoting conservationism has yielded promising
opportunities for the future. These opportunities engage frameworks focused on
economic directives while simultaneously considering the need for environmental
directives. Buildings present a unique opportunity for sustainability as they
represent the largest proportion of consumed energy, relative to other consumers
reliant on the energy grid system. The largest source of energy expenditure in a
modern building is through the heating and cooling system which facilitates and
maintains a comfortable living temperature. By effectively implementing innovative
approaches focused on energy preservation and overall reduction of consumption, it
is possible to meet emission reduction goals and mitigate other adverse
environmental conditions. Windows play a vital role in energy consumption and
overall maintenance of a comfortable temperature. Understandably, the construction
and fabrication of windows are the primary means through which optimized
temperatures are achieved. This occurs not only through heat and energy
transference but also by providing a protective differential between the inside of
the building and the harsh weather conditions of the outdoors. As such, appropriate
widow design strategies not only enhance comfort but reduce overall energy
consumption. This study seeks to evaluate double-skin windows in order to offer a
solution to excessive energy consumption. The windows work by generating a natural
ventilation system in summer and then by producing hot air in winter for year-round
comfort that is economical. Since current double-skin windows fail to effectively
provide ventilation during warm seasons, a kinetic double-skin window was proposed
to address this problem and optimize the heating and cooling functions of the
building. The results of this research are applicable to modern construction and
can be implemented into current design structures. [Valinejadshoubi, Masoud]
Islamic Azad Univ, Cent Tehran Branch, Young Researcher & Elite Club, Tehran, Iran;
[Ghanizadehgrayli, Mannan] Islamic Azad Univ, Babol Branch, Young Researcher &
Elite Club, Babol Sar, Iran; [Heidari, Sahar] Shomal Univ, Dept Architecture, Amol,
Iran Valinejadshoubi, M (reprint author), Islamic Azad Univ, Cent Tehran Branch,
Young Researcher & Elite Club, Tehran, Iran. [email protected]
33 1 1 2 3 COLLEGE PUBLISHING GLEN
ALLEN 12309 LYNWOOD DR, GLEN ALLEN, VA 23059 USA 1552-6100 1943-4618
J GREEN BUILD J. Green Build. SPR 2018 13 2
147 162 16 Architecture Architecture
GI6NJ WOS:000434487000009 2020-03-26
J Poole, MR; Shah, SB; Boyette, MD; Stikeleather, LF; Cleveland, T
Poole, Mark R.; Shah, Sanjay B.; Boyette, Michael D.; Stikeleather, Larry F.;
Cleveland, Tommy Performance of a coupled transpired solar collector-
phase change material-based thermal energy storage system ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
English Article Ventilation;
Tempering; COP; Two-stage; One-stage; UTC LATENT-HEAT STORAGE; AIR; ENHANCEMENT
The transpired solar collector (TSC) is a low-cost technology for heating
ventilation air for mainly for use in industrial and agricultural applications.
Storing the excess energy generated during daytime in phase change material (PCM)
could improve the economics of using TSCs. Since energy generated for storage could
be increased by using a two-stage TSC (with a glazing) vs. a one-stage TSC, first,
the thermal performance of the two configurations were compared. Then, performance
of the PCM-based thermal energy storage (TES) unit coupled to a TSC was evaluated.
At a suction velocity of 0.023 m/s, the one stage TSC produced a 2 degrees C higher
temperature rise and 8% higher efficiency than the two-stage TSC. The one-stage TSC
was coupled to a TES unit packed with 80 kg of salt-hydrate type PCM (specific
energy of similar to 185 kJ/kg). When evaluated at four airflow rates, the TES unit
stored between 76 and 107% of its theoretical heat storage capacity and provided
tempered air 4 degrees C warmer than ambient air during nighttime. While residual
energy (for daytime heating) increased with airflow rate, energy charged or
discharged was unaffected. Over a week, the TSC-TEC stored 34% of the total useful
energy produced for nighttime use, with a potential to displace 1.35 kg of
liquefied natural gas. Replacing the expensive metal TSC with a perforated plastic
TSC and a simpler TES design would improve the economics of storing solar energy
for use after sundown. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [Poole, Mark
R.] NC State Univ, Civil & Environm Engn Dept, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; [Poole, Mark
R.; Shah, Sanjay B.; Boyette, Michael D.; Stikeleather, Larry F.] NC State Univ,
Biol & Agr Engn Dept, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; [Cleveland, Tommy] Adv Energy,
Raleigh, NC 27606 USA Shah, SB (reprint author), NC State Univ, Biol & Agr Engn
Dept, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. [email protected] Shah, Sanjay/0000-0002-
2533-9807 NCSU Provost Fellowship; NC State University's Office of Research,
Innovation, and & Economic Development The first author (Poole) was supported by
a NCSU Provost Fellowship and the research was funded by a NC State University's
Office of Research, Innovation, and & Economic Development. The following people or
organizations helped with this project: L.T. Woodlief, M. Adcock, E. Phil Harris,
S. Turnage, A. Rushing, and M. Warren. Dr. M. Flickinger served on Poole's MS
Thesis Committee and provided valuable comments. 30 4 4 2
18 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE,
SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy Build. FEB 15
2018 161 72 79
10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.027 8 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering FU8AD WOS:000424073300007
2020-03-26
J Thravalou, S; Philokyprou, M; Michael, A Thravalou,
Stavroula; Philokyprou, Maria; Michael, Aimilios The impact of
window control on thermal performance. Investigating adaptable interventions in
vernacular Mediterranean heritage JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
English Article Thermal comfort; semi-
open spaces; architectural interventions; natural ventilation; occupant behaviour
NATURAL VENTILATION; HISTORIC BUILDINGS; NIGHT VENTILATION; ENERGY
EFFICIENCY; ARCHITECTURE; COMFORT; CYPRUS; DESIGN; MASS; ENVIRONMENT The present
paper correlates aspects of built heritage conservation, occupant's behaviour and
thermal comfort. The research focuses on the contemporary architectural
intervention of converting original semi-open spaces, that have been acting as such
during all periods of the year, into indoor spaces by adding movable glass
dividers. A representative building that reflects the typical arrangement of rural
vernacular earth architecture in Cyprus is selected for detailed investigation. In
situ measurements and simulation tools are used to investigate the adjustment of
airflow through the operation of windows when the dividers are open (heating
period) and closed (cooling period). Computational Fluid Dynamics are employed in
order to illustrate the temperature distribution of various window operation
patterns that are evaluated according to the adaptive thermal comfort. The results
argue on the climatic adaptability of vernacular buildings and indicate that the
examined window control patterns have a more prominent impact during the heating
period. Conclusions confirm the cooling potential of night ventilation and
highlight the benefit of having energy-aware and engaged occupants. Key directions
regarding conservation practices and occupant's behaviour are brought forth,
bringing energy efficiency and comfort into the discussion about cultural heritage.
[Thravalou, Stavroula; Philokyprou, Maria; Michael, Aimilios] Univ Cyprus,
Dept Architecture, Nicosia, Cyprus Thravalou, S (reprint author), Univ Cyprus,
Dept Architecture, Nicosia, Cyprus. [email protected] Thravalou,
Stavroula/0000-0001-6001-0313; Michael, Aimilios/0000-0001-8604-1054
44 1 1 1 9 ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND
1355-6207 2326-6384 J ARCHIT CONSERV J. Archit. Conserv.
2018 24 1 SI 41 59
10.1080/13556207.2018.1456058 19 Architecture Architecture
GI4IO WOS:000434334900005 2020-03-26
J Yao, RM; Costanzo, V; Li, XY; Zhang, QL; Li, BZ Yao,
Runming; Costanzo, Vincenzo; Li, Xinyi; Zhang, Qiulei; Li, Baizhan
The effect of passive measures on thermal comfort and energy conservation. A
case study of the hot summer and cold winter climate in the Yangtze River region
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING English Article
Passive design; Residential building; Parametric analysis;
Dynamic simulations; Thermal comfort RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS; DESIGN; IMPACT;
PERFORMANCE; STORAGE; HOUSES; ZONE The energy consumption for heating and cooling
of buildings in the cities located within the boundaries of the Hot Summer and Cold
Winter (HSCW) zone in China is rapidly increasing due to the increased comfort
expectations from well-resourced occupants. Guidance on how and to what extent it
is possible to improve energy efficiency of buildings is thus required by policy
makers as well as designers and building managers. The aim of this study is to
demonstrate how the use of climate-sensitive passive design solutions can help the
improvement of indoor thermal conditions while reducing the energy needs and
ultimately carbon emissions. An extensive parametric analysis of several passive
strategies such as building orientation, thermal insulation, glazing area, shading
devices, air tightness and natural ventilation, is carried out for a typical
apartment block located in the cities of Chongqing, Changsha and Shanghai, which
lay respectively in the upper, middle and downstream of the Yangtze River. Detailed
hourly dynamic simulations show how it is possible to extend the non-
heating/cooling period and reduce the peak loads, highlighting the potentialities
of each strategy according to different climate constraints. The recommended
strategies provides quantitative guidance to either design of new or retrofitting
of existing buildings. This research contributes to the building energy
conservation knowledge for policy-makers, developers and building designers with
insight on the feasibilities of the application of passive measures for residential
buildings located in the Yangtze River region with hot summer and cold winter
climates. [Yao, Runming; Li, Xinyi; Zhang, Qiulei; Li, Baizhan] Chongqing Univ,
Minist Educ, Joint Int Lab Green Bldg & Built Environm, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R
China; [Li, Xinyi; Zhang, Qiulei; Li, Baizhan] Chongqing Univ, Natl Ctr Int Res Low
Carbon & Green Bldg, Minist Sci & Technol, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China; [Yao,
Runming; Costanzo, Vincenzo; Li, Baizhan] Univ Reading, Sch Built Environm, Reading
RG6 6AW, Berks, England Li, BZ (reprint author), Chongqing Univ, Sch Urban
Construct & Environm Engn, Campus B, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China.
[email protected] Costanzo, Vincenzo/D-3873-2016 Costanzo,
Vincenzo/0000-0002-8426-1835 Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)National
Natural Science Foundation of China [51561135002]; UK Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council
(EPSRC) [EP/N009797/1]; National Key R&D Programme 'Solutions to Heating and
Cooling of Buildings in the Yangtze River Region' [2016YFC0700301] The research
is jointly sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant No:
51561135002) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC
EP/N009797/1). The research findings will support the National Key R&D Programme
'Solutions to Heating and Cooling of Buildings in the Yangtze River Region' (Grant
No: 2016YFC0700301). The authors would like to thank Ms. Chenqiu Du, Mr. Jie Xiong
and Mr. Hongyuan Jia for their technical assistant. 60 22 22 9
54 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV AMSTERDAM PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM,
NETHERLANDS 2352-7102 J BUILD ENG J. Build. Eng. JAN 2018 15
298 310 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.012
13 Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil Construction
& Building Technology; Engineering FQ9CC WOS:000418659000030 Green
Accepted 2020-03-26
J Hart, R; Goudey, H; Curcija, DC Hart, Robert; Goudey,
Howdy; Curcija, D. Charlie Experimental validation and model
development for thermal transmittances of porous window screens and horizontal
louvred blind systems JOURNAL OF BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION
English Article building energy;
windows; window attachment; shading; U-factor; heat transfer CONVECTIVE HEAT-
TRANSFER; VENTILATED DOUBLE WINDOW; VENETIAN BLIND; PERFORMANCE INDEXES; SHADING
DEVICES; GLAZING SURFACE; AIR-FLOW; U-FACTOR; SIMULATION; FENESTRATION Virtually
every home in the US has some form of shades, blinds, drapes, or other window
attachment, but few have been designed for energy savings. In order to provide a
common basis of comparison for thermal performance it is important to have
validated simulation tools. This paper outlines a review and validation of the ISO
15099 centre-of-glass thermal transmittance correlations for naturally ventilated
cavities through measurement and detailed simulations. The focus is on the impacts
of room-side ventilated cavities, such as those found with solar screens and
horizontal louvred blinds. The thermal transmittance of these systems is measured
experimentally, simulated using computational fluid dynamics analysis, and
simulated utilizing simplified correlations from ISO 15099. Correlation
coefficients are proposed for the ISO 15099 algorithm that reduces the mean error
between measured and simulated heat flux for typical solar screens from 16% to 3.5%
and from 13% to 1% for horizontal blinds. [Hart, Robert; Goudey, Howdy; Curcija, D.
Charlie] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd Mailstop 90R3111, Berkeley, CA
94720 USA Hart, R (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd
Mailstop 90R3111, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. [email protected] US
Department of EnergyUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC02-05CH11231];
Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE)
This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, of the US Department of Energy
[contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231]; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
46 3 3 1 10 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK
SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND 1940-1493 1940-1507
J BUILD PERFORM SIMU J. Build. Perf. Simul. 2018 11 2
190 204 10.1080/19401493.2017.1323010 15
Construction & Building Technology Construction & Building Technology FU1TT
WOS:000423633000005 2020-03-26
J Hart, R; Goudey, H; Curcija, DC Hart, Robert; Goudey,
Howdy; Curcija, D. Charlie Experimental validation for thermal
transmittances of window shading systems with perimeter gaps JOURNAL OF
BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION English Article
building energy; windows; window attachments; shading; U-factor;
heat transfer VENTILATED DOUBLE WINDOW; NATURAL-CONVECTION; HEAT-TRANSFER;
PERFORMANCE INDEXES; SIMULATION; CURTAIN; DEVICES Virtually all residential and
commercial windows in the U.S. have some form of window attachment, but few have
been designed for energy savings. ISO 15099 presents a simulation framework to
determine thermal performance of window attachments, but the model has not been
validated for these products. This paper outlines a review and validation of the
ISO 15099 centre-of-glass heat transfer correlations for perimeter gaps (top,
bottom, and side) in naturally ventilated cavities through measurement and
simulation. The thermal transmittance impact due to dimensional variations of these
gaps is measured experimentally, simulated using computational fluid dynamics, and
simulated utilizing simplified correlations from ISO 15099. Results show that the
ISO 15099 correlations produce a mean error between measured and simulated heat
flux of 2.5 +/- 7%. These tolerances are similar to those obtained from sealed
cavity comparisons and are deemed acceptable within the ISO 15099 framework. [Hart,
Robert; Goudey, Howdy; Curcija, D. Charlie] Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron
Rd Mailstop 90R3111, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Hart, R (reprint author), Lawrence
Berkeley Natl Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd Mailstop 90R3111, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
[email protected] 28 0 0 1 7
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD ABINGDON 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON
OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND 1940-1493 1940-1507 J BUILD PERFORM SIMU J.
Build. Perf. Simul. 2018 11 6 705 717
10.1080/19401493.2018.1436192 13 Construction & Building
Technology Construction & Building Technology GU1EI WOS:000444998600006
2020-03-26
J Ibanez-Puy, M; Martin-Gomez, C; Bermejo-Busto, J; Sacristan, JA; Ibanez-Puy,
E Ibanez-Puy, Maria; Martin-Gomez, Cesar; Bermejo-Busto,
Javier; Antonio Sacristan, Jose; Ibanez-Puy, Elia Ventilated Active
Thermoelectric Envelope (VATE): Analysis of its energy performance when integrated
in a building ENERGY AND BUILDINGS English Article
Peltier; Heating; Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC);
Thermoelectric; Monitoring; Energy; Integration HEATING-SYSTEM; WINDOW-SYSTEM;
DOUBLE-SKIN; FACADE; OPERATION; MODULES; ALLOYS; SOLAR Nowadays, there have
appeared a lot of innovative strategies that one way or another try to improve the
overall energy performance of buildings. There is no doubt that all of these new
strategies are really great for that purpose, but, in some occasions, some of the
results achieved when they are installed in a building are not as expected. The
vast majority of the times this is because of problems with the integration of the
new strategies instead of a problem with the technology itself. Besides, with the
imminent arrival of the NZEB (Near Zero Energy Building) this kind of integration
problems are the ones that will make the difference in order to reach the required
energy demands limits. This work presents the energy performance analysis of the
integration of a VATE (Ventilated Active Thermoelectric Envelope) in a building. A
VATE is an industrial-scale modular active ventilated facade prototype with a new
thermoelectric system, designed to be located in the building envelope and provide
a high comfort level. The system integrates a passive design strategy VAF
(Ventilated Active Facade) and an active one (TCHU: Thermoelectric Cooling and
Heating Unit) in one solution. It deals with the natural phenomenon that takes
place inside the ventilated air cavity of the facade, taking advantage when heat
dissipation is needed and avoiding it when heat losses are not welcomed, and the
thermoelectric unit which works as a HVAC heat pump. One of the main goals is to
evaluate how this symbiosis affects in energy terms, so a prototype of the new
system has being built in Pamplona (Spain) and its energy performance has been
analysed during a year. The research enhances the out-standing role that solar
radiation and insulation have in the energy performance and the great importance of
making a careful analysis of the system when it comes to integration of different
strategies. In this case, the symbiosis, without taking into account the insulation
and the thermal inertia, has implied a thermal bridge. The results prove and
measure the great influence that the implementation of the active strategy (TCHU)
in the passive one (VAOF) has in the heat transfer of the overall prototype. (C)
2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [Ibanez-Puy, Maria; Martin-Gomez, Cesar;
Bermejo-Busto, Javier; Antonio Sacristan, Jose; Ibanez-Puy, Elia] Univ Navarra,
Construct & Struct Dept, Bldg Serv, Navarra 31009, Spain Martin-Gomez, C (reprint
author), Univ Navarra, Construct & Struct Dept, Bldg Serv, Navarra 31009, Spain.
[email protected] Martin-Gomez, Cesar/L-9455-2014 Martin-Gomez,
Cesar/0000-0003-0150-1686; Ibanez-Puy, Maria/0000-0002-2642-5088
35 10 10 4 14 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA LAUSANNE PO BOX 564,
1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 0378-7788 1872-6178 ENERG BUILDINGS Energy
Build. JAN 1 2018 158 1586 1592
10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.037 7 Construction & Building
Technology; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Civil Construction & Building Technology;
Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA0NF WOS:000428010300054
 2020-03-26
J Ilter, S; Vural, SM Ilter, Sertac; Vural, S. Mujdem
CROSS METHOD AND DESIGN PROCESS FOR DSF ELEMENTS OPEN HOUSE
INTERNATIONAL English Article
Double Skin Facade; Double Skin Facade Elements; Design Process; Energy
Performance; Cross Method DOUBLE SKIN FACADES The double-skin facade (DSF)
is one of the most crucial paradigms of building envelope design in last decades.
DSF prospects a unified architectural phenomenon based on comfort rank of building
driven by the dogmas of aesthetic-glass facade and practical-natural ventilation
aspirations. Therefore, the utilization of DSF has been the most prevalent catalyst
for architectural design. The study discusses to structure a valid evaluation
method focusing on DSF elements in order to fragment human comfort standards within
asserting an accurate system in the preliminary design stage. The study
significantly examines the tools/ways of integrating DSFs' human comfort parameters
in contemporary architecture though a convincing design system. Apparently, the
study aims to provide a proposed guideline within a established analyzing system
for architects in order to better formation of DSF elements; which refers and
promote the human comfort standards. The results demonstrate a modest insight on
understanding the potentials of DSF elements in the early design stage
significantly following defined architectural conceptions; cooling, lighting,
thermal, acoustic and visual comfort intensity. Based on obtained data; study aims
to enclose a diminutive knowledge or demonstration of how the concept might work
for future development of contemporary architecture within DSF area. [Ilter,
Sertac; Vural, S. Mujdem] Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Fac Architecture, Dept
Architecture, Gazimagusa, Cyprus Ilter, S (reprint author), Eastern
Mediterranean Univ, Fac Architecture, Dept Architecture, Gazimagusa, Cyprus.
[email protected]; [email protected]
23 0 0 0 5 OPEN HOUSE INT GREAT BRITAIN URBAN
INTERNATIONAL PRESS, PO BOX 74, GATESHEAD, TYNE & WEAR, GREAT BRITAIN, NE9 5UZ,
ENGLAND 0168-2601 OPEN HOUSE INT Open House Int. DEC 2017
42 4 36 43 8
Architecture; Environmental Studies; Urban Studies Architecture;
Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Urban Studies FT6NU WOS:000423271700005
2020-03-26
J Bielek, B; Szabo, D; Palko, M; Rychtarikova, M Bielek,
Boris; Szabo, Daniel; Palko, Milan; Rychtarikova, Monika OPTIMISATION
OF DESIGN OF AIR INLETS IN AIR DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS OF A DOUBLE-SKIN TRANSPARENT
FACADE SLOVAK JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING English Article
Double-skin facade; Cavity; Ventilation louvers;
Aerodynamic resistance; Wind-driven rain NATURAL VENTILATION; SOUND INSULATION;
THERMAL-BEHAVIOR; PERFORMANCE; PREDICTION; SIMULATION; CAVITIES; FLOW This paper
reports on an optimization of design of air inlets in naturally ventilated double-
skin transparent facades; the design aims at the proper functioning of these
facades from the point of view of their aerodynamic and hydrodynamic behaviour. A
comparison was made of five different variants of ventilation louvers used in air
openings with different shapes, positions and overall geometry. The aerodynamic
response of the louvers was determined by 2D simulations using ANSYS software. The
hydrodynamic properties were investigated by conducting driven-rain measurements in
a large rain chamber at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava.
[Bielek, Boris; Szabo, Daniel; Palko, Milan] Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava,
Fac Civil Engn, Dept Bldg Struct, Radlinskeho 11, Bratislava 81005, Slovakia;
[Rychtarikova, Monika] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Fac Architecture A&T, Hoogstr 51, B-
9000 Ghent, Belgium Bielek, B (reprint author), Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava,
Fac Civil Engn, Dept Bldg Struct, Radlinskeho 11, Bratislava 81005, Slovakia.
[email protected] Bielek, Boris/Q-3662-2019; Rychtarikova, Monika/B-
3445-2017 Rychtarikova, Monika/0000-0001-5678-7218 Scientific Grant Agency of
the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic;
Slovak Academy of Sciences [VEGA 1/0067/16]; Slovak Research and Development
AgencySlovak Research and Development Agency [APVV-16-0126]This work was supported
by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and
Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences in the project VEGA
1/0067/16 and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No.
APVV-16-0126. 47 0 0 0 7 DE GRUYTER OPEN LTD WARSAW
BOGUMILA ZUGA 32A ST, 01-811 WARSAW, POLAND 1338-3973 SLOVAK
J CIV ENG SLOVAK J. CIV. ENG. DEC 2017 25 4
1 11 10.1515/sjce-2017-0017 11 Engineering, Civil
Engineering FS7LN WOS:000419979200001 DOAJ Gold 2020-
03-26