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General Pharmacology
Practice Question Paper (Unit-01)
B.Pharmacy- 4th Semester (New PCI Syllabus)
Note- All these questions are made by “Solution-Pharmacy” which are based
on our video lecture. Our objective for making these practice questions is to
prepare students for their examination. Total marks is- 75
Section 01- Multiple choice questions. (Attempt any 20 questions) 01marks each

1. The study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic is known as

(A) Pharmacogenomics
(B) Microbiology
(C) Pharmacology
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2. “What does the drug do to the body” is also called as-

(A) Pharmacokinetic
(B) Pharmacodynamics
(C) Idiosyncrasy
(D) Teratogenicity Solution-Pharmacy
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3. Pharmacokinetic is study of-
(A) Body response for the drug taken
(B) Drug action on body
(C) Both of them
(D) None of them
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4. Definition of drug is (most accurate) E-Mail- [email protected]
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(A) Agent for treatment
(B) Agent for prevention
(C) Agent for diagnosis
(D) All of the above
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5. Penicillin was discovered by- E-Mail- [email protected]
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(A) Alexander Fleming
(B) Subba Rao
(C) DH Burn
(D) Selman A Walksman
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(B) Father of botany

(C) Father of zoology
(D) None of the above

7. “A drug which should be available at low price and sufficient quantity” is called-
(A) Essential drugs
(B) Orphan drugs Solution-Pharmacy
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(C) Buffer drugs E-Mail- [email protected]
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(D) All of the above
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 Solution-Pharmacy
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8. Drug given by intravenous route is called-

(A) Parenteral
(B) Topical
(C) Enteral
(D) Local
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9. Agent which proceed the drug action is called E-Mail- [email protected]
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(A) Agonist
(B) Antagonist
(C) Inverse agonist
(D) None of the above

10. Spare receptors is – Solution-Pharmacy

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(1) Remaining receptors E-Mail- [email protected]
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(2) Finished receptors
(3) Occupied receptors
(4) Damaged receptors

11. Tachyphylaxis is a kind of

(A) Tolerance Solution-Pharmacy
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(C) Abuse
(D) Genetic defect

12. Conversion of drug into polar or water soluble substance is known as-
(A) Absorption
(B) Adsorption
(C) Distribution
(D) Metabolism

13. Phase 01 reaction in metabolism is also known as

(A) Non Synthetic
(B) Functionalization reaction
(C) Synthetic reaction
(D) Both A and B

14. Lipid soluble drugs may be eliminated through-

(A) Bile
(B) Milk
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15. Which of the following is an example of principle of drug action

(A) Stimulation
(B) Depression
(C) Replacement
(D) All of the above

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 16. Cytochrome P-450 is
(A) Metabolic enzyme
(B) Genetic enzyme
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(C) Inducer enzyme YouTube-Facebook
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17. A receptor is
(A) Macromolecule
(B) Micro molecule
(C) Genetic material
(D) All of the above

18. A drug which has very rare use is termed as-

(A) Essential drugs
(B) Orphan Drug Solution-Pharmacy
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(D) All of the above

19. “Rate and Extent of drug absorbed from its dosage form” is called-
(A) Bioavailability
(B) Onset of action
(C) Duration of action
(D) Therapeutic failure

20. Protein binding may affect- Solution-Pharmacy

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(B) Drug Absorption
(C) Drug Digestion
(D) All of the above

Section 02- Long answer type questions (Answer any 02)

1. Define pharmacology and explain pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics with
suitable examples. Also explain one landmark in pharmacology.
2. Explain route of drug administration. Classify various route of drug administration
with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
3. Define drug. What do you understand by sources of drug? Explain with suitable
example.

Section 03- Short answer type questions (Any 07) 05 marks each
1. Explain marine source and give its importance
2. Explain tolerance and dependence
3. What do you understand by metabolism? Explain its phases in short
4. What is agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist
5. Explain idiosyncrasy and Tachyphylaxis
6. Explain enzyme induction and its clinical relevance
7. Explain combined effect of drugs with suitable examples
8. Explain essential drug concept.
9. Explain cellular transport mechanism

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 Solution-Pharmacy
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“Solution-Pharmacy”
General Pharmacology
Model ANSWER (Unit-01)
B.Pharmacy- 4th Semester (New PCI Syllabus)
Note- This model answer is made by “Solution-Pharmacy” to give a brief idea
about- How to solve any question of short and long answer type. Although it’s
based on our opinion but please be prepared for your exams.
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Section 02- Long answer type questions

(1) Define pharmacology and explain pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics with suitable
examples. Also explain one landmark in pharmacology. (10 Marks)

Explanation-
As you can see that there is 03 section in the above question. Let’s see each section separately.
Section 01- Define Pharmacology. 02 marks (Tentative)
Section 02- Explain pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics with suitable examples. 05
Section 03- Explain 01 landmark in pharmacology. 03 Marks

Special Instruction- It’s not necessary that question will ask you to make a diagram, but it’s
really a good practice to make a diagram or flow chart in question.

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Definition of Pharmacology- Pharmacology is made-up of two main words- ‘Pharma’ or

Pharmakon + ‘Logy’. To study the complete life cycle of drugs (Administration to elimination)
as per pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profile along with its mechanism of action is
known as Pharmacology”

Pharmacodynamics- Pharmacodynamics is a study of drug’s effect on body, so we can

say it’s a study of- what does DRUG do to the BODY. Drug is an agent which is used for
the diagnosis, prevention and treatment for any disease or disorder. Usually drug is taken for
the desirable effect but it’s not necessary that drug will always give only desirable effect, drug
may also give undesirable effect including- side effect, adverse effect, toxic effect,
teratogenicity effects etc.
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(1) Desirable or therapeutic effect- When any drug is taken for the treatment of any disease
or disorder (Maintain) and after taking these medicines patient become well, then this
effect is called desirable or therapeutic effect.
Example-
A. Antihypertensive drugs- Beta blocker relief in case of hypertension.
B. Polio vaccine gives protection against polio virus infection
C. Bismuth sulphate increase the diagnostic procedure

(2) Undesirable effect- When any drug gives effect which are either related with its
therapeutic effect or it is different from its main effect, which is not desired or expected
from drug is called undesirable effect.

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Example-
(A) Beta blocker used in hyper tension may cause erectile dysfunction in male
(B) CNS acting drug may cause teratogenicity during pregnancy
(C) Antihistaminic drugs (1st Generation) may cause sleep

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Pharmacokinetics- Pharmacokinetic is the study of “Body response for the drug taken” or
simply- What does body do to the drug is called pharmacokinetic. Pharmacokinetic includes-
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of drugs or simply ADME.

(1) Absorption- Absorption means reaching of drug into blood vessels for further
distribution. Until drug is absorbed it will not be able to produce its effect so absorption
of drug is important and it is obviously done by body. Absorption has several phases
and this includes- administration of drug by any of the available dosage form, here in
above diagram we have taken oral route of drug administration.

(2) Distribution- Distribution means circulation of drug from one body part or
compartment to the other. Distribution is important parameter as it allow the movement
of drug so it may reach to respective site of action or receptors. As drug will not be
available to receptor site it will not produce its action for which it has been taken.
The extent of drug distribution is depends on lipid solubility, ionization and
physiological pH. Movement of drug proceeds till the equilibrium is achieved between
unbound drug in plasma and tissue fluid.

(3) Metabolism- Metabolism is also known as biotransformation. In metabolism one drug

molecule converts into other simplex molecule as per the nature of drugs. Metabolism
basically converts drugs to polar nature so that it may eliminate from the body via urine.
Metabolism has following consequences- (1) It may activate the inactivated drugs (2)
it may deactivate the active drugs (3) It may activate and potentiate the active drug (4)
It may convert the toxic substance into less toxic substance.
Drugs can be metabolized by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration,
conjugation, condensation, or Isomerization; whatever the process, the goal is to
make the drug easier to excrete. The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in
many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the liver.

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S.No. Phase I Metabolism

01 Oxidation (via cytochrome P450), reduction, and hydrolysis reactions
Phase I reactions convert a parent drug to more polar (water soluble) active
02 metabolites by unmasking or inserting a polar functional group (-OH, -SH,
-NH2)
03 Geriatric patients have decreased phase I metabolism
04 Drugs metabolized via phase I reactions have longer half-lives
05 Geriatric patients metabolism drugs by phase II reactions

S.No. Phase II Metabolism

Glucuronidation, acetylating, and sulfation reactions "conjugation
01
reactions" that increase water solubility of drug with a polar moiety
02 Glucuronate, acetate, and sulfate, respectively
Phase ii reactions convert a parent drug to more polar (water
03 soluble) inactive metabolites by conjugation of subgroups to -oh, -sh, -nh2
functional groups on drug
04 Drugs metabolized via phase ii reactions are really excreted
Patients deficient in acetylating capacity (slow acetylators) may have
05 prolonged or toxic responses to normal doses of certain drugs because
of decreased rates of metabolism

(4) Elimination-Elimination or excretion means the elimination of drug from the body
after metabolism or without metabolism. Elimination of any drugs depends on its
polarity, only polar or water soluble drug can eliminate from urine. And lipid soluble
drug eliminated via faeces. Solution-Pharmacy
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(1) Water soluble drug eliminated by- Urine
(2) Lipid soluble drug eliminated by faeces
(3) Volatile substance eliminated via gas (Exhalation)
(4) Other route include- Milk, sweat, saliva, sperm etc.

01 Landmarks in Pharmacology-

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, physician, microbiologist,

and pharmacologist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the
world's first antibiotic substance benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium
notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945
with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He wrote many articles on bacteriology,
immunology, and chemotherapy.

Fleming's accidental discovery and isolation of penicillin in September 1928 marks the start of
modern antibiotics. Before that, several scientists had published or pointed out that mould
or Penicillium sp. were able to inhibit bacterial growth, and even to cure bacterial infections in
animals. Ernest Duchesne in 1897 in his thesis "Contribution to the study of vital competition
in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes",[22] or also Clodomiro Picado
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Twight whose work at the Institute Pasteur in 1923 on the inhibiting action of fungi of
the Penicillin sp. genre in the growth of staphylococci drew little interest from the directors of
the Institute at the time. Fleming was the first to push these studies further by isolating the
penicillin, and by being motivated enough to promote his discovery at a larger scale.
Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed antibiotic resistance whenever too
little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period. Almroth Wright had
predicted antibiotic resistance even before it was noticed during experiments.
Reference- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming

Section 03- Short answer type questions- 05 marks

(1) Explain cellular transport mechanism

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Answer

Transport of drug from small intestine to the systemic circulation takes place by methods like-

1. Passive Diffusion- Does not need energy for the movement till equilibrium achieved. Drugs
diffuse across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration (GI fluids) to one of low
concentration (blood). Diffusion rate is directly proportional to the gradient but also depends
on the molecule’s lipid solubility, size, degree of ionization, and the area of absorptive
surface. Because the cell membrane is lipoid, lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly. Small
molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones.

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2. Active Transport- Need energy. Active transport is selective, requires energy expenditure,
and may involve transport against a concentration gradient. Active transport seems to be
limited to drugs structurally similar to endogenous substances like- ions, vitamins, sugars,
amino acids. These drugs are usually absorbed from specific sites in the small intestine.

3. Endocytosis and Exocytosis-

Process of engulfing either
Pinocytosis or Phagocytosis. In
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engulfed by a cell. The cell

membrane invigilates, encloses
the fluid or particles, then fuses
again, forming a vesicle that later
detaches and moves to the cell
interior. Energy expenditure is
required. Pinocytosis probably
plays a small role in drug transport, except for protein drugs.

4. Carrier mediated transport – Need some molecule which will carry and drop the
substance. Certain molecules with low lipid solubility penetrate membranes more rapidly than
expected. One theory is facilitated passive diffusion: A carrier molecule in the membrane
combines reversibly with the substrate molecule outside the cell membrane, and the carrier-
substrate complex diffuses rapidly across the membrane, releasing the substrate at the interior
surface. In such cases, the membrane transports only substrates with a relatively specific
molecular configuration, and the availability of carriers limits the process. The process does
not require energy expenditure, and transport against a concentration gradient cannot occur.

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